Difference between revisions of "Duck" - New World Encyclopedia
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*[[Tadorninae]]* - Shelducks | *[[Tadorninae]]* - Shelducks | ||
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− | '''Duck''' is the common name for | + | '''Duck''' is the common name for any member of a variety of [[species]] of relatively short-necked, large-billed waterfowl in the '''Anatidae''' family of [[bird]]s, and especially those in the subfamily '''Anatinae''' ("true ducks"). The Anatidae family also includes [[swan]]s, which are larger and have a longer neck than ducks, and [[goose|geese]], which generally are larger and with a less pointed bill. |
− | Ducks are mostly aquatic birds | + | Ducks are mostly aquatic birds and may be found in both freshwater and marine environments. There are both wild and domestic groups. |
The term "duck" sometimes is specifically for adult females and "drake" for adult males. Some use the terms "hen" and "drake", respectively. | The term "duck" sometimes is specifically for adult females and "drake" for adult males. Some use the terms "hen" and "drake", respectively. | ||
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Like other Anatidae, ducks have a broad body, partially webbed feet, a somewhat flattened bill with horny lamellae (miniature ridges, like the "teeth of a comb"), and a hard process (the "nail") at the tip of the bill, as well as a large preen gland crowned by a tuft of [[feather]]s (Grzimek et al. 2004). Anatidae are excellent at shedding water due to special oils. Ducks all have webs between their front toes. | Like other Anatidae, ducks have a broad body, partially webbed feet, a somewhat flattened bill with horny lamellae (miniature ridges, like the "teeth of a comb"), and a hard process (the "nail") at the tip of the bill, as well as a large preen gland crowned by a tuft of [[feather]]s (Grzimek et al. 2004). Anatidae are excellent at shedding water due to special oils. Ducks all have webs between their front toes. | ||
− | Most ducks have a wide flat beak adapted for | + | Most ducks have a wide flat beak adapted for dredging. They exploit a variety of food sources such as [[grass]]es, aquatic [[plant]]s, [[fish]], [[insect]]s, small [[amphibian]]s, [[worm]]s, and small [[mollusk]]s. |
− | Ducks are generally divided into three main groups. The ''diving ducks'' and sea ducks, such as the canvasback, are found on rivers and lakes and forage deep underwater. Surface feeders, or ''dabbling ducks'', such as the mallard and wood duck, are common in ponds and marshes and feed on the | + | Ducks are generally divided into three main groups. The ''diving ducks'' and sea ducks, such as the canvasback, are found on rivers and lakes and forage deep underwater. Surface feeders, or ''dabbling ducks'', such as the mallard and wood duck, are common in ponds and marshes and feed on the surface of water or on land. The lamellae of dabbling ducks are similar to a whale's baleen, with these tiny rows of plates along the inside of the beak letting them filter water out of the side of their beaks and keep food inside (Ogden 2006). To be able to submerge more easily, the diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks, and therefore take a longer time in taking off to fly, whereas the dabbling ducks can take straight off. There are also ''fish-eating ducks'', such as the mergansers, smew, and goosnader that are adapted to catch large fish and prefer open water. |
Males of all Anatidae, including the ducks, have a copulatory organ that is evaginated from the cloaca for copulation (Grzimek et al. 2004). Anatidae are remarkable for being one of the few families of birds that possess a penis. However, the sperm do not flow through a central canal, as in [[mammal]]s, but rather along grooves on the outside (Gzimek et al. 2004). | Males of all Anatidae, including the ducks, have a copulatory organ that is evaginated from the cloaca for copulation (Grzimek et al. 2004). Anatidae are remarkable for being one of the few families of birds that possess a penis. However, the sperm do not flow through a central canal, as in [[mammal]]s, but rather along grooves on the outside (Gzimek et al. 2004). | ||
− | Most ducks are monogamous. However, unlike true geese, which | + | Most ducks are monogamous. However, unlike true geese, which generally stay paired for several seasons, most ducks are seasonally monogamous, with pair bonds lasting only until midincubation or hatching of the young (Gzimek et al. 2004). |
The males (drakes) of northern species often have extravagant [[plumage]], but that is [[molt]]ed in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the "eclipse" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less [[sexual dimorphism]]. | The males (drakes) of northern species often have extravagant [[plumage]], but that is [[molt]]ed in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the "eclipse" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less [[sexual dimorphism]]. | ||
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Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and arctic [[Northern Hemisphere]], are migratory, but others, particularly in the tropics, are not. Some ducks, particularly in [[Australia]] where rainfall is patchy and erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localized heavy rain. | Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and arctic [[Northern Hemisphere]], are migratory, but others, particularly in the tropics, are not. Some ducks, particularly in [[Australia]] where rainfall is patchy and erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localized heavy rain. | ||
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+ | Despite widespread misconceptions, most ducks other than female [[mallard]]s and domestic ducks do not "quack". A common false urban legend says that quacks do not echo (Amos 2003). | ||
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
− | True ducks are members of the subfamily Anatinae of the | + | True ducks are members of the subfamily Anatinae of the family Anatidae. Other groups with the name duck are also located in several other subfamilies within Anatidae. The following places the ducks in the context of the order Anseriformes. |
'''ORDER ANSERIFORMES''' | '''ORDER ANSERIFORMES''' | ||
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** Subfamily [[Dendrocygninae]]: Whistling ducks (sometimes given full family status as the Dendrocygnidae). | ** Subfamily [[Dendrocygninae]]: Whistling ducks (sometimes given full family status as the Dendrocygnidae). | ||
** Subfamily [[Thalassorninae]]: the White-backed Duck. | ** Subfamily [[Thalassorninae]]: the White-backed Duck. | ||
− | ** Subfamily [[Anserinae]]: Swans and geese. | + | ** Subfamily [[Anserinae]]: Swans and [[geese]]. |
** Subfamily [[Stictonettinae]]: the Freckled Duck. | ** Subfamily [[Stictonettinae]]: the Freckled Duck. | ||
** Subfamily [[Plectropterinae]]: the Spur-winged Goose. | ** Subfamily [[Plectropterinae]]: the Spur-winged Goose. | ||
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A worldwide group like the ducks has many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their inability to fly makes them easy prey not only for avian predators, but also large fish like [[Esox|pike]], [[crocodilia]]ns, and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as [[heron]]s. Nests may also be raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may sometimes be caught unaware on the nest by [[mammal]]s (e.g. [[fox]]es) and large birds, including [[hawk]]s and [[eagle]]s). | A worldwide group like the ducks has many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their inability to fly makes them easy prey not only for avian predators, but also large fish like [[Esox|pike]], [[crocodilia]]ns, and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as [[heron]]s. Nests may also be raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may sometimes be caught unaware on the nest by [[mammal]]s (e.g. [[fox]]es) and large birds, including [[hawk]]s and [[eagle]]s). | ||
− | Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators. This can occasionally include fish such as the [[muskie]] in North America or the [[Esox|pike]] in [[Europe]]. In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as [[ | + | Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators. This can occasionally include fish such as the [[muskie]] in North America or the [[Esox|pike]] in [[Europe]]. In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as [[human]]s and the [[Peregrine Falcon]], which regularly uses its speed and strength to catch ducks. |
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
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==Ducks and humans== | ==Ducks and humans== | ||
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− | + | Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, [[Egg (food)|egg]]s, and [[feather]]s. Duck is considered a delicacy in a number of cultures. | |
− | + | ''Foie gras'' ([[French language|French]] for "fat liver") is the [[liver]] of a duck (or goose) that has been specially fattened. Foie gras is one of the most popular delicacies in French cuisine and its flavor is described as rich, buttery, and delicate, unlike that of a regular duck (or goose) [[liver]]. The technique dates as far back as 2500 B.C.E., when the ancient Egyptians began keeping birds for food and deliberately fattened the birds through force-feeding. Today, [[France]] is by far the largest producer and consumer of foie gras, though it is produced and consumed worldwide, particularly in other European nations and the [[United States]]. | |
− | + | ''Confit de canard'' involves duck being macerated in herbs and salt, cooked in savory broth or [[fat]], and then preserved in rendered fat. Such confits are a specialty of the southwest of France (Toulouse, Dordogne, etc.) and are used in refined versions of dishes such as cassoulet. Although confit of duck or goose are now considered somewhat luxurious products, these dishes were used by peasants as a means to store meats for periods of time without refrigeration. | |
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− | Ducks | + | Ducks are kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. All domestic ducks are descended from the wild [[mallard]] ''Anas platyrhynchos'', except muscovy Ducks (DUC 2006). Many domestic breeds have become much larger than their wild ancestor, with a "hull length" (from base of neck to base of tail) of 30 cm (12 inches) or more and routinely able to swallow an adult British common frog, ''Rana temporaria'', whole. |
− | + | In many areas, wild ducks of various species (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport, by shooting, sometimes by using decoys. From this came the expression "a sitting duck," which means "an easy target". | |
− | In | ||
− | + | Ducks have become an accepted presence in populated areas. Migration patterns have changed such that many species remain in an area during the winter months. Spring and early summer months find ducks influencing human activity through their nesting. It is not uncommon for a duck pair to nest well away from water needing a long trek to water for the hatchlings: this sometimes causes an urgent wildlife rescue operation if the duck nested somewhere unsuitable like in a small enclosed courtyard. | |
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The expression "quacks like a duck" is sometimes a short form for "It looks like a duck, it quacks like a duck, it swims like a duck, so it's a duck.", used as [[proverb]]ial to counter abstruse arguments that something is not what it appears to be. | The expression "quacks like a duck" is sometimes a short form for "It looks like a duck, it quacks like a duck, it swims like a duck, so it's a duck.", used as [[proverb]]ial to counter abstruse arguments that something is not what it appears to be. | ||
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==Gallery== | ==Gallery== | ||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
− | Image:Duck_wings_outstretched.jpg|A duck stretching its wings in a | + | Image:Duck_wings_outstretched.jpg|A duck stretching its wings in a freshwater spring |
− | Image:Duck head.JPG|A | + | Image:Duck head.JPG|A domesticated duck |
− | Image:Brown Ducks.JPG|Some domesticated | + | Image:Brown Ducks.JPG|Some domesticated ducks |
− | Image:Mallard_with_duckling.jpg|A | + | Image:Mallard_with_duckling.jpg|A female mallard with a duckling [[mallard]] |
− | Image:Comb duck.jpg|African | + | Image:Comb duck.jpg|African comb duck |
− | Image:duck-on-ground.jpg| | + | Image:duck-on-ground.jpg|Mallard drake |
− | Image:ruddy.shelduck.arp.2.750pix.jpg| | + | Image:ruddy.shelduck.arp.2.750pix.jpg|ruddy shelduck]] - not a true duck but a member of the Tadorninae |
− | Image:Wood_duck_eclipse.jpg|Male | + | Image:Wood_duck_eclipse.jpg|Male wood duck in eclipse plumage |
− | Image:Female Mallard.jpg|Female | + | Image:Female Mallard.jpg|Female mallard |
− | Image:Mother duck with chicks.jpg|Female | + | Image:Mother duck with chicks.jpg|Female mallard with ducklings |
− | Image:Muscovy-duck-1.jpg|Male | + | Image:Muscovy-duck-1.jpg|Male muscovy duck |
− | Image:Mandarin.duck.arp.jpg|Mandarin | + | Image:Mandarin.duck.arp.jpg|Mandarin duck |
Image:Keralabackducks (75).JPG|Ducks in a pond | Image:Keralabackducks (75).JPG|Ducks in a pond | ||
− | Image:Aa_ducks_and_geese_003.jpg|Ducks and geese in a yard | + | Image:Aa_ducks_and_geese_003.jpg|Ducks and geese in a yard |
− | Image:Indian Runner Duck.jpg| | + | Image:Indian Runner Duck.jpg|Indian runner duck |
− | Image:Ringed teal.gif| | + | Image:Ringed teal.gif|Ringed Teal |
− | Image:Red-crested.pochard.slimbridge.arp.jpg | | + | Image:Red-crested.pochard.slimbridge.arp.jpg |Red-crested pochard |
− | Image:Male_muscovy_duck_on_grass.jpg| Male | + | Image:Male_muscovy_duck_on_grass.jpg| Male muscovy duck |
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</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
− | + | * Amos, J. 2003. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3086890.stm Sound science is quakers]. ''BBC News'', September 8, 2003. Retrieved April 12, 2007. | |
+ | * Ducks Unlimited Canada (DUC). 2006. [http://www.ducks.ca/resource/general/naturenotes/mallard.html Mallard]. ''Ducks Unlimited Canada''. Retrieved April 12, 2007. | ||
+ | * Grzimek, B., D. A. Thoney, N. Schlager, J. E. Trumpey, and M. Hutchins. 2004. ''Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Detroit: Thomson-Gale. ISBN 0787657778. | ||
+ | * Ogden, E. 2003. [http://www.sfu.ca/biology/wildberg/species/dabbducks.html Dabbling ducks]. ''Centre for Wildlife Ecology''. Retrieved November 2, 2006. | ||
− | + | ==External links== | |
− | + | *[http://www.ducks.org/ Ducks Unlimited Conservation]. Retrieved April 13, 2007. | |
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[[Category:Life sciences]] | [[Category:Life sciences]] | ||
− | {{credit|Duck|120060347|Anseriformes|120921460}} | + | {{credit|Duck|120060347|Anseriformes|120921460|Foie_gras|121742210|Confit|121260587}} |
Revision as of 16:53, 13 April 2007
Ducks | ||||||||||
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A duck (female) and drake (male) Mallard
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Scientific classification | ||||||||||
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Duck is the common name for any member of a variety of species of relatively short-necked, large-billed waterfowl in the Anatidae family of birds, and especially those in the subfamily Anatinae ("true ducks"). The Anatidae family also includes swans, which are larger and have a longer neck than ducks, and geese, which generally are larger and with a less pointed bill.
Ducks are mostly aquatic birds and may be found in both freshwater and marine environments. There are both wild and domestic groups.
The term "duck" sometimes is specifically for adult females and "drake" for adult males. Some use the terms "hen" and "drake", respectively.
Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as loons or divers, grebes, gallinules, and coots.
Description
Like other Anatidae, ducks have a broad body, partially webbed feet, a somewhat flattened bill with horny lamellae (miniature ridges, like the "teeth of a comb"), and a hard process (the "nail") at the tip of the bill, as well as a large preen gland crowned by a tuft of feathers (Grzimek et al. 2004). Anatidae are excellent at shedding water due to special oils. Ducks all have webs between their front toes.
Most ducks have a wide flat beak adapted for dredging. They exploit a variety of food sources such as grasses, aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small mollusks.
Ducks are generally divided into three main groups. The diving ducks and sea ducks, such as the canvasback, are found on rivers and lakes and forage deep underwater. Surface feeders, or dabbling ducks, such as the mallard and wood duck, are common in ponds and marshes and feed on the surface of water or on land. The lamellae of dabbling ducks are similar to a whale's baleen, with these tiny rows of plates along the inside of the beak letting them filter water out of the side of their beaks and keep food inside (Ogden 2006). To be able to submerge more easily, the diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks, and therefore take a longer time in taking off to fly, whereas the dabbling ducks can take straight off. There are also fish-eating ducks, such as the mergansers, smew, and goosnader that are adapted to catch large fish and prefer open water.
Males of all Anatidae, including the ducks, have a copulatory organ that is evaginated from the cloaca for copulation (Grzimek et al. 2004). Anatidae are remarkable for being one of the few families of birds that possess a penis. However, the sperm do not flow through a central canal, as in mammals, but rather along grooves on the outside (Gzimek et al. 2004).
Most ducks are monogamous. However, unlike true geese, which generally stay paired for several seasons, most ducks are seasonally monogamous, with pair bonds lasting only until midincubation or hatching of the young (Gzimek et al. 2004).
The males (drakes) of northern species often have extravagant plumage, but that is molted in summer to give a more female-like appearance, the "eclipse" plumage. Southern resident species typically show less sexual dimorphism.
Like the geese, the flight feathers of ducks are molted only once a year, and are lost simultaneously so that flying is not possible for that short period of time (Gzimek et al. 2004). However, most true ducks do molt other feathers (the contour feathers) twice a year (Gzimek et al. 2004). When ducks are in a flightless stage, they generally seek out protected habitat with good food supplies during this period. This molt typically precedes migration.
Some duck species, mainly those breeding in the temperate and arctic Northern Hemisphere, are migratory, but others, particularly in the tropics, are not. Some ducks, particularly in Australia where rainfall is patchy and erratic, are nomadic, seeking out the temporary lakes and pools that form after localized heavy rain.
Despite widespread misconceptions, most ducks other than female mallards and domestic ducks do not "quack". A common false urban legend says that quacks do not echo (Amos 2003).
Taxonomy
True ducks are members of the subfamily Anatinae of the family Anatidae. Other groups with the name duck are also located in several other subfamilies within Anatidae. The following places the ducks in the context of the order Anseriformes.
ORDER ANSERIFORMES
- Family Anhimidae: screamers
- Family Anseranatidae: the Magpie-goose
- Family Anatidae
- Subfamily Dendrocygninae: Whistling ducks (sometimes given full family status as the Dendrocygnidae).
- Subfamily Thalassorninae: the White-backed Duck.
- Subfamily Anserinae: Swans and geese.
- Subfamily Stictonettinae: the Freckled Duck.
- Subfamily Plectropterinae: the Spur-winged Goose.
- Subfamily Tadorninae: Shelducks and sheldgeese - probably paraphyletic
- Subfamily Anatinae: Dabbling ducks and moa-nalos
- Subfamily Aythyinae: Diving ducks (sometimes included in Anatinae)
- Subfamily Merginae: eiders, scoters, mergansers and other sea-ducks.
- Subfamily Oxyurinae: Stiff-tailed ducks and allies.
- Family Dromornithidae (fossil): mihirungs
- Family Presbyornithidae (fossil): several genera of wading-"geese", including the oldest known anseriform, Vegavis.
Predators
A worldwide group like the ducks has many predators. Ducklings are particularly vulnerable, since their inability to fly makes them easy prey not only for avian predators, but also large fish like pike, crocodilians, and other aquatic hunters, including fish-eating birds such as herons. Nests may also be raided by land-based predators, and brooding females may sometimes be caught unaware on the nest by mammals (e.g. foxes) and large birds, including hawks and eagles).
Adult ducks are fast fliers, but may be caught on the water by large aquatic predators. This can occasionally include fish such as the muskie in North America or the pike in Europe. In flight, ducks are safe from all but a few predators such as humans and the Peregrine Falcon, which regularly uses its speed and strength to catch ducks.
Etymology
The word duck (from Anglo-Saxon dūce), meaning the bird, came from the verb "to duck" (from Anglo-Saxon supposed *dūcan) meaning "to bend down low as if to get under something" or "to dive", because of the way many species in the dabbling duck group feed by upending (compare the Dutch word duiken = "to dive").
This happened because the older Old English word for "duck" came to be pronounced the same as the word for "end": other Germanic languages still have similar words for "duck" and "end": for example, Dutch eend = "duck", eind = "end", German ente = "duck", ende = "end"; this similarity goes back to Indo-European: compare Latin anas (stem anat-) = "duck", Lithuanian antis = "duck", Ancient Greek νησσα, νηττα (nessa, netta) = "duck"; Sanskrit anta = "end".
Ducks and humans
Ducks have many economic uses, being farmed for their meat, eggs, and feathers. Duck is considered a delicacy in a number of cultures.
Foie gras (French for "fat liver") is the liver of a duck (or goose) that has been specially fattened. Foie gras is one of the most popular delicacies in French cuisine and its flavor is described as rich, buttery, and delicate, unlike that of a regular duck (or goose) liver. The technique dates as far back as 2500 B.C.E., when the ancient Egyptians began keeping birds for food and deliberately fattened the birds through force-feeding. Today, France is by far the largest producer and consumer of foie gras, though it is produced and consumed worldwide, particularly in other European nations and the United States.
Confit de canard involves duck being macerated in herbs and salt, cooked in savory broth or fat, and then preserved in rendered fat. Such confits are a specialty of the southwest of France (Toulouse, Dordogne, etc.) and are used in refined versions of dishes such as cassoulet. Although confit of duck or goose are now considered somewhat luxurious products, these dishes were used by peasants as a means to store meats for periods of time without refrigeration.
Ducks are kept and bred by aviculturists and often displayed in zoos. All domestic ducks are descended from the wild mallard Anas platyrhynchos, except muscovy Ducks (DUC 2006). Many domestic breeds have become much larger than their wild ancestor, with a "hull length" (from base of neck to base of tail) of 30 cm (12 inches) or more and routinely able to swallow an adult British common frog, Rana temporaria, whole.
In many areas, wild ducks of various species (including ducks farmed and released into the wild) are hunted for food or sport, by shooting, sometimes by using decoys. From this came the expression "a sitting duck," which means "an easy target".
Ducks have become an accepted presence in populated areas. Migration patterns have changed such that many species remain in an area during the winter months. Spring and early summer months find ducks influencing human activity through their nesting. It is not uncommon for a duck pair to nest well away from water needing a long trek to water for the hatchlings: this sometimes causes an urgent wildlife rescue operation if the duck nested somewhere unsuitable like in a small enclosed courtyard.
The expression "quacks like a duck" is sometimes a short form for "It looks like a duck, it quacks like a duck, it swims like a duck, so it's a duck.", used as proverbial to counter abstruse arguments that something is not what it appears to be.
Gallery
- Duck-on-ground.jpg
Mallard drake
- Muscovy-duck-1.jpg
Male muscovy duck
- Aa ducks and geese 003.jpg
Ducks and geese in a yard
- Indian Runner Duck.jpg
Indian runner duck
- Ringed teal.gif
Ringed Teal
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Amos, J. 2003. Sound science is quakers. BBC News, September 8, 2003. Retrieved April 12, 2007.
- Ducks Unlimited Canada (DUC). 2006. Mallard. Ducks Unlimited Canada. Retrieved April 12, 2007.
- Grzimek, B., D. A. Thoney, N. Schlager, J. E. Trumpey, and M. Hutchins. 2004. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Detroit: Thomson-Gale. ISBN 0787657778.
- Ogden, E. 2003. Dabbling ducks. Centre for Wildlife Ecology. Retrieved November 2, 2006.
External links
- Ducks Unlimited Conservation. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
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