Diogenes of Sinope
Diogenes, "the Cynic", Greek philosopher, was born in Sinope (in modern day Sinop, Turkey) about 412 B.C.E. (according to other sources 399 B.C.E.), and died in 323 B.C.E. at Corinth, according to Diogenes Laërtius, on the day on which Alexander the Great died at Babylon. (Because of the distance, and with the date of Diogenes' death not being known exactly, Laertius probably retold a legend. Another legend says that Socrates died on Diogenes' birthday.)
His father, Icesias, a money-changer, was imprisoned or exiled on the charge of adulterating the coinage. Diogenes was included in the charge, and went to Athens with his slave, Manes, whom he dismissed (or who ran away), saying, "If Manes can live without Diogenes, why not Diogenes without Manes?" Attracted by the ascetic teaching of Antisthenes (a pupil of Socrates), he became his pupil, despite the brutality with which he was received, and rapidly surpassed his master both in reputation and in the austerity of his life. The stories which are told of him are probably true; in any case, they serve to illustrate the logical consistency of his character. He inured himself to the vicissitudes of weather by living in a tub belonging to the temple of Cybele. The single wooden bowl he possessed he destroyed on seeing a peasant boy drink from the hollow of his hands. When asked how to avoid the temptation to lust of the flesh, Diogenes began masturbating. When rebuked later about it, he replied "If only I could soothe my belly by rubbing it."
Contrary to the other citizens of Athens, he avoided earthly pleasures. This attitude was grounded in a great disdain for what Diogenes perceived as the folly, pretence, vanity, social climbing, self-deception, and artificiality of much human conduct. He used to stroll through the Agora with a torch at full daylight. When asked about it, he would answer "I am just looking for an honest man". Legend sometimes has him holding a lantern, rather than a torch.
On a voyage to Aegina he was captured by pirates and sold as a slave in Crete to a Corinthian named Xeniades. Being asked his trade, he replied that he knew no trade but that of governing men, and that he wished to be sold to a man who needed a master. As tutor to the two sons of Xeniades, he lived in Corinth for the rest of his life, which he devoted entirely to preaching the doctrines of virtuous self-control. At the Isthmian Games he lectured to large audiences who turned to him from Antisthenes. It was, probably, at one of these festivals that he met Alexander the Great. The story goes that Alexander, thrilled at coming face to face with the famous philosopher (in his tub), asked if there was any favour he might do for him. Diogenes replied, “Stand out of my sunlight.” Alexander still declared, "If I were not Alexander, I would be Diogenes." (In another account, Alexander found the philosopher rummaging through a pile of human bones. Diogenes explained, "I am searching for the bones of your father but cannot distinguish them from those of a slave.") When Plato gave Socrates's definition of man as "featherless bipeds" and was much praised for the definition, Diogenes plucked a cock and brought it into Plato's school, and said, "This is Plato's man." After this incident, "with broad flat nails" was added to Plato's definition.
On his death, of which there are several accounts, the Corinthians erected to his memory a pillar on which there rested a dog of Parian marble. Virtue, for him, consisted in the avoidance of all physical pleasure; that pain and hunger were positively helpful in the pursuit of goodness; that all the artificial growths of society appeared to him incompatible with truth and goodness; that moralization implies a return to nature and simplicity. So great was his austerity and simplicity, that the Stoics would later claim him to be a sage or "sophos", a perfect man. In his words, "Man has complicated every simple gift of the gods." He has been credited with going to extremes of impropriety in pursuance of these ideas; probably, however, his reputation has suffered from the undoubted immorality of some of his successors. Both in ancient and in modern times, his personality has appealed strongly to sculptors and to painters. Ancient busts exist in the museums of the Vatican, the Louvre and the Capitol. The interview between Diogenes and Alexander is represented in an ancient marble bas-relief found in the Villa Albani. Rubens, Jordaens, Steen, Van der Werff, Jeaurat, Salvator Rosa, Nicolas Poussin, Karel Dujardin and Giovannino (who declared himself the reincarnation of Diogenes), have painted scenes from his life.
Diogenes is the first person known to have thought, and said, "I am a citizen of the whole world (cosmos)," rather than of any particular city or state (polis). He thereby invented the concept of cosmopolitanism.
The chief ancient authority for his life is Diogenes Laertius vi. 20; see also Mayor's notes on Juvenal, Satires, xiv. 308-3 14.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Diogenes, Herakleitos and Diogenes, translated by Guy Davenport (Bolinas: Grey Fox Press, 1979. ISBN 0912516364 (Complete fragments of Diogenes translated into English)
See also
- Diogenes syndrome
External links
- Diogenes of Sinope, by Diogenes Laertius, translated by C.D. Yonge
- Diogenes of Sinope; The Columbia World of Quotations
- Diogenes of Sinope
- A day with Diogenes
- James Grout: Diogenes the Cynic, part of the Encyclopædia Romana
- 1975 Lancet article introducing Diogenes syndrome (via PubMed)
Credits
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.
