Difference between revisions of "Beatrix of the Netherlands" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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|image          = [[Image:Koningin Beatrix in Vries.jpg|250px|Queen Beatrix in May 2008]]
 
|image          = [[Image:Koningin Beatrix in Vries.jpg|250px|Queen Beatrix in May 2008]]
 
|caption        = Queen Beatrix in May 2008
 
|caption        = Queen Beatrix in May 2008
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|reign          = [[30 April]] [[1980]] – present ({{age|1980|4|30}} years)
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|reign          = 30 April 1980 – present ({{age|1980|4|30}} years)
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|othertitles    = Queen of the Netherlands<br>Princess of Orange-Nassau<br>Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld
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|othertitles    = Queen of the Netherlands<br/>Princess of Orange-Nassau<br/>Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld
 
|full name      = Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard
 
|full name      = Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard
 
|predecessor    = [[Juliana of the Netherlands|Queen Juliana]]
 
|predecessor    = [[Juliana of the Netherlands|Queen Juliana]]
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'''Beatrix''' (Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard; born [[31 January]] [[1938]]) has been the [[Queen regnant]] of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] since [[30 April]] [[1980]], when her mother, [[Juliana of the Netherlands|Queen Juliana]], [[abdication|abdicated]].  
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'''Beatrix''' (Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard; born January 31 1938) has been the [[Queen regnant]] of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] since April 30 1980, when her mother, [[Juliana of the Netherlands|Queen Juliana]], [[abdication|abdicated]] in her favor, as her mother, Queen [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]] had abdicated in Juliana's favor.  Wilhelmina's mother, Queen Emma, had acted as regent during her cildhood.  The Netherlands had female heads of state for the whole of the twentieth century, beginning with Wilhelmina and ending with Beautrix.  Beatrix, however, has a male heir, the crown prince Willem-Alexander.  
  
 
== Early life ==  
 
== Early life ==  
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Princess Beatrix was born as ''Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard, Princess of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau and Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld'' on [[31 January]] [[1938]] at the [[Soestdijk Palace]] in [[Baarn]], [[Netherlands]]. She is the eldest daughter of [[Crown prince|Crown Princess]] [[Juliana of the Netherlands]] and [[Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld]].<ref name="youth">[http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/content.jsp?objectid=18162 Youth]. The Dutch Royal House. Retrieved on [[2008-07-11]].</ref> Beatrix' five godparents are [[Leopold III of Belgium|King Leopold III of Belgium]], [[Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone]], [[Princess Elisabeth zu Erbach-Schönberg]], [[Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg]], and [[Countess Allene de Kotzebue]].<ref>[http://www.geheugenvannederland.nl/?/en/items/KONB05:1299 De vijf peetouders van prinses Beatrix]. The Memory of the Netherlands. Retrieved on [[2008-07-11]].</ref> When Beatrix was one year old, in 1939, her first sister [[Princess Irene of the Netherlands|Princess Irene]] was born.<ref name="youth"/>
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Princess Beatrix was born as ''Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard, Princess of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau and Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld'' on 31 January 1938 at the [[Soestdijk Palace]] in [[Baarn]], [[Netherlands]]. She is the eldest daughter of [[Crown prince|Crown Princess]] [[Juliana of the Netherlands]] and [[Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld]].<ref name="youth">[http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/content.jsp?objectid=18162 Youth]. The Dutch Royal House. Retrieved August 16, 2008.</ref> Beatrix' five godparents are [[Leopold III of Belgium|King Leopold III of Belgium]], [[Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone]], [[Princess Elisabeth zu Erbach-Schönberg]], [[Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg]], and [[Countess Allene de Kotzebue]].<ref>[http://www.geheugenvannederland.nl/?/en/items/KONB05:1299 De vijf peetouders van prinses Beatrix]. The Memory of the Netherlands. Retrieved August 16, 2008.</ref> When Beatrix was one year old, in 1939, her first sister [[Princess Irene of the Netherlands|Princess Irene]] was born.<ref name="youth"/>
  
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When [[World War II]] broke out in the Netherlands in May 1940, the Dutch Royal Family fled to [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]. One month later, Beatrix went to [[Ottawa]], [[Canada]] with her mother Juliana and her sister Irene, while her father Bernhard and [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Queen Wilhelmina]] remained in London.<ref name="youth"/> The family lived at the [[Stornoway (residence)|Stornoway]] residence.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} Her second sister [[Princess Margriet of the Netherlands|Princess Margriet]] was born in 1943.<ref name="youth"/> During their exile in Canada, Beatrix attented nursery and the primary school<ref name="education">[http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/content.jsp?objectid=18163 Education]. The Dutch Royal House. Retrieved on [[2008-07-11]].</ref> [[Rockcliffe Park Public School]].{{Fact|date=July 2008}}
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When [[World War II]] broke out in the Netherlands in May 1940, the Dutch Royal Family fled to [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]. One month later, Beatrix went to [[Ottawa]], [[Canada]] with her mother Juliana and her sister Irene, while her father Bernhard and [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Queen Wilhelmina]] remained in London organizing the government in exile and broadcasting weekly to her people in Holland.<ref name="youth"/> The family lived at the [[Stornoway]] residence. Her second sister [[Princess Margriet of the Netherlands|Princess Margriet]] was born in 1943.<ref name="youth"/> During their exile in Canada, Beatrix attented nursery and the primary school,<ref name="education">[http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/content.jsp?objectid=18163 Education]. The Dutch Royal House. Retrieved August 16, 2008.</ref> Rockcliffe Park Public School.
  
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The family returned to the Netherlands on [[2 August]] [[1945]]. Beatrix went to the progressive primary school ''De Werkplaats'' in [[Bilthoven]]. Her third sister [[Princess Christina of the Netherlands|Princess Christina]] was born in 1947.<ref name="youth"/> On [[6 September]] [[1948]], her mother Juliana succeeded her grandmother Wilhelmina as Queen of the Netherlands, and Beatrix became the [[heir presumptive]] to the [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|throne of the Netherlands]] at the age of 10.{{Fact|date=July 2008}}
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The family returned to the Netherlands on 2 August 1945. Beatrix went to the progressive primary school ''De Werkplaats'' in [[Bilthoven]]. Her third sister [[Princess Christina of the Netherlands|Princess Christina]] was born in 1947.<ref name="youth"/> On 6 September 1948, her mother Juliana succeeded her grandmother Wilhelmina as Queen of the Netherlands, and Beatrix became the [[heir presumptive]] to the [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|throne of the Netherlands]] at the age of 10.
  
 
==Education==
 
==Education==
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In April [[1950]], Princess Beatrix entered the Incrementum, a part of Baarnsch Lyceum, where, in [[1956]], she passed her school-graduation examinations in the subjects of arts and classics.
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In April 1950, Princess Beatrix entered the Incrementum, a part of Baarnsch Lyceum, where, in 1956, she passed her school-graduation examinations in the subjects of arts and classics.
  
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On [[January 31]], [[1956]], Princess Beatrix celebrated her 18th birthday. From that date, under the Constitution of the Netherlands, she was entitled to assume the [[Royal Prerogative]]. At that time, her mother installed her in the [[Dutch Council of State|Council of State]].
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On January 31, 1956, Princess Beatrix celebrated her 18th birthday. From that date, under the Constitution of the Netherlands, she was entitled to assume the [[Royal Prerogative]]. At that time, her mother installed her in the Council of State.
  
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The same year, at [[Leiden University]] her university studies began. In her first years at the university, she studied [[sociology]], [[jurisprudence]], [[economics]], [[political history|parliamentary history]] and [[constitutional law]]. In the course of her studies she also attended lectures on the cultures of [[Suriname]] and the [[Netherlands Antilles]], the [[Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands]], [[international affairs]], [[international law]], history and [[Law of the European Union|European law]].
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The same year, at [[Leiden University]] her university studies began. In her first years at the university, she studied [[sociology]], [[jurisprudence]], [[economics]], [[political history|parliamentary history]] and [[constitutional law]]. In the course of her studies she also attended lectures on the cultures of [[Suriname]] and the [[Netherlands Antilles]], the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands, international affairs, international law, history and [[European Union|European law.
  
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The Princess also visited various European and international organisations in [[Geneva]], [[Strasbourg]], [[Paris]], and [[Brussels]] . She was also an active member of the VVSL (Female Union for Students in Leiden), now called  [[L.S.V.Minerva]]. In the summer of [[1959]], she passed her preliminary examination in law, and she obtained her law degree in July [[1961]].
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The Princess also visited various European and international organizations in [[Geneva]], [[Strasbourg]], [[Paris]], and [[Brussels]]. She was also an active member of the VVSL (Female Union for Students in Leiden), now called  L.S.V.Minerva. In the summer of 1959, she passed her preliminary examination in law, and she obtained her law degree in July 1961.
  
 
== Political involvement and marriage ==
 
== Political involvement and marriage ==
 
[[Image:Beatrixandclausdancing.jpg|left|thumb|right300px|Queen Beatrix with her husband, the late Claus von Amsberg]]
 
[[Image:Beatrixandclausdancing.jpg|left|thumb|right300px|Queen Beatrix with her husband, the late Claus von Amsberg]]
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Her appearance on the political scene was almost immediately marked by controversy. In 1965, Princess Beatrix became engaged to the German aristocrat [[Claus von Amsberg]], a diplomat working for the German Foreign Office. Her marriage to him caused a massive protest during the wedding day in [[Amsterdam]] on [[10 March]] [[1966]]. Prince Claus had served in the [[Hitler Youth]] and the [[Wehrmacht]] and was, therefore, associated by a part of the Dutch with German [[Nazism]]. Protests included the memorable slogan "Geef mijn fiets terug" (Give me back my bicycle), a reference to the memory of occupying German soldiers confiscating Dutch bicycles. A smoke bomb was thrown at the wedding carriage by a group of [[Provo (movement)|Provos]] causing a violent street battle with the police. As time went on, however, Prince Claus became one of the most popular members of the [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|Dutch monarchy]] and his [[2002]] death was widely mourned.
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Her appearance on the political scene was almost immediately marked by controversy. In 1965, Princess Beatrix became engaged to the German aristocrat [[Claus von Amsberg]], a diplomat working for the German Foreign Office. Her marriage to him caused a massive protest during the wedding day in [[Amsterdam]] on March 10 1966. Prince Claus had served in the [[Hitler Youth]] and the [[Wehrmacht]] and was, therefore, associated by a part of the Dutch with German [[Nazism]]. Protests included the memorable slogan "Geef mijn fiets terug" (Give me back my bicycle), a reference to the memory of occupying German soldiers confiscating Dutch bicycles. A smoke bomb was thrown at the wedding carriage by a group of [[Provo (movement)|Provos]] causing a violent street battle with the police. As time went on, however, Prince Claus became one of the most popular members of the [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|Dutch monarchy]] and his 2002 death was widely mourned.
  
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An even more violent riot occurred on [[30 April]] [[1980]], during the investiture (sovereigns of the Netherlands are not crowned as such) of Queen Beatrix. Some people, including [[anarchist]] [[squatters]], used the occasion to protest against poor housing conditions in the Netherlands and against the monarchy in general, using the also memorable slogan "Geen woning; geen Kroning" (No house; no coronation). Clashes with the police and security forces turned brutal and violent. The latter event is reflected in contemporary Dutch literature in the books of [[A.F.Th. van der Heijden]].
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An even more violent riot occurred on April 30 1980, during the investiture (sovereigns of the Netherlands are not crowned as such) of Queen Beatrix. Some people, including [[anarchist]] [[squatters]], used the occasion to protest against poor housing conditions in the Netherlands and against the monarchy in general, using the also memorable slogan "Geen woning; geen Kroning" (No house; no coronation). Clashes with the police and security forces turned brutal and violent. The latter event is reflected in contemporary Dutch literature in the books of [[A.F.Th. van der Heijden]].
  
 
== Queen of the Netherlands ==
 
== Queen of the Netherlands ==
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On [[30 April]] [[1980]], Beatrix became Queen of the [[Netherlands]] when her mother abdicated. She approaches her role as queen with more formality than [[Juliana of the Netherlands|Queen Juliana]], and many admire her professionalism. While the monarchy remains popular, in recent years some members of the Dutch media have openly criticized the royal family. Journalists have also published "tabloid" stories, similar to the stories that have covered the British [[House of Windsor]] for decades. Some Dutch subjects view the monarchy as an ongoing "soap opera," rather than an institution that plays an important role in Dutch society. As a result, Beatrix's current challenge is to keep the Dutch monarchy modern, efficient, and most of all, in tune with the wishes of the Dutch people.
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On April 30 1980, Beatrix became Queen of the [[Netherlands]] when her mother abdicated. This also made her son crown prince, the first in Dutch history since 1884.<ref "name=Hindley">Hindley, page206. She approaches her role as queen with more formality than [[Juliana of the Netherlands|Queen Juliana]], and many admire her professionalism. While the monarchy remains popular, in recent years some members of the Dutch media have openly criticized the royal family. Journalists have also published "tabloid" stories, similar to the stories that have covered the British [[House of Windsor]] for decades. Some Dutch subjects view the monarchy as an ongoing "soap opera," rather than an institution that plays an important role in Dutch society. As a result, Beatrix's current challenge is to keep the Dutch monarchy modern, efficient, and most of all, in tune with the wishes of the Dutch people.
  
 
As queen, Beatrix wields more power than most of Europe’s reigning monarchs. In domestic matters, she has little political say; however, in international relations, the queen has much more latitude. It was once reported that she threatened to dismiss a cabinet minister if he turned down her request to open a Dutch embassy in [[Jordan]].
 
As queen, Beatrix wields more power than most of Europe’s reigning monarchs. In domestic matters, she has little political say; however, in international relations, the queen has much more latitude. It was once reported that she threatened to dismiss a cabinet minister if he turned down her request to open a Dutch embassy in [[Jordan]].
  
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On [[6 October]] [[2002]], the Queen's husband, Prince [[Claus von Amsberg|Claus]] died after a long illness. A year and a half later, her mother died after a long battle with [[dementia|senile dementia]], while her father succumbed to [[cancer]] in December 2004.
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On 6 October 2002, the Queen's husband, Prince [[Claus von Amsberg|Claus]] died after a long illness. A year and a half later, her mother died after a long battle with [[dementia|senile dementia]], while her father succumbed to [[cancer]] in December 2004.
  
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Beatrix is rarely quoted directly in the press, since the government information service (''Rijksvoorlichtingsdienst'') makes it a condition of interviews that she may not be quoted. This policy was introduced shortly after her inauguration, reportedly to protect her from political complications that may arise from "off-the-cuff" remarks. It does not apply to her son [[Prince Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands|Prince Willem-Alexander]].
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Beatrix is rarely quoted directly in the press, since the government information service ''(Rijksvoorlichtingsdienst)'' makes it a condition of interviews that she may not be quoted. This policy was introduced shortly after her inauguration, reportedly to protect her from political complications that may arise from "off-the-cuff" remarks. It does not apply to her son [[Prince Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands|Prince Willem-Alexander]].
  
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On [[8 February]] 2005, Beatrix received a rare honorary doctorate from [[Leiden University]], an honour the Queen does not usually accept. In her acceptance speech she reflected on the monarchy and her own 25 years as queen.<ref>The complete text of the speech can be found at http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/NL/nieuws/nieuws.html?Toespraken/2223.html</ref> The speech was broadcast live.<ref>The complete broadcast is available at http://cgi.omroep.nl/cgi-bin/streams?/nos/nieuws/2005/februari/video/080205/beatrix_toespraak.wmv</ref>
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On 8 February 2005, Beatrix received a rare honorary doctorate from [[Leiden University]], an honor the Queen does not usually accept.<ref>[http://www.simplyamsterdam.nl/news/Honorary_doctorate_Leiden_University_for_Queen_Beatrix.htm Honorary doctorate Leiden University for Queen Beatrix.] Simply Amsterdam. Her mother and grand-mother had also received honorary doctorates from Leiden. In her acceptance speech, she reflected on the monarchy and her own 25 years as queen.
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On [[29 April]] and [[30 April]] 2005, she celebrated her [[Silver Jubilee|25th anniversary of her reign]]. She was interviewed on Dutch television, was offered a concert on [[Dam Square]] in [[Amsterdam]], and a celebration took place in [[The Hague]], the country's seat of government.
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On 29 April and 30 April 2005, she celebrated her Silver Jubilee (25th anniversary of her reign). She was interviewed on Dutch television, was offered a concert on [[Dam Square]] in [[Amsterdam]], and a celebration took place in [[The Hague]], the country's seat of government.
  
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It is not known if Beatrix will follow the example of her mother and grandmother and abdicate. Some people close to her have stated that she has never seriously talked about abdication.{{Fact|date=January 2008}}
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It is not known if Beatrix will follow the example of her mother and grandmother and abdicate. Some people close to her have stated that she has never seriously talked about abdication.
  
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Beatrix is an honorary member of the [[Club of Rome]] [http://www.clubofrome.org/members/members.php?membership=Honorary] and a member the [[Bilderberg Group]].{{Fact|date=January 2008}}
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Beatrix is an honorary member of the [[Club of Rome]] and a member the [[Bilderberg Group]].
  
 
== Personal wealth ==
 
== Personal wealth ==
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{{fancruft|date=June 2008}}
 
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Popular myth had for long stated that the queens of the Netherlands were the richest women in the world. Even in the 2005 ''[[Forbes]]'' website report, the queen's family wealth was estimated at $4.7 billion. Queen Juliana however had sold the remaining royal palaces and had put the cultural assets (paintings, antiques, books, etc.) into non-personal trusts. When the inheritance of Juliana was revealed in 2004 it was a 'mere' $240 million, which the queen had to share with her three royal sisters and her two half-sisters (born to her father's two mistresses).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expatfocus.com/expatriate-netherlands-holland-legal|title=Expat Focus Country Guides >> Netherlands|accessdate=2008-06-29}}</ref> Since 2006, the queen and her family are no longer included in the Forbes list. The personal assets of the queen include several estates, houses and a shares-portfolio.
 
  
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The royal palaces are property of the Dutch state and given in use to the reigning monarch;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/content.jsp?objectid=13342|title=Duth Royal House - Palaces and Immovable Property|accessdate=2008-06-29}}</ref> however, should the monarchy be disbanded, the property would be returned to the royal family.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} While the House of Orange-Nassau possesses a large amount of personal belongings, items such as paintings, historical artifacts and jewellery are usually associated with the performance of royal duties and/or decoration of royal residences. As such, these items have a cultural significance beyond that of simple artworks and jewellery, and have therefore been placed in the hands of trusts: the House of Orange-Nassau Archives Trust and the House of Orange-Nassau Historic Collections Trust. Part of the collection is on permanent loan to Het Loo Palace Museum in [[Apeldoorn]] and the Rijksmuseum in [[Amsterdam]].
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Popular myth had for long stated that the queens of the Netherlands were the richest women in the world. Even in the 2005 ''Forbes'' website report, the queen's family wealth was estimated at $4.7 billion. Queen Juliana however had sold the remaining royal palaces and had put the cultural assets (paintings, antiques, books, etc.) into non-personal trusts. When the inheritance of Juliana was revealed in 2004 it was a 'mere' $240 million, which the queen had to share with her co-heirs. Since 2006, the queen and her family are no longer included in the Forbes list. The personal assets of the queen include several estates, houses and a shares-portfolio. Hindley says that "nothing approaching the personal wealth" of the Queen "is possible" but it has been estimated at approximately 5 million US dollars.<ref "name=Hindley">Hindley, page 198.</ref>
  
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The regalia ([[Crown (headgear)|crown]], [[Globus cruciger|orb and sceptre]], [[Sword of State]], royal banner, and ermine mantle) have been placed in the Crown Property Trust. The trust also holds the items used on ceremonial occasions, such as the carriages, table silver, and dinner services.  Placing these goods in the hands of a trust ensures that they will remain at the disposal of the monarch in perpetuity.
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The royal palaces are property of the Dutch state and given in use to the reigning monarch;<ref>[http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/content.jsp?objectid=13342 Palaces and Immovable Property.] Dutch Royal House. Retrieved August 16, 2008.</ref> however, should the monarchy be disbanded, the property would be returned to the royal family. While the House of Orange-Nassau possesses a large amount of personal belongings, items such as paintings, historical artifacts and jewellery are usually associated with the performance of royal duties and/or decoration of royal residences. As such, these items have a cultural significance beyond that of simple artworks and jewellery, and have therefore been placed in the hands of trusts: the House of Orange-Nassau Archives Trust and the House of Orange-Nassau Historic Collections Trust. Part of the collection is on permanent loan to Het Loo Palace Museum in [[Apeldoorn]] and the Rijksmuseum in [[Amsterdam]].
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<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/content.jsp?objectid=13343|title=Dutch Royal House - Movable Property|accessdate=2008-06-29}}</ref>
 
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The [[Royal Archives (Netherlands)|Royal Archives]] house the personal archives of the royal family.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/content.jsp?objectid=13380|title=Dutch Royal House - Royal Archives|accessdate=2008-06-29}}</ref>  This includes books, photographs, and artworks, as well as the books of the [[House of Orange-Nassau]] and the music library. The library was begun in 1813, following the return of the Orange-Nassaus to the Netherlands. [[William I of the Netherlands|King William I]] allowed the [[Stadtholder]]'s library to remain part of the Royal Library in [[The Hague]]. The library houses a collection of some 70,000 books, journals and brochures. The music library has 6,000 scores, going back to the mid-1700s.
 
  
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Expenditure on the Royal House is governed by or pursuant to the ''Royal House Finances Act'' (1972).   There are three categories of expenditure: allowances paid to the Queen, the [[Princes of Orange]] and [[Princess Máxima of the Netherlands|Princess Máxima]], totalling some €5.6 million in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/content.jsp?objectid=13339|title=Dutch Royal House - Allowances|accessdate=2008-06-29}}</ref> Official expenses are incurred in the performance of official duties and are included in the budget of the most relevant ministry. They will total some €22.5 million in 2006. Other expenses relate to the management of the royal household. Under the ''Royal House Finances Act'', they are not included in the budget of the royal household. They will total some €71.7 million in 2006.
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The regalia ([[Crown (headgear)|crown]], [[Globus cruciger|orb and sceptre]], [[Sword of State]], royal banner, and ermine mantle) have been placed in the Crown Property Trust. The trust also holds the items used on ceremonial occasions, such as the carriages, table silver, and dinner services. Placing these goods in the hands of a trust ensures that they will remain at the disposal of the monarch in perpetuity.
 +
 
 +
The [[Royal Archives (Netherlands)|Royal Archives]] house the personal archives of the royal family.<ref>[http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/content.jsp?objectid=13380 Royal Archives.] Dutch Royal House. Retrieved August 16, 2008.</ref>  This includes books, photographs, and artworks, as well as the books of the [[House of Orange-Nassau]] and the music library. The library was begun in 1813, following the return of the Orange-Nassaus to the Netherlands. [[William I of the Netherlands|King William I]] allowed the [[Stadtholder]]'s library to remain part of the Royal Library in [[The Hague]]. The library houses a collection of some 70,000 books, journals and brochures. The music library has 6,000 scores, going back to the mid-1700s.
 +
 
 +
Expenditure on the Royal House is governed by or pursuant to the ''Royal House Finances Act'' (1972). There are three categories of expenditure: allowances paid to the Queen, the [[Princes of Orange]] and [[Princess Máxima of the Netherlands|Princess Máxima]], totalling some €5.6 million in 2006.<ref>[http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/content.jsp?objectid=13339 Allowances.] Dutch Royal House. Retrieved August 16, 2008.</ref> Official expenses are incurred in the performance of official duties and are included in the budget of the most relevant ministry. They will total some €22.5 million in 2006. Other expenses relate to the management of the royal household. Under the ''Royal House Finances Act'', they are not included in the budget of the royal household. They will total some €71.7 million in 2006.
  
 
== Children ==
 
== Children ==
 
The queen and her late husband, Prince Claus, have three sons:
 
The queen and her late husband, Prince Claus, have three sons:
  
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* [[Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange|Prince Willem-Alexander]], The Prince of Orange and his mother's heir apparent (born [[1967]])
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* [[Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange|Prince Willem-Alexander]], The Prince of Orange and his mother's heir apparent (born 1967)
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* [[Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau|Prince Friso]] (born [[1968]])
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* [[Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau|Prince Friso]] (born 1968)
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* [[Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands|Prince Constantijn]] (born [[1969]])
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* [[Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands|Prince Constantijn]] (born 1969)
  
 
== Grandchildren ==
 
== Grandchildren ==
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== Titles, Styles, Honours and Arms ==
 
== Titles, Styles, Honours and Arms ==
 
===Titles and Styles===
 
===Titles and Styles===
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{{infobox hrhstyles|royal name=Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands|image=[[Image:NL - COA.png|60px]]|dipstyle=[[Her Majesty]]|offstyle=Your Majesty|altstyle=Ma'am}}
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Queen Beatrix's titles are:
 
Queen Beatrix's titles are:
 
"Beatrix, by the Grace of God Queen of the [[Netherlands]], Princess of Orange-Nassau, etc. etc. etc."
 
"Beatrix, by the Grace of God Queen of the [[Netherlands]], Princess of Orange-Nassau, etc. etc. etc."
  
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The triple 'etc.' refers to the title Princess of [[Lippe-Biesterfeld]] and the following titles formerly borne by the princes of Orange. These being dormant titles, they are retained in the masculine form.
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The triple 'etc.' refers to the title Princess of [[Lippe-Biesterfeld]] and the following titles formerly borne by the princes of Orange. These being dormant titles, they are retained in the masculine form.  
  
 
* Marquis of [[Veere]] and [[Vlissingen]]
 
* Marquis of [[Veere]] and [[Vlissingen]]
Line 114: Line 115:
 
* Lord of [[Besançon]] (now in France), [[Borculo]], [[Bredevoort]], [[Bütgenbach]] (now in Belgium), [[Klundert|Clundert]], [[Daasburg]], [[Geertruidenberg]], [[Hooge Zwaluwe|Hooge]] en [[Lage Zwaluwe]], [[Het Loo|'t Loo]], [[Lichtenvoorde]], [[Montfoort]], [[Naaldwijk]], [[Niervaart]], [[Polanen]], [[Steenbergen]], [[Sint-Maartensdijk]], [[Sankt Vith]] (now in Belgium), [[Soest (Netherlands)|Soest]], [[Ter Eem]], [[Turnhout]] (now in Belgium), [[Willemstad]], and [[Zevenbergen]].
 
* Lord of [[Besançon]] (now in France), [[Borculo]], [[Bredevoort]], [[Bütgenbach]] (now in Belgium), [[Klundert|Clundert]], [[Daasburg]], [[Geertruidenberg]], [[Hooge Zwaluwe|Hooge]] en [[Lage Zwaluwe]], [[Het Loo|'t Loo]], [[Lichtenvoorde]], [[Montfoort]], [[Naaldwijk]], [[Niervaart]], [[Polanen]], [[Steenbergen]], [[Sint-Maartensdijk]], [[Sankt Vith]] (now in Belgium), [[Soest (Netherlands)|Soest]], [[Ter Eem]], [[Turnhout]] (now in Belgium), [[Willemstad]], and [[Zevenbergen]].
  
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The queen signs official documents "Beatrix" and is addressed as "Your [[Majesty]]" (Dutch: ''"Uwe Majesteit"'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/content.jsp?objectid=13853|title=The Dutch Royal House; FAQ; "How should I address members of the Royal House?"|accessdate=2008-06-29}}</ref>  Queen Beatrix's mother, Queen Juliana, frowned upon this title. She preferred to be addressed as ''"Mevrouw"'', Dutch for "Madam".  Queen Beatrix re-introduced the Royal Style of Majesty when addressing her.
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The queen signs official documents "Beatrix" and is addressed as "Your [[Majesty]]" (Dutch: ''"Uwe Majesteit"'').<ref>[http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/content.jsp?objectid=13853 "How should I address members of the Royal House?" Dutch Royal House. Retrieved August 16, 2008.</ref>  Queen Beatrix's mother, Queen Juliana, frowned upon this title. She preferred to be addressed as ''"Mevrouw"'', Dutch for "Madam." Queen Beatrix re-introduced the Royal Style of Majesty when addressing her.
  
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===Honours===
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===Honors===
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Queen Beatrix is Grand Master of the Military Order of William (''Militaire Willemsorde'') and the other Dutch orders of merit. She is also a [[supernumary]] member of the [[Order of the Garter|Most Noble Order of the Garter]], a Dame of the [[Order of the Elephant]] (''Elefantordenen'') and has received numerous other medals and decorations.
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Queen Beatrix is Grand Master of the Military Order of William ''(Militaire Willemsorde)'' and the other Dutch orders of merit. She is also a [[supernumary]] member of the [[Order of the Garter|Most Noble Order of the Garter]], a Dame of the [[Order of the Elephant]] ''(Elefantordenen)'' and has received numerous other medals and decorations.
  
 
[[Queen Beatrix International Airport]] in [[Oranjestad, Aruba]], is named after Her Majesty.
 
[[Queen Beatrix International Airport]] in [[Oranjestad, Aruba]], is named after Her Majesty.
  
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===Arms===
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Her University of Leiden honorary doctorate was awarded in 2005 for her commitment to freedom and "the responsibilities that go with it."<ref name=education". Education.</ref>
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[[Image:NL - COA.png|thumb|right|[[Coat of arms of the Netherlands|Royal coat of arms of The Netherlands]]]]
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{{main|Coat of Arms of the Netherlands}}
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==Legacy==
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As the Monarch, Beatrix uses the '''Greater Coat of Arms of the Realm''', (or "Grote Rijkswapen"). The components of the coats of arms were regulated by Queen Wilhelmina in a Royal decree of July 10th [[1907]] and were affirmed by [[Queen Juliana]] in a Royal decree of April 23rd [[1980]].
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Beatrix's legacy is closely linked with that of her great-great grandmother, Emma, who acted as regent, with her grandmother, Wilhelmina who reigned for half a century and with her mother, Juliana. These women served as heads of state of the Netherlands from the end of the nineteenth century into the beginning of the twenty-first century, a unique achievement. They oversaw their nation's loss of its empire, gave moral leadership through the [[Great Depression]], [[World War I]] and [[World War II]] and helped to shape the direction that Holland has taken since the end of the last world war. Some Dutch are "uneasy about the extent of the influene Beatrix exerts behind the scenes"<ref "name=Hindley">Hindley, page  167</ref> but like her mother and grandmother she has accepted the role of constitutional monarch and has not tried to interfere [[politics|politically]].
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The Arms are [[Blazon|blazoned]] thus:
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Her grandmother's passion for freedom and her mother's for social welfare found expression in Beatrix's
  
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:''[[Azure]], billetty [[Or (heraldry)|Or]] a [[Lion (heraldry)|lion]] with a [[coronet]] Or armed and langued [[Gules]] holding in his dexter paw a [[sword]] [[Argent]] hilted Or and in the sinister paw seven [[arrows]] Argent pointed and bound together Or.''
 
  
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The seven arrows stand for the seven provinces of the Union of Utrecht. The [[shield]] is crowned with the (Dutch) royal [[Crown (headgear)|crown]] and supported by two lions Or armed and langued Gules. They stand on a scroll Azure with the text "Je Maintiendrai" (medieval French for "I will endure".)
 
  
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The monarch places this coat of arms on a mantle Gules lined with [[Ermine (heraldry)|Ermine]]. Above the mantle is a pavilion Gules again topped with the royal crown.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/content.jsp?objectid=13334|title=Dutch Royal House - Coat of Arms and standard|accessdate=2008-06-29}}</ref>
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===Ancestry ===
  
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== Ancestry ==
 
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{{See also|Dutch monarchs family tree}}
 
 
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{{ahnentafel top|width=100%}}
 
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{{ahnentafel-compact5

Revision as of 05:43, 16 August 2008

Beatrix
Queen of the Netherlands
Queen Beatrix in May 2008
Queen Beatrix in May 2008
Reign 30 April 1980 – present (44 years)
Full name Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard
Titles Queen of the Netherlands
Princess of Orange-Nassau
Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld
Born 31 January 1938 (1938-01-31) (age 86)
Soestdijk Palace, Baarn, Netherlands
Predecessor Queen Juliana
Heir apparent Prince Willem-Alexander
Consort Prince Claus
Royal House House of Orange-Nassau
Royal anthem Het Wilhelmus
Father Prince Bernhard
Mother Queen Juliana
Template:Dutch Royal Family

Beatrix (Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard; born January 31 1938) has been the Queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands since April 30 1980, when her mother, Queen Juliana, abdicated in her favor, as her mother, Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands had abdicated in Juliana's favor. Wilhelmina's mother, Queen Emma, had acted as regent during her cildhood. The Netherlands had female heads of state for the whole of the twentieth century, beginning with Wilhelmina and ending with Beautrix. Beatrix, however, has a male heir, the crown prince Willem-Alexander.

Early life

Princess Beatrix was born as Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard, Princess of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau and Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld on 31 January 1938 at the Soestdijk Palace in Baarn, Netherlands. She is the eldest daughter of Crown Princess Juliana of the Netherlands and Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld.[1] Beatrix' five godparents are King Leopold III of Belgium, Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, Princess Elisabeth zu Erbach-Schönberg, Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg, and Countess Allene de Kotzebue.[2] When Beatrix was one year old, in 1939, her first sister Princess Irene was born.[1]

When World War II broke out in the Netherlands in May 1940, the Dutch Royal Family fled to London, United Kingdom. One month later, Beatrix went to Ottawa, Canada with her mother Juliana and her sister Irene, while her father Bernhard and Queen Wilhelmina remained in London organizing the government in exile and broadcasting weekly to her people in Holland.[1] The family lived at the Stornoway residence. Her second sister Princess Margriet was born in 1943.[1] During their exile in Canada, Beatrix attented nursery and the primary school,[3] Rockcliffe Park Public School.

The family returned to the Netherlands on 2 August 1945. Beatrix went to the progressive primary school De Werkplaats in Bilthoven. Her third sister Princess Christina was born in 1947.[1] On 6 September 1948, her mother Juliana succeeded her grandmother Wilhelmina as Queen of the Netherlands, and Beatrix became the heir presumptive to the throne of the Netherlands at the age of 10.

Education

In April 1950, Princess Beatrix entered the Incrementum, a part of Baarnsch Lyceum, where, in 1956, she passed her school-graduation examinations in the subjects of arts and classics.

On January 31, 1956, Princess Beatrix celebrated her 18th birthday. From that date, under the Constitution of the Netherlands, she was entitled to assume the Royal Prerogative. At that time, her mother installed her in the Council of State.

The same year, at Leiden University her university studies began. In her first years at the university, she studied sociology, jurisprudence, economics, parliamentary history and constitutional law. In the course of her studies she also attended lectures on the cultures of Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles, the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands, international affairs, international law, history and [[European Union|European law.

The Princess also visited various European and international organizations in Geneva, Strasbourg, Paris, and Brussels. She was also an active member of the VVSL (Female Union for Students in Leiden), now called L.S.V.Minerva. In the summer of 1959, she passed her preliminary examination in law, and she obtained her law degree in July 1961.

Political involvement and marriage

File:Beatrixandclausdancing.jpg
Queen Beatrix with her husband, the late Claus von Amsberg

Her appearance on the political scene was almost immediately marked by controversy. In 1965, Princess Beatrix became engaged to the German aristocrat Claus von Amsberg, a diplomat working for the German Foreign Office. Her marriage to him caused a massive protest during the wedding day in Amsterdam on March 10 1966. Prince Claus had served in the Hitler Youth and the Wehrmacht and was, therefore, associated by a part of the Dutch with German Nazism. Protests included the memorable slogan "Geef mijn fiets terug" (Give me back my bicycle), a reference to the memory of occupying German soldiers confiscating Dutch bicycles. A smoke bomb was thrown at the wedding carriage by a group of Provos causing a violent street battle with the police. As time went on, however, Prince Claus became one of the most popular members of the Dutch monarchy and his 2002 death was widely mourned.

An even more violent riot occurred on April 30 1980, during the investiture (sovereigns of the Netherlands are not crowned as such) of Queen Beatrix. Some people, including anarchist squatters, used the occasion to protest against poor housing conditions in the Netherlands and against the monarchy in general, using the also memorable slogan "Geen woning; geen Kroning" (No house; no coronation). Clashes with the police and security forces turned brutal and violent. The latter event is reflected in contemporary Dutch literature in the books of A.F.Th. van der Heijden.

Queen of the Netherlands

On April 30 1980, Beatrix became Queen of the Netherlands when her mother abdicated. This also made her son crown prince, the first in Dutch history since 1884.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag

The royal palaces are property of the Dutch state and given in use to the reigning monarch;[4] however, should the monarchy be disbanded, the property would be returned to the royal family. While the House of Orange-Nassau possesses a large amount of personal belongings, items such as paintings, historical artifacts and jewellery are usually associated with the performance of royal duties and/or decoration of royal residences. As such, these items have a cultural significance beyond that of simple artworks and jewellery, and have therefore been placed in the hands of trusts: the House of Orange-Nassau Archives Trust and the House of Orange-Nassau Historic Collections Trust. Part of the collection is on permanent loan to Het Loo Palace Museum in Apeldoorn and the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.

The regalia (crown, orb and sceptre, Sword of State, royal banner, and ermine mantle) have been placed in the Crown Property Trust. The trust also holds the items used on ceremonial occasions, such as the carriages, table silver, and dinner services. Placing these goods in the hands of a trust ensures that they will remain at the disposal of the monarch in perpetuity.

The Royal Archives house the personal archives of the royal family.[5] This includes books, photographs, and artworks, as well as the books of the House of Orange-Nassau and the music library. The library was begun in 1813, following the return of the Orange-Nassaus to the Netherlands. King William I allowed the Stadtholder's library to remain part of the Royal Library in The Hague. The library houses a collection of some 70,000 books, journals and brochures. The music library has 6,000 scores, going back to the mid-1700s.

Expenditure on the Royal House is governed by or pursuant to the Royal House Finances Act (1972). There are three categories of expenditure: allowances paid to the Queen, the Princes of Orange and Princess Máxima, totalling some €5.6 million in 2006.[6] Official expenses are incurred in the performance of official duties and are included in the budget of the most relevant ministry. They will total some €22.5 million in 2006. Other expenses relate to the management of the royal household. Under the Royal House Finances Act, they are not included in the budget of the royal household. They will total some €71.7 million in 2006.

Children

The queen and her late husband, Prince Claus, have three sons:

  • Prince Willem-Alexander, The Prince of Orange and his mother's heir apparent (born 1967)
  • Prince Friso (born 1968)
  • Prince Constantijn (born 1969)

Grandchildren

Queen Beatrix and her late husband, Prince Claus, have eight grandchildren:

  • Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands, second in line to the throne, after her father
  • Princess Alexia of the Netherlands
  • Princess Ariane of the Netherlands
  • Countess Luana of Orange-Nassau, Jonkvrouwe van Amsberg
  • Countess Zaria of Orange-Nassau, Jonkvrouwe van Amsberg
  • Countess Eloise of Orange-Nassau, Jonkvrouwe van Amsberg
  • Count Claus-Casimir of Orange-Nassau, Jonkheer van Amsberg
  • Countess Leonore of Orange-Nassau, Jonkvrouwe van Amsberg

Titles, Styles, Honours and Arms

Titles and Styles

Queen Beatrix's titles are: "Beatrix, by the Grace of God Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, etc. etc. etc."

The triple 'etc.' refers to the title Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld and the following titles formerly borne by the princes of Orange. These being dormant titles, they are retained in the masculine form.

  • Marquis of Veere and Vlissingen
  • Count of Katzenelnbogen (now in Germany), Vianden (now in Luxembourg), Diez and Spiegelberg (both now in Germany), Buren, Leerdam, and Culemborg
  • Viscount of Antwerp (now in Belgium)
  • Baron of Breda, Diest (now in Belgium), Beilstein (now in Germany), the town of Grave and the lands of Cuijk, IJsselstein, Cranendonck, Eindhoven, Liesveld, Herstal (now in Belgium), Warneton, Arlay and Nozeroy (both now in France)
  • Hereditary Lord and Seigneur of Ameland
  • Lord of Besançon (now in France), Borculo, Bredevoort, Bütgenbach (now in Belgium), Clundert, Daasburg, Geertruidenberg, Hooge en Lage Zwaluwe, 't Loo, Lichtenvoorde, Montfoort, Naaldwijk, Niervaart, Polanen, Steenbergen, Sint-Maartensdijk, Sankt Vith (now in Belgium), Soest, Ter Eem, Turnhout (now in Belgium), Willemstad, and Zevenbergen.

The queen signs official documents "Beatrix" and is addressed as "Your Majesty" (Dutch: "Uwe Majesteit").[7] Queen Beatrix's mother, Queen Juliana, frowned upon this title. She preferred to be addressed as "Mevrouw", Dutch for "Madam." Queen Beatrix re-introduced the Royal Style of Majesty when addressing her.

Honors

Queen Beatrix is Grand Master of the Military Order of William (Militaire Willemsorde) and the other Dutch orders of merit. She is also a supernumary member of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, a Dame of the Order of the Elephant (Elefantordenen) and has received numerous other medals and decorations.

Queen Beatrix International Airport in Oranjestad, Aruba, is named after Her Majesty.

Her University of Leiden honorary doctorate was awarded in 2005 for her commitment to freedom and "the responsibilities that go with it."Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; invalid names, e.g. too many but like her mother and grandmother she has accepted the role of constitutional monarch and has not tried to interfere politically.


Her grandmother's passion for freedom and her mother's for social welfare found expression in Beatrix's


Ancestry

Patrilineal descent

Beatrix's patriline is the line from which she is descended father to son.

Patrilineal descent is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations - which means that if Beatrix were to choose an historically accurate house name it would be Lippe, as all her male-line ancestors have been of that house.

House of Lippe (claimed descent from Saxon kings)

  1. Hermann I of Lippe, 1071 - 1126
  2. Hermann II of Lippe, 1119 - 1160
  3. Bernhard II of Lippe, 1151 - 1224
  4. Hermann III of Lippe, 1175 - 1229
  5. Bernhard III of Lippe, 1197 - 1265
  6. Bernhard IV of Lippe, 1240 - 1275
  7. Simon I of Lippe, d. 1344
  8. Otto of Lippe, d. 1360
  9. Simon III of Lippe, d. 1410
  10. Bernhard VI of Lippe, 1366 - 1415
  11. Simon IV of Lippe, 1404 - 1429
  12. Bernhard VII of Lippe, 1429 - 1511
  13. Simon V, Count of Lippe, 1471 - 1536
  14. Bernhard VIII, Count of Lippe, 1527 - 1563
  15. Simon VI, Count of Lippe, 1554 - 1613
  16. Simon VII, Count of Lippe-Detmold, 1587 - 1627
  17. Jobst Herman, Count of Lippe-Sternberg, 1625 - 1678
  18. Rudolf Ferdinand, Count of Lippe-Sternberg, 1671 - 1726
  19. Friedrich, Count of Lippe-Biesterfeld, 1705 - 1781
  20. Karl of Lippe-Biesterfeld, 1735 - 1810
  21. (Wilhelm) Ernst of Lippe-Biesterfeld, 1777 - 1840
  22. Julius Peter, Count of Lippe-Biesterfeld, 1812 - 1884
  23. Count Ernst of Lippe-Biesterfeld, 1842 - 1904
  24. Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld, 1872 - 1934
  25. Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld, 1911 - 2004
  26. Beatrix of the Netherlands, 1938 -

Prime Ministers of the Netherlands during The Queen's reign

  • Dries van Agt (1977–1982)
  • Ruud Lubbers (1982–1994)
  • Wim Kok (1994–2002)
  • Jan Peter Balkenende (2002–present)

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Youth. The Dutch Royal House. Retrieved August 16, 2008.
  2. ↑ De vijf peetouders van prinses Beatrix. The Memory of the Netherlands. Retrieved August 16, 2008.
  3. ↑ Education. The Dutch Royal House. Retrieved August 16, 2008.
  4. ↑ Palaces and Immovable Property. Dutch Royal House. Retrieved August 16, 2008.
  5. ↑ Royal Archives. Dutch Royal House. Retrieved August 16, 2008.
  6. ↑ Allowances. Dutch Royal House. Retrieved August 16, 2008.
  7. ↑ [http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/content.jsp?objectid=13853 "How should I address members of the Royal House?" Dutch Royal House. Retrieved August 16, 2008.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Blom, J.C.H. and Emiel Lamberts. 1998. History of the Low Countries. New York, NY: Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781571810847.
  • Hindley, Geoffrey. 2000. The royal families of Europe. New York, NY: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 9780786708284.
  • Hoffman, William. 1979. Queen Juliana: the story of the richest woman in the world. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 9780151465316.
  • Hooker, Mark T. 1999. The history of Holland. The Greenwood histories of the modern nations. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313306587.
  • Wilhelmina, Juliana, and Beatrix. 1992. A transatlantic friendship: addresses. Roosevelt Study Center publications, no. 12. Middelburg [Netherlands]: Roosevelt Study Center. ISBN 9789071654107

External links


House of Orange-Nassau
Cadet Branch of the House of Lippe
Born: 31 January 1938; 
Regnal Titles


Preceded by:
Queen Juliana 		Queen of the Netherlands
1980–present 		Incumbent
Designated heir:
Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange
Dutch royalty
Preceded by:
Princess Juliana
later became Queen Juliana 		Heir to the Dutch throne
as heiress presumptive
1948–1980 		Succeeded by: Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange
British royalty
Preceded by:
Huberta Deuse 		Line of succession to the British throne Succeeded by: Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands

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