Difference between revisions of "Arthur Ashe" - New World Encyclopedia
m (→Quotes) |
|||
| Line 44: | Line 44: | ||
|} | |} | ||
| − | '''Arthur Robert Ashe, Jr.''' (July 10, 1943 – February 6, 1993) was a prominent | + | '''Arthur Robert Ashe, Jr.''' (July 10, 1943 – February 6, 1993) was a prominent African American [[tennis]] player who was born and raised in Richmond, [[Virginia]]. During his playing career, he won three [[Grand Slam title]]s. Ashe is also remembered for his efforts to further social causes. The [[Arthur Ashe Courage Award]] is named after him. |
| − | The only black male to win a major singles title in tennis history (three of them, in fact), | + | The only black male to win a major singles title in tennis history (three of them, in fact), Ashe also set a record in 1968 that may never be equaled. He won both the U.S. Amateur and the U.S Open championships, the first and only time such a double win has been accomplished. |
| − | For 12 years Ashe was | + | For 12 years Ashe was ranked among the world's top ten tennis players. He was ranked number one in both 1968 and 1975. One of the founders of the influential Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) in 1972, he served as the organization's president and was a highly respected spokesman for the game. Ashe served on numerous corporate boards, wrote books, and received several honorary degrees. |
| − | Ashe was a vocal and long-time protester of apartheid in South Africa. After several refusals, he was granted a visa to visit that country in 1973, becoming the first black to win a title—a doubles match—in the South African Open | + | Ashe was also a vocal and long-time protester of [[apartheid]] in [[South Africa]]. After several refusals, he was granted a visa to visit that country in 1973, becoming the first black to win a title—a doubles match—in the South African Open. |
| − | + | Ashe died of complications from [[AIDS]] on February 6, 1993, after contracting [[HIV]] from a blood transfusion during heart surgery. | |
==Tennis career== | ==Tennis career== | ||
| − | In his youth, Ashe | + | In his youth, Ashe's small size caused him to decide on tennis rather than other sports at which his lack of height and weight would be a disadvantage. He began to attract the attention of fans after being awarded a tennis [[scholarship]] to [[UCLA]] in 1963. That year, Ashe was the first [[African American]] ever selected to the [[United States Davis Cup team]]. |
| − | Ashe | + | In 1965, Ashe won the individual [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] championship and was a chief contributor in UCLA's winning the team NCAA tennis championship. While at UCLA, he was initiated as a member of the Upsilon chapter of [[Kappa Alpha Psi]] Fraternity. With a successful college career behind him, Ashe quickly ascended to the upper echelon of tennis players worldwide after turning professional in 1969. |
| − | + | By 1969, many tennis analysist considered Ashe to be the best American male tennis player. He had won the inaugural [[U.S. Open (tennis)|US Open]] in 1968 while still an amateur, and had aided the US [[Davis Cup]] team to victory that same year. Concerned that tennis pros were not receiving winnings commensurate with the sport's growing popularity, Ashe was one of the key figures behind the formation of the [[Association of Tennis Professionals]] (ATP). | |
| − | + | The year 1969 would prove even more momentous for Ashe when he was denied a visa by the [[South Africa]]n government, thereby keeping him out of the [[South African Open (tennis)|South African Open]]. Ashe chose to use this denial to publicize South Africa's [[apartheid]] policies. In the media, Ashe called for South Africa to be expelled from the professional tennis circuit. In 1970, he added a second [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] title to his resume by winning the [[Australian Open]]. After several refusals, South Africa granted Ashe a visa to enter the country in 1973, where he became the first black to win a title—a doubles match—in the South African Open. | |
| − | + | In 1975, after several years of lower levels of success, Ashe played his best season ever by winning [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]], unexpectedly defeating [[Jimmy Connors]] in the final. He remains the only [[African American]] player ever to win the men's singles at Wimbledon, the US Open, or Australian Open, and one of only two men of [[Black people|black]] [[Africa]]n ancestry to win a Grand Slam singles event—the other being [[France]]'s [[Yannick Noah]], who won the [[French Open]] in 1983. Ashe would play for several more years, but after being slowed by [[Cardiac surgery|heart surgery]] in 1979, he retired in 1980. In his 1979 autobiography, the long-time tennis promoter and great player himself, [[Jack Kramer (tennis player)|Jack Kramer]], ranked Ashe as one of the 21 best players of all time. | |
| − | + | After his retirement, Ashe took on many new tasks, from writing for ''[[Time magazine|Time]]'' magazine to commentating for [[ABC Sports]]. He also founded the [[National Junior Tennis League]] and served as captain of the US Davis Cup team. In 1983, Ashe underwent a second heart surgery. To no one's surprise, he was elected to the [[Tennis Hall of Fame]] in 1985. | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | After his retirement, Ashe took on many new tasks, from writing for ''[[Time magazine|Time]]'' magazine to commentating for [[ABC Sports]] | ||
==HIV, death== | ==HIV, death== | ||
| − | The story of Ashe's life turned from success to tragedy in 1988, however, when | + | The story of Ashe's life turned from success to tragedy in 1988, however, when he discovered he had contracted [[HIV]] from the [[blood transfusion]]s he had received during one of his heart surgeries. He and his wife kept his illness private until April 8, 1992, when reports that the ''USA Today'' was ready to publish a story about his condition forced him to make a public announcement that he had the disease. |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | In the last year of his life, Arthur Ashe did much to call attention to [[AIDS]] sufferers worldwide. Two months before his death, he founded the Arthur Ashe Institute for Urban Health, to help address issues of inadequate [[health care]] delivery, He was also named ''Sports Illustrated'' magazine's Sportsman of the Year. Ashe spent much of the last years of his life writing his [[memoir]] ''Days of Grace'', finishing the [[manuscript]] less than a week before his death. He died of complications from [[AIDS]] on February 6, 1993. | |
| − | Ashe | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | == | + | ==Legacy== |
| − | + | In addition to being one of history's greatest tennis players, Arthur Ashe was a pioneer who opened who encouraged many young blacks the world over to see tennis as a sport in which they could participate and excel. He helped end the whites-only policy of tennis and country clubs in the U.S. and was a major force in pressuring South Africa to end its policy of apartheid. It may be an exaggeration in terms of his talent to say that Ashe was to tennis what Tiger Woods is to golf, but in terms of the racial attitudes of the time, he was the more significant of these two great athletes. | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
==Honors== | ==Honors== | ||
| Line 145: | Line 129: | ||
* 1978 – Colombus, Los Angeles, San Jose | * 1978 – Colombus, Los Angeles, San Jose | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
Revision as of 16:29, 30 June 2007
|
| ||
| Country: | United States | |
| Height: | 6 ft 1 in | |
| Weight: | 160 lb | |
| Plays: | Right | |
| Turned pro: | 1966 | |
| Retired: | 1980 | |
| Highest singles ranking: | 1 (1968 and 1975) | |
| Singles titles: | 34 | |
| Career prize money: | $2,584,909 | |
| Grand Slam Record Titles: 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Australian Open | W (1970) | |
| French Open | QF (1970, '71) | |
| Wimbledon | W (1975) | |
| US Open | W (1968) | |
Arthur Robert Ashe, Jr. (July 10, 1943 – February 6, 1993) was a prominent African American tennis player who was born and raised in Richmond, Virginia. During his playing career, he won three Grand Slam titles. Ashe is also remembered for his efforts to further social causes. The Arthur Ashe Courage Award is named after him.
The only black male to win a major singles title in tennis history (three of them, in fact), Ashe also set a record in 1968 that may never be equaled. He won both the U.S. Amateur and the U.S Open championships, the first and only time such a double win has been accomplished.
For 12 years Ashe was ranked among the world's top ten tennis players. He was ranked number one in both 1968 and 1975. One of the founders of the influential Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) in 1972, he served as the organization's president and was a highly respected spokesman for the game. Ashe served on numerous corporate boards, wrote books, and received several honorary degrees.
Ashe was also a vocal and long-time protester of apartheid in South Africa. After several refusals, he was granted a visa to visit that country in 1973, becoming the first black to win a title—a doubles match—in the South African Open.
Ashe died of complications from AIDS on February 6, 1993, after contracting HIV from a blood transfusion during heart surgery.
Tennis career
In his youth, Ashe's small size caused him to decide on tennis rather than other sports at which his lack of height and weight would be a disadvantage. He began to attract the attention of fans after being awarded a tennis scholarship to UCLA in 1963. That year, Ashe was the first African American ever selected to the United States Davis Cup team.
In 1965, Ashe won the individual NCAA championship and was a chief contributor in UCLA's winning the team NCAA tennis championship. While at UCLA, he was initiated as a member of the Upsilon chapter of Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity. With a successful college career behind him, Ashe quickly ascended to the upper echelon of tennis players worldwide after turning professional in 1969.
By 1969, many tennis analysist considered Ashe to be the best American male tennis player. He had won the inaugural US Open in 1968 while still an amateur, and had aided the US Davis Cup team to victory that same year. Concerned that tennis pros were not receiving winnings commensurate with the sport's growing popularity, Ashe was one of the key figures behind the formation of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP).
The year 1969 would prove even more momentous for Ashe when he was denied a visa by the South African government, thereby keeping him out of the South African Open. Ashe chose to use this denial to publicize South Africa's apartheid policies. In the media, Ashe called for South Africa to be expelled from the professional tennis circuit. In 1970, he added a second Grand Slam title to his resume by winning the Australian Open. After several refusals, South Africa granted Ashe a visa to enter the country in 1973, where he became the first black to win a title—a doubles match—in the South African Open.
In 1975, after several years of lower levels of success, Ashe played his best season ever by winning Wimbledon, unexpectedly defeating Jimmy Connors in the final. He remains the only African American player ever to win the men's singles at Wimbledon, the US Open, or Australian Open, and one of only two men of black African ancestry to win a Grand Slam singles event—the other being France's Yannick Noah, who won the French Open in 1983. Ashe would play for several more years, but after being slowed by heart surgery in 1979, he retired in 1980. In his 1979 autobiography, the long-time tennis promoter and great player himself, Jack Kramer, ranked Ashe as one of the 21 best players of all time.
After his retirement, Ashe took on many new tasks, from writing for Time magazine to commentating for ABC Sports. He also founded the National Junior Tennis League and served as captain of the US Davis Cup team. In 1983, Ashe underwent a second heart surgery. To no one's surprise, he was elected to the Tennis Hall of Fame in 1985.
HIV, death
The story of Ashe's life turned from success to tragedy in 1988, however, when he discovered he had contracted HIV from the blood transfusions he had received during one of his heart surgeries. He and his wife kept his illness private until April 8, 1992, when reports that the USA Today was ready to publish a story about his condition forced him to make a public announcement that he had the disease.
In the last year of his life, Arthur Ashe did much to call attention to AIDS sufferers worldwide. Two months before his death, he founded the Arthur Ashe Institute for Urban Health, to help address issues of inadequate health care delivery, He was also named Sports Illustrated magazine's Sportsman of the Year. Ashe spent much of the last years of his life writing his memoir Days of Grace, finishing the manuscript less than a week before his death. He died of complications from AIDS on February 6, 1993.
Legacy
In addition to being one of history's greatest tennis players, Arthur Ashe was a pioneer who opened who encouraged many young blacks the world over to see tennis as a sport in which they could participate and excel. He helped end the whites-only policy of tennis and country clubs in the U.S. and was a major force in pressuring South Africa to end its policy of apartheid. It may be an exaggeration in terms of his talent to say that Ashe was to tennis what Tiger Woods is to golf, but in terms of the racial attitudes of the time, he was the more significant of these two great athletes.
Honors
- After Ashe's death, his body lay in State at the Governor's Mansion in his home state of Virginia. The last time this was done was for Stonewall Jackson of the Confederate Army during the Civil War.
- The city of Richmond posthumously honored Ashe's life with a statue on Monument Avenue, a place that was traditionally reserved for statues of key figures of the Confederacy. This decision led to some controversy in a city that was the capital of the Confederate States during the American Civil War. File:Arthur Ashe stadium 2005.jpgThe Arthur Ashe Stadium in 2005.
- The main stadium at the USTA National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows Park, where the U.S. Open is played, is named Arthur Ashe Stadium in his honor. This is also the home of the annual Arthur Ashe Kids Day.
- UCLA's Student Health and Wellness Center, opened in 1997, is named after Ashe.
- In 2005, the United States Postal Service announced the release of an Arthur Ashe commemorative postal stamp, the first stamp ever to feature the cover of a Sports Illustrated magazine.
- Also in 2005, TENNIS Magazine put him in 30th place in its list of 40 Greatest Players of the TENNIS era.
- His wife wrote a book, Daddy and Me, a photographic journey told from the perspective of his young daughter. Another book, Arthur Ashe and Me, also gives young readers a chance to learn about his life.
Grand Slam singles finals
Wins (3)
| Year | Championship | Opponent in Final | Score in Final |
| 1968 | U.S. Open |  Tom Okker |
14-12, 5-7, 6-3, 3-6, 6-3 |
| 1970 | Australian Open |  Dick Crealy |
6-4, 9-7, 6-2 |
| 1975 | Wimbledon |  Jimmy Connors |
6-1, 6-1, 5-7, 6-4 |
Runner-up (2)
| Year | Championship | Opponent in Final | Score in Final |
| 1971 | Australian Open | Ken Rosewall |
6-1, 7-5, 6-3 |
| 1972 | U.S. Open |  Ilie Nastase |
3-6, 6-3, 6-7, 6-4, 6-3 |
Singles titles (33)
- 1968 – U.S. National Chps., US Open (Grass)
- 1970 – Australian Open (Grass), Berkeley, Paris Indoor;
- 1971 – Charlotte, Paris Indoor, Stockholm Open
- 1972 – Louisville WCT, Montreal WCT, Rome WCT, Rotterdam WCT
- 1973 – Chicago WCT, Washington
- 1974 – Barcelona WCT, Bologna WCT, Stockholm
- 1975 – Barcelona WCT, Dallas WCT, Los Angeles, Munich WCT, Rotterdam WCT, San Francisco, Stockholm - WCT, Wimbledon
- 1976 – Columbus WCT, Indianapolis WCT, Richmond WCT, Rome WCT, Rotterdam WCT
- 1978 – Colombus, Los Angeles, San Jose
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Ashe, Arthur. Days of Grace, Random House Value Publishing, 1996. ISBN 978-0517157619
- Ashe, Arthur, & Deford, Frank. Arthur Ashe: Portrait in Motion, Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1993. ISBN 978-0786700509
- Martin, Marvin. Arthur Ashe: Of Tennis & the Human Spirit, Franklin Watts, 1999. ISBN 978-0531159590
- Steins, Richard. Arthur Ashe: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0313332999
External links
- Sports Illustrated Arthur Ashe tribute website
- Official Arthur Ashe website
- Arthur Ashe Institute for Urban Health
- Arthur Ashe's Gravesite
Credits
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.
