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| − | '''Edward Irving''' was a noted Scottish clergyman | + | '''Edward Irving''' was a noted Scottish clergyman generally regarded as the founder of the [[Catholic Apostolic Church]]. He was a leader of the [[pre-millennialism]] movement in the nineteenth century and an early originator of the doctrine of the [[Rapture]]. His followers were sometimes called Irvingites. |
==His youth== | ==His youth== | ||
| − | Irving | + | Irving was born in the town of Annan in the Scottish county of Dumfries and Galloway on August 4, 1792 and died on December 7, 1834. His father, Gavin, worked as a [[tanner]] and was a descendant of [[Huguenot]] refugees from [[France]. His mother came from the Lowther family, who were farmers or small proprietors in the Annan area, and it seems that from her he may have derived the most distinctive features of his personality. His early education took place at a school run by Margaret (Peggy) Paine, an aunt of [[Thomas Paine]] of the ''[[Age of Reason]]''. As a boy, Irving studied at the Annan Academy. |
==Work in Scotland== | ==Work in Scotland== | ||
| − | At the age of | + | At the age of 13 he entered the [[University of Edinburgh]] and graduated in 1809. A year later, on the recommendation of the physicist Sir [[John Leslie]], Irving was chosen as master of an academy newly established at Haddington, East Lothian, where he became the tutor of Jane Welsh, afterwards famous as wife of essayist [[Thomas Carlyle]]. |
| − | He was engaged in 1812 to Isabella Martin but fell in love with Jane Walsh. He tried to get out of his engagement with Miss Martin, but was prevented by her family | + | He was engaged in 1812 to Isabella Martin but fell in love with Jane Walsh. He tried to get out of his engagement with Miss Martin, but was prevented by her family, marrying her in 1823. After completing his divinity studies, Irving was licensed to preach in June 1815, but continued to focus on his scholastic endeavors for three more years. While studying [[mathematics]] and [[physical science]], he also began to read the old classics, including works from the theologian [[Richard Hooker]], who became his favorite author. At the same time he became fond of ''[[Arabian Nights]]''. He also reportedly carried a miniature copy of James Macpherson's cycle of poems ''[[Ossian]]'', in his waistcoat pocket, which he would often recite passages from. |
| − | In the summer of 1818 Irving resigned his | + | In the summer of 1818 Irving resigned his teaching position, and in order to increase the probability of obtaining a permanent appointment in the [[Church of Scotland]], he took up residence in [[Edinburgh]]. Although he was well known for his public speaking, his prospects of becoming a minister in the church looked dim. Irving was about to go on a missionary tour in [[Persia]] when he finally found work in the church as an assistant and missionary to Dr. Thomas Chalmers in St. John's Parish, [[Glasgow]]. |
| − | Irving's passionate and lively style of preaching | + | Irving's passionate and lively style of preaching—which Chalmers, the first moderator of the [[Free Church of Scotland]], compared to Italian music—found little interest among the congregation of St John's. However, as a missionary among the poorer classes in [[Glasgow]], Irving was well received. He was welcomed into peoples homes, where his benediction "Peace be to this house," was greeted warmly. His ability to preach in homely settings won him many admirers and many who were taken up by his embracing personality and vibrant spirit. |
==His rise in London== | ==His rise in London== | ||
| − | In the winter of 1821, Irving again | + | In the winter of 1821, Irving again turned his attention toward missionary work in the East, but received an invitation from the the Church of Scotland congregation at the Caledonian Church in Hatton Garden, [[London]], to minister to the small gathering there. He was ordained as a [[Presbyterian Church]] minister in July 1822. In previous years Irving had expressed a desire to preach to the leading figures in society, arts, and literature. Suddenly he found himself in exactly such a situation, as important members of society flocked to hear him preach. His sudden leap in popularity may have been occasioned in part by a reference to Irving's striking eloquence made by [[George Canning]], a leading member of the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]], who had attended Irving's church. |
| − | His sudden leap in popularity may have been occasioned in | + | |
| − | It became clear that Irving was a brilliant preacher and orator. His intellect and theological arguments made an impression on the political, legal and scientific men of the era. Irving was | + | It became clear that Irving was a brilliant preacher and orator. His intellect and theological arguments made an impression on the political, legal, and scientific men of the era. Irving was controversial as well as popular. He preached that the Christian church was entering a period of judgment in preparation for Christ's imminent return. These ideas did not often sit well with the more conservative leaders of his church. |
| − | In 1825 | + | |
| − | Irving was now one of the most popular preachers in London. He had the intellectual capabilities to discourse with some of the great minds of England, while at the same time an ability to capture his audience with his | + | In 1825 Irving was invited to preach to the [[Continental Society]], where he met the influential banker [[Henry Drummond]], who was to become a key figure and sponsor of the future [[Catholic Apostolic Church]].<ref>The Drummond family to this day still funds the few remaining Catholic Apostolic churches in England.</ref> |
| − | Irving's passionate oratory | + | |
| + | Irving was now one of the most popular preachers in London. He had the intellectual capabilities to discourse with some of the great minds of England, while at the same time an ability to capture his audience with his passionate expression of emotions. He was a deeply spiritual man who appealed to his audience with his vision and zeal. Irving felt he was specially prepared to teach his prophetic and apocalyptic message to the leading figures of the age. However, he faced a fire of criticism from pamphlets, newspapersm and reviews for his volume of ''Orations'', published in 1823, which was dedicated to the poet [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], who was viewed with suspicions by the church. In his writings, Irving stated with certainty that, based on [[numerology]] derived from the [[Book Of Revelation]], mankind had entered the [[Last Days]] and that Christ would return soon. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Irving's passionate oratory increased his popularity, and his congregation in London grew so much that in 1827 he moved into the larger Regent Square Church. | ||
| + | |||
Irving believed that the early spirituality of the Church had become stagnated. As his sermons began more and more to emphasize the supernatural and the imminent return of Christ, Irving faced criticism, especially on his views concerning the human nature of Christ. | Irving believed that the early spirituality of the Church had become stagnated. As his sermons began more and more to emphasize the supernatural and the imminent return of Christ, Irving faced criticism, especially on his views concerning the human nature of Christ. | ||
==Forerunner of the Catholic Apostolic Church== | ==Forerunner of the Catholic Apostolic Church== | ||
| − | In 1826 Irving was introduced to the ideas of [[Manuel Lacunza]] a Spanish [[Jesuit]] who under the assumed Jewish name of Juan Josafat Ben-Ezra had written a book entitled "The Coming of the Messiah in Glory and Majesty" | + | In 1826 Irving was introduced to the ideas of [[Manuel Lacunza]] a Spanish [[Jesuit]] who, under the assumed Jewish name of Juan Josafat Ben-Ezra, had written a book entitled "The Coming of the Messiah in Glory and Majesty." Irving was so taken by the ideas of Lacunza that in he mastered Spanish and in 1827 published a translation of Lacunza's book with a 203 page preface. |
| − | It was through Irving that Lacunza's apocalyptic | + | It was through Irving that Lacunza's apocalyptic interpretation of the [[Book of Revelation]] was introduced to the early leaders of the [[Plymouth Brethren]]. At this time, Irving also discussed his ideas on [[millenarianism]] with Coleridge, who he viewed as an eloquent mystic. |
| − | At this time, Irving also discussed his ideas on [[millenarianism]] with Coleridge, who he viewed as an eloquent mystic. | + | |
| − | The seeds for the establishment of the Irvingite or the Catholic Apostolic Church, were laid when the banker Drummond, in 1826, opened up his house at his estate in Albury Park to a select group of churchmen, including noted [[Anglican]], Church of Scotland, Moravian and Noncomnformist ministers, who discussed unfulfilled prophecies and | + | The seeds for the establishment of the Irvingite or the Catholic Apostolic Church, were laid when the banker Drummond, in 1826, opened up his house at his estate in Albury Park to a select group of churchmen, including noted [[Anglican]], Church of Scotland, Moravian and Noncomnformist ministers, who discussed unfulfilled prophecies and Irving's new ideas. |
| − | Leaders of the Plymouth Brethren | + | Leaders of the Plymouth Brethren such as [[John Nelson Darby]] attended one of the conferences on biblical prophecy at [[Powerscourt House]], the home of [[Viscount Powerscourt|Lady Powerscourt]]. The meetings at Drummond's estate, which drew many of the great minds of the time, continued each year until 1830. |
==Excommunication== | ==Excommunication== | ||
| − | In 1828, Irving wrote his book | + | In 1828, Irving wrote his book ''The Last Days: A Discourse on the Evil Character of These Our Times, Proving Them to be The 'Perilous Times' and the 'Last Day'''. "I conclude," wrote Irving "that the last days... will begin to run from the time of God's appearing for his ancient people, and them together to work of destroying all Anti-Christian nations, of evangelizing the world, and of governing the Millennium..." <ref> Irving, Edward. "The Last Days: A Discourse on the Evil Character of These Our Times, Proving Them to be The 'Perilous Times' and the "Last Day'" (London, James Nisbit, 1850) pp. 10-22 |
| − | "I conclude," wrote Irving " | + | </ref> Irving now began to focus his preaching exclusively on the prophetical books and especially of the [[Revelation]]. In a series of sermons on prophecy both in London and other towns in England he spoke to large crowds and filled some of the largest churches of Edinburgh in 1830. |
| − | </ref> | + | |
| − | Irving now began to | + | It appeared Irving had tapped into the popular imagination concerning the Book of Revelation and the Last Days. However, his exercise of the gifts of prophecy and healing, his interpretation of the Gospel, and with his absolute certainty that Christ was returning in 1868, soon stirred controversy. Most of all, it was his doctrines on the humanity of Christ that got him into trouble. While he taught that while Christ was sinless in thought, word, and deed, Irving emphasized the human side of Jesus' nature to a degree that many churchmen found unacceptable. He also believed the "absence of miraculous gifts was the fruit of the Church's long unbelief" and that the established churches had stagnated as a result.<ref>Murray, Ian H. The Puritan Hope: Revival and the Interpretation of Prophecy (Edinburgh, Banner of Truth, 1971) p. 193</ref> |
| − | It appeared Irving had tapped into | + | |
| − | <ref>Murray, Ian H. The Puritan Hope: Revival and the Interpretation of Prophecy (Edinburgh, Banner of Truth, 1971) p. 193</ref> | + | In 1830 Irving was excommunicated by the [[General Assembly of the Church of Scotland]]. In the following year, he was declared unfit to remain the minister of the National Scotch Church of Regent Square. Following these events, Irving's followers began to describe themselves as the Holy Catholic Apostolic Church. In 1832 they moved to a new building in Newman Street. In March 1833, Irving was deposed from the ministry of the Church of Scotland by the [[presbytery]] of Annan on the charge of [[heresy]]. |
| − | In 1830 | + | |
| − | + | The Newman Street Congregation, however, re-ordained him and retained them as their pastor. Irving had now in fact created his own church, which would develop its own creed and rites. The [[Catholic Apostolic Church]] grew out of this congregation in Newman Street and at its height had 50,000 worshipers and numerous churches throughout England. | |
| − | Irving was later consecrated as an "Angel" in the Catholic Apostolic faith, which built a huge church, known as the [[Church of Christ at Gordon Square]] in [[London]]. The church recruited established men in society to take on the role of Christ's new disciples. It was open to new prophecies and the practice of speaking in tongues. In the basement of the Church of Christ, known as London's "third cathedral," the group prepared splendid robes and capes for the coming [[Messiah]] and his disciples. | + | |
| − | Irving returned to Scotland in 1834 due to illness and hoped to recover there. He died of consumption, | + | Irving was later consecrated as an "Angel" in the Catholic Apostolic faith, which built a huge church, known as the [[Church of Christ at Gordon Square]] in [[London]]. The church recruited established men in society to take on the role of Christ's new disciples. It was open to new prophecies and the practice of [[glossolalia|speaking in tongues]]. In the basement of the Church of Christ, known as London's "third cathedral," the group prepared splendid robes and capes for the coming [[Messiah]] and his disciples. |
| + | |||
| + | Irving returned to Scotland in 1834 due to illness and hoped to recover there. He died of consumption, still in the prime of life, on December 7, 1834 at the age of 42. He left behind a widow and three children. | ||
| + | |||
There is a statue of Edward Irving in the grounds of [[Annan Old Parish Church]] in Dumfriesshire. | There is a statue of Edward Irving in the grounds of [[Annan Old Parish Church]] in Dumfriesshire. | ||
| − | == | + | ==Notes== |
| − | + | <references/> | |
| − | |||
==Bibliography== | ==Bibliography== | ||
| Line 59: | Line 65: | ||
His collected works were published in 5 volumes, edited by Gavin Carlyle. ''The Life of Edward Irving'', by Margaret Oliphant Oliphant, appeared in 1862 in 2 vols. Among a large number of biographies published previously, that by Washington Wilks (1854) has some merit. See also William Hazlitt's ''Spirit of the Age''; Samuel Taylor Coleridge's ''Notes on English Divines''; Thomas Carlyle's ''Miscellanies'', and Carlyle's ''Reminiscences'', vol. 1. (1881). | His collected works were published in 5 volumes, edited by Gavin Carlyle. ''The Life of Edward Irving'', by Margaret Oliphant Oliphant, appeared in 1862 in 2 vols. Among a large number of biographies published previously, that by Washington Wilks (1854) has some merit. See also William Hazlitt's ''Spirit of the Age''; Samuel Taylor Coleridge's ''Notes on English Divines''; Thomas Carlyle's ''Miscellanies'', and Carlyle's ''Reminiscences'', vol. 1. (1881). | ||
| − | == | + | == References == |
* Gordon Strachan, ''The Pentecostal Theology of Edward Irving''; London, 1973. | * Gordon Strachan, ''The Pentecostal Theology of Edward Irving''; London, 1973. | ||
* Dallimore, Arnold, ''The Life of Edward Irving, the Fore-runner of the Charismatic Movement'', Edinburgh, The [[Banner of Truth Trust]], 1983. ISBN 0-85151-369-7, (188pp). | * Dallimore, Arnold, ''The Life of Edward Irving, the Fore-runner of the Charismatic Movement'', Edinburgh, The [[Banner of Truth Trust]], 1983. ISBN 0-85151-369-7, (188pp). | ||
Revision as of 17:39, 30 November 2007
Edward Irving was a noted Scottish clergyman generally regarded as the founder of the Catholic Apostolic Church. He was a leader of the pre-millennialism movement in the nineteenth century and an early originator of the doctrine of the Rapture. His followers were sometimes called Irvingites.
His youth
Irving was born in the town of Annan in the Scottish county of Dumfries and Galloway on August 4, 1792 and died on December 7, 1834. His father, Gavin, worked as a tanner and was a descendant of Huguenot refugees from [[France]. His mother came from the Lowther family, who were farmers or small proprietors in the Annan area, and it seems that from her he may have derived the most distinctive features of his personality. His early education took place at a school run by Margaret (Peggy) Paine, an aunt of Thomas Paine of the Age of Reason. As a boy, Irving studied at the Annan Academy.
Work in Scotland
At the age of 13 he entered the University of Edinburgh and graduated in 1809. A year later, on the recommendation of the physicist Sir John Leslie, Irving was chosen as master of an academy newly established at Haddington, East Lothian, where he became the tutor of Jane Welsh, afterwards famous as wife of essayist Thomas Carlyle.
He was engaged in 1812 to Isabella Martin but fell in love with Jane Walsh. He tried to get out of his engagement with Miss Martin, but was prevented by her family, marrying her in 1823. After completing his divinity studies, Irving was licensed to preach in June 1815, but continued to focus on his scholastic endeavors for three more years. While studying mathematics and physical science, he also began to read the old classics, including works from the theologian Richard Hooker, who became his favorite author. At the same time he became fond of Arabian Nights. He also reportedly carried a miniature copy of James Macpherson's cycle of poems Ossian, in his waistcoat pocket, which he would often recite passages from.
In the summer of 1818 Irving resigned his teaching position, and in order to increase the probability of obtaining a permanent appointment in the Church of Scotland, he took up residence in Edinburgh. Although he was well known for his public speaking, his prospects of becoming a minister in the church looked dim. Irving was about to go on a missionary tour in Persia when he finally found work in the church as an assistant and missionary to Dr. Thomas Chalmers in St. John's Parish, Glasgow.
Irving's passionate and lively style of preaching—which Chalmers, the first moderator of the Free Church of Scotland, compared to Italian music—found little interest among the congregation of St John's. However, as a missionary among the poorer classes in Glasgow, Irving was well received. He was welcomed into peoples homes, where his benediction "Peace be to this house," was greeted warmly. His ability to preach in homely settings won him many admirers and many who were taken up by his embracing personality and vibrant spirit.
His rise in London
In the winter of 1821, Irving again turned his attention toward missionary work in the East, but received an invitation from the the Church of Scotland congregation at the Caledonian Church in Hatton Garden, London, to minister to the small gathering there. He was ordained as a Presbyterian Church minister in July 1822. In previous years Irving had expressed a desire to preach to the leading figures in society, arts, and literature. Suddenly he found himself in exactly such a situation, as important members of society flocked to hear him preach. His sudden leap in popularity may have been occasioned in part by a reference to Irving's striking eloquence made by George Canning, a leading member of the House of Commons, who had attended Irving's church.
It became clear that Irving was a brilliant preacher and orator. His intellect and theological arguments made an impression on the political, legal, and scientific men of the era. Irving was controversial as well as popular. He preached that the Christian church was entering a period of judgment in preparation for Christ's imminent return. These ideas did not often sit well with the more conservative leaders of his church.
In 1825 Irving was invited to preach to the Continental Society, where he met the influential banker Henry Drummond, who was to become a key figure and sponsor of the future Catholic Apostolic Church.[1]
Irving was now one of the most popular preachers in London. He had the intellectual capabilities to discourse with some of the great minds of England, while at the same time an ability to capture his audience with his passionate expression of emotions. He was a deeply spiritual man who appealed to his audience with his vision and zeal. Irving felt he was specially prepared to teach his prophetic and apocalyptic message to the leading figures of the age. However, he faced a fire of criticism from pamphlets, newspapersm and reviews for his volume of Orations, published in 1823, which was dedicated to the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who was viewed with suspicions by the church. In his writings, Irving stated with certainty that, based on numerology derived from the Book Of Revelation, mankind had entered the Last Days and that Christ would return soon.
Irving's passionate oratory increased his popularity, and his congregation in London grew so much that in 1827 he moved into the larger Regent Square Church.
Irving believed that the early spirituality of the Church had become stagnated. As his sermons began more and more to emphasize the supernatural and the imminent return of Christ, Irving faced criticism, especially on his views concerning the human nature of Christ.
Forerunner of the Catholic Apostolic Church
In 1826 Irving was introduced to the ideas of Manuel Lacunza a Spanish Jesuit who, under the assumed Jewish name of Juan Josafat Ben-Ezra, had written a book entitled "The Coming of the Messiah in Glory and Majesty." Irving was so taken by the ideas of Lacunza that in he mastered Spanish and in 1827 published a translation of Lacunza's book with a 203 page preface. It was through Irving that Lacunza's apocalyptic interpretation of the Book of Revelation was introduced to the early leaders of the Plymouth Brethren. At this time, Irving also discussed his ideas on millenarianism with Coleridge, who he viewed as an eloquent mystic.
The seeds for the establishment of the Irvingite or the Catholic Apostolic Church, were laid when the banker Drummond, in 1826, opened up his house at his estate in Albury Park to a select group of churchmen, including noted Anglican, Church of Scotland, Moravian and Noncomnformist ministers, who discussed unfulfilled prophecies and Irving's new ideas. Leaders of the Plymouth Brethren such as John Nelson Darby attended one of the conferences on biblical prophecy at Powerscourt House, the home of Lady Powerscourt. The meetings at Drummond's estate, which drew many of the great minds of the time, continued each year until 1830.
Excommunication
In 1828, Irving wrote his book The Last Days: A Discourse on the Evil Character of These Our Times, Proving Them to be The 'Perilous Times' and the 'Last Day'. "I conclude," wrote Irving "that the last days... will begin to run from the time of God's appearing for his ancient people, and them together to work of destroying all Anti-Christian nations, of evangelizing the world, and of governing the Millennium..." [2] Irving now began to focus his preaching exclusively on the prophetical books and especially of the Revelation. In a series of sermons on prophecy both in London and other towns in England he spoke to large crowds and filled some of the largest churches of Edinburgh in 1830.
It appeared Irving had tapped into the popular imagination concerning the Book of Revelation and the Last Days. However, his exercise of the gifts of prophecy and healing, his interpretation of the Gospel, and with his absolute certainty that Christ was returning in 1868, soon stirred controversy. Most of all, it was his doctrines on the humanity of Christ that got him into trouble. While he taught that while Christ was sinless in thought, word, and deed, Irving emphasized the human side of Jesus' nature to a degree that many churchmen found unacceptable. He also believed the "absence of miraculous gifts was the fruit of the Church's long unbelief" and that the established churches had stagnated as a result.[3]
In 1830 Irving was excommunicated by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. In the following year, he was declared unfit to remain the minister of the National Scotch Church of Regent Square. Following these events, Irving's followers began to describe themselves as the Holy Catholic Apostolic Church. In 1832 they moved to a new building in Newman Street. In March 1833, Irving was deposed from the ministry of the Church of Scotland by the presbytery of Annan on the charge of heresy.
The Newman Street Congregation, however, re-ordained him and retained them as their pastor. Irving had now in fact created his own church, which would develop its own creed and rites. The Catholic Apostolic Church grew out of this congregation in Newman Street and at its height had 50,000 worshipers and numerous churches throughout England.
Irving was later consecrated as an "Angel" in the Catholic Apostolic faith, which built a huge church, known as the Church of Christ at Gordon Square in London. The church recruited established men in society to take on the role of Christ's new disciples. It was open to new prophecies and the practice of speaking in tongues. In the basement of the Church of Christ, known as London's "third cathedral," the group prepared splendid robes and capes for the coming Messiah and his disciples.
Irving returned to Scotland in 1834 due to illness and hoped to recover there. He died of consumption, still in the prime of life, on December 7, 1834 at the age of 42. He left behind a widow and three children.
There is a statue of Edward Irving in the grounds of Annan Old Parish Church in Dumfriesshire.
Notes
- ↑ The Drummond family to this day still funds the few remaining Catholic Apostolic churches in England.
- ↑ Irving, Edward. "The Last Days: A Discourse on the Evil Character of These Our Times, Proving Them to be The 'Perilous Times' and the "Last Day'" (London, James Nisbit, 1850) pp. 10-22
- ↑ Murray, Ian H. The Puritan Hope: Revival and the Interpretation of Prophecy (Edinburgh, Banner of Truth, 1971) p. 193
Bibliography
The writings of Edward Irving published during his lifetime were:
- For the Oracles of God, Four Orations (1823)
- For Judgment to come (1823)
- Babylon and Infidelity foredoomed (1826)
- Sermons, etc. (3 vols, 1828)
- Exposition of the Book of Revelation (1831)
- an introduction to The Coming of the Messiah, a translation of Ben-Ezra
- an introduction to George Horne's Commentary on the Psalms.
His collected works were published in 5 volumes, edited by Gavin Carlyle. The Life of Edward Irving, by Margaret Oliphant Oliphant, appeared in 1862 in 2 vols. Among a large number of biographies published previously, that by Washington Wilks (1854) has some merit. See also William Hazlitt's Spirit of the Age; Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Notes on English Divines; Thomas Carlyle's Miscellanies, and Carlyle's Reminiscences, vol. 1. (1881).
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Gordon Strachan, The Pentecostal Theology of Edward Irving; London, 1973.
- Dallimore, Arnold, The Life of Edward Irving, the Fore-runner of the Charismatic Movement, Edinburgh, The Banner of Truth Trust, 1983. ISBN 0-85151-369-7, (188pp).
- Stunt, Timothy C.F., From Awakening to Secession, Radical Evangelicals in Switzerland and Britain 1815-35, Edinburgh, T & T Clark, 2000. ISBN 0-567-08719-0, (402pp).
- Warfield, B. B., Counterfeit Miracles, Banner of Truth, 1996. ISBN 0-85151-166-X. Note: this book is not exclusively about Edward Irving, but discusses him and his ministry critically.
External links
- Significant Scots - Edward Irving
- Collected Works of Edward Irving Edited by Gavin Carlyle Vol 2, Vol 3
- The Life Of Edward Irving by Margaret Oliphant Vol 1 & Vol 2
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
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