Difference between revisions of "Arthritis" - New World Encyclopedia

	Arthritis; Classification and external resources
ICD-10	M00-M25
ICD-9	710-719
DiseasesDB	15237
eMedicine	topic list
MeSH	D001168

Revision as of 02:35, 9 September 2007

Arthritis (from Greek arthro-, joint + -itis, inflammation; plural: arthritides) is a group of conditions where there is damage caused to the joints of the body. Arthritis is the leading cause of disability in people over the age of 55.

There are many different forms of arthritis, each of which has a different cause. Rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis are autoimmune diseases in which the body is attacking itself. Septic arthritis is caused by joint infection. Gouty arthritis is caused by deposition of uric acid crystals in the joint that results in subsequent inflammation. Additionally, there is a less common form of gout that is caused by the formation of rhomboidal shaped crystals of calcium pyrophosphate. This form of gout is known as pseudogout. The most common form of arthritis, osteoarthritis is also known as degenerative joint disease and occurs following trauma to the joint, following an infection of the joint or simply as a result of aging. There is emerging evidence that abnormal anatomy may contribute to early development of osteoarthritis.

History and physical examination

All arthritides feature pain. Patterns of pain differ among the arthritides and the location. Osteoarthritis is classically worse at night or following rest. Rheumatoid arthritis is generally worse in the morning; in the early stages, patients often do not have symptoms following their morning shower. In elderly people and children, pain may not be the main feature, and the patient simply moves less (elderly) or refuses to use the affected limb (children).

Elements of the history of the pain (onset, number of joints and which involved, duration, aggravating and relieving factors) all guide diagnosis. Physical examination typically confirms diagnosis. Radiographs are often used to follow progression or assess severity in a more quantitative manner.

Blood tests and X-rays of the affected joints often are performed to make the diagnosis.

Screening blood tests may be indicated if certain arthritides are suspected. This may include: rheumatoid factor, antinuclear factor (ANF), extractable nuclear antigen and specific antibodies.

Types of arthritis

Primary forms of arthritis:

Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Septic arthritis
Gout and pseudogout
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Still's disease
Ankylosing spondylitis

Secondary to other diseases:

Lupus erythematosus
Henoch-Schönlein purpura
Psoriatic arthritis
Reactive arthritis
Haemochromatosis
Hepatitis
Wegener's granulomatosis (and many other vasculitis syndromes)
Familial Mediterranean fever
Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D with recurrent fever
TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Including Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis)

Diseases that can mimic arthritis include:

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
Multiple myeloma
Osteoporosis
Fifth disease

Treatment

Treatment options vary depending on the type of arthritis and include physical and occupational therapy, lifestyle changes (including exercise and weight control), and medications (symptomatic or targeted at the disease process causing the arthritis). Arthroplasty (joint replacement surgery) may be required in eroding forms of arthritis.

History

While evidence of primary ankle (kaki) osteoarthritis has been discovered in dinosaurs, the first known traces of human arthritis date back as far as 4500 B.C.E. It was noted in skeletal remains of Native Americans found in Tennessee and parts of what is now Olathe, Kansas. Evidence of arthritis has been found throughout history, from Ötzi, a mummy (circa 3000 B.C.E.) found along the border of modern Italy and Austria, to the Egyptian mummies circa 2590 B.C.E.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

External links

Arthritis Care (UK non-profit organisation)
Arthritis Research Campaign (UK non-profit organisation)
American College of Rheumatologists (US professional body) - also contains classification criteria of important forms of arthritis
British Society for Rheumatology (UK professional body)
Arthritis Foundation (non-profit organisation)
Johns Hopkins Arthritis Center (non-profit organisation)

Credits

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History of "Arthritis"

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{DiseaseDisorder infobox |
+{{Claimed}}
-   Name        = Arthritis |
+{{Infobox_Disease |
-   ICD10       = M00-M25 |
+   Name           = {{PAGENAME}} |
-   ICD9       = {{ICD9|710}}-{{ICD9|719}} |
+  Image          = |
+  Caption       = |
+  DiseasesDB    = 15237 |
+   ICD10         = {{ICD10|M|00||m|00}}-{{ICD10|M|25||m|20}} |
+   ICD9           = {{ICD9|710}}-{{ICD9|719}} |
+  ICDO          = |
+  OMIM          = |
+  MedlinePlus    = |
+  eMedicineSubj  = search |
+  eMedicineTopic = arthritis |
+  MeshID        = D001168 |
 }}
+'''Arthritis''' (from Greek ''arthro-'', joint + ''-itis'', inflammation; plural: arthritides) is a group of conditions where there is damage caused to the [[joint]]s of the body. Arthritis is the leading cause of disability in people over the age of 55.
-'''Arthritis'''(from Greek ''arthro-'', joint + ''-itis'', inflammation) is a group of conditions that affect the health of the [[bone]] [[joint]]s in the body. One in three adult Americans suffers from some form of arthritis, and this disease affects approximetly twice as many women as men.
+There are many different forms of arthritis, each of which has a different cause. [[Rheumatoid arthritis]] and [[psoriatic arthritis]] are [[autoimmune disorder|autoimmune diseases]] in which the body is attacking itself. [[Septic arthritis]] is caused by joint [[infection]]. [[gout|Gouty arthritis]] is caused by deposition of [[uric acid]] crystals in the joint that results in subsequent inflammation. Additionally, there is a less common form of gout that is caused by the formation of rhomboidal shaped crystals of calcium pyrophosphate.  This form of gout is known as [[Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease|pseudogout]].  The most common form of arthritis, [[osteoarthritis]] is also known as degenerative joint disease and occurs following trauma to the joint, following an infection of the joint or simply as a result of aging. There is emerging evidence that abnormal anatomy may contribute to early development of osteoarthritis.
-Arthritic [[disease]]s include [[rheumatoid arthritis]] and [[psoriatic arthritis]], which are [[autoimmune disorder|autoimmune diseases]]; [[septic arthritis]], caused by joint infection; and the more common [[osteoarthritis]], or degenerative joint disease.  Arthritis can be caused from strains and injuries from repetitive motion, sports, overexertion and falls. Unlike the autoimmune diseases, osteoarthritis largely affects older people, and results from the degeneration of joint cartilage. Other forms are discussed below.
+==History and physical examination==
+All arthritides feature [[Pain and nociception|pain]]. Patterns of pain differ among the arthritides and the location. Osteoarthritis is classically worse at night or following rest. Rheumatoid arthritis is generally worse in the morning; in the early stages, patients often do not have symptoms following their morning shower. In elderly people and children, pain may not be the main feature, and the patient simply moves less (elderly) or refuses to use the affected limb (children).
-Arthritic joints can be sensitive to weather changes. The increased sensitivity is thought to be caused by the affected joints developing extra nerve endings in an attempt to protect the joint from further damage.
+Elements of the history of the pain (onset, number of joints and which involved, duration, aggravating and relieving factors) all guide diagnosis. Physical examination typically confirms diagnosis. Radiographs are often used to follow progression or assess severity in a more quantitative manner.
-==Signs and Symptoms==
+[[Blood test]]s and [[X-ray]]s of the affected joints often are performed to make the diagnosis.
-All arthritides feature [[pain]], which is generally worse in the morning and on initiating movement but resolves in the course of time. In elderly people and children, the pain may not be the main feature, and the patient simply moves less (elderly) or refuses to use the affected limb (children).
-When faced with joint pain, a doctor generally will ask about several other medical symptoms (such as [[fever]], skin symptoms, breathlessness, [[Raynaud's phenomenon]]) that may narrow down the [[differential diagnosis]] to a few items, for which testing can be done.
+Screening blood tests may be indicated if certain arthritides are suspected. This may include: [[rheumatoid factor]], [[antinuclear factor]] (ANF), [[extractable nuclear antigen]] and specific antibodies.
-Monoarthritis (arthritis of one joint) and [[fever]] together are pointers toward ''septic arthritis'' (see below). This is a [[medical emergency]] and requires urgent referral to an [[Orthopedic surgery|orthopedic surgeon]] for analysis of joint aspirate and consideration for joint washout.
+==Types of arthritis==
-==Diagnosis==
-The various types of arthritis can be distinguished by the pace of onset, the age and sex of the patient, the amount of (and which) joints affected, additional symptoms such as [[psoriasis]], [[iridocyclitis]], [[Raynaud's phenomenon]], rheumatoid nodules, and other clues.
-[[Blood test]]s and [[X-ray]]s of the affected joints often are performed to make the diagnosis. X-rays can show erosions or bone appositions.
-Screening blood tests: [[full blood count]], [[electrolytes]], [[renal function]], [[liver enzyme]]s, [[calcium]], [[phosphate]], [[protein electrophoresis]], [[C-reactive protein]] and the [[erythrocyte sedimentation rate]] (ESR). Specific tests are the [[rheumatoid factor]], [[antinuclear factor]] (ANF), [[extractable nuclear antigen]] and specific antibodies whenever the ANF is positive.
-==Treatment==
-Treatment options vary depending on the precise condition but include [[surgery]], drug treatment, reduction of joint stress, [[Physical therapy|physical]] and [[Occupational therapy|occupational therapy]], and [[pain management]]. There also are numerous herbal remedies that purportedly treat arthritis, including ''[[Harpagophytum procumbens]]''. For specifics, see the articles on the individual conditions listed below.
-==Types of Arthritis==
 Primary forms of arthritis:
+* [[Osteoarthritis]]
+* [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
 * [[Septic arthritis]]
-* [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
+* [[Gout]] and [[Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease|pseudogout]]
-* [[Osteoarthritis]]
+* [[Juvenile idiopathic arthritis]]
-* [[Gout]] and [[pseudogout]]
-* [[Juvenile arthritis]]
 * [[Still's disease]]
 * [[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
 Secondary to other diseases:
-* [[Lupus erythematosus|Systemic lupus erythematosus]] (SLE)
+* [[Lupus erythematosus]]
 * [[Henoch-Schönlein purpura]]
 * [[Psoriatic arthritis]]
-* [[Reactive arthritis]] (Reiter's syndrome)
+* [[Reactive arthritis]]
-* [[Hemochromatosis]]
+* [[Haemochromatosis]]
 * [[Hepatitis]]
 * [[Wegener's granulomatosis]] (and many other [[vasculitis]] syndromes)
-* [[Familial Mediterranean fever]] (FMF), [[Hyperimmunoglobinemia D with recurrent fever|HIDS]] (hyperimmunoglobulinemia D and periodic fever syndrome) and [[TRAPS]] ([[TNF-alpha]] receptor associated periodic fever syndrome).
+* [[Familial Mediterranean fever]]
+* [[Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D with recurrent fever]]
+* [[TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome]]
+* [[Inflammatory Bowel Disease]] (Including [[Crohn's Disease]] and [[Ulcerative Colitis]])
+Diseases that can mimic arthritis include:
+* [[Clubbing|Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy]]
+* [[Multiple myeloma]]
+* [[Osteoporosis]]
+* [[Fifth disease]]
-Diseases that can mimic arthritis:
+==Treatment==
-* [[Pierre Marie-Bamberger syndrome]] (hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy, a [[paraneoplastic phenomenon]] of [[lung cancer]])
+Treatment options vary depending on the type of arthritis and include [[Physical therapy|physical]] and [[occupational therapy]], lifestyle changes (including exercise and weight control), and medications (symptomatic or targeted at the disease process causing the arthritis). [[Arthroplasty]] (joint replacement surgery) may be required in eroding forms of arthritis.
-* [[multiple myeloma]]
-* [[osteoporosis]]
-* ''others''
 ==History==
-While evidence of primary ankle osteoarthritis has been discovered in dinosaurs, the first known traces of human arthritis date back as far as [[4500 B.C.E.]]. It was noted in skeletal remains of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] found in [[Tennessee]] and parts of what is now Olathe, [[Kansas]].  Evidence of arthritis has been found throughout history, from Ötzi, a [[mummy]] (circa 3000 B.C.E.) found along the border of modern [[Italy]] and [[Austria]], to the Egyptian mummies circa 2590 B.C.E.  Around 500 B.C.E. [[willow]] bark gained popularity when it was discovered to help relieve some of the aches and pains of arthritis.  It wasn't until more than 2,000 years later, in the early 1820s, that European scientists began to scientifically study the chemical compound in willow bark that alleviated the arthritis symptoms.  They discovered the compound was [[salicin]].  When they isolated salicin, however, they found it was very noxious to the stomach.  Almost 80 years later, in 1897, an employee of Bayer Company — then a dye production company — named Felix Hoffman discovered how to isolate the compound and make it less irritating to the stomach.  Hoffman was attempting to make the drug in order to help his father, who was suffering from arthritis.  In 1899, Bayer Company trademarked Hoffman's discovery under the name "Aspirin."  Today it is believed that over a trillion tablets of aspirin have been sold worldwide.   [http://www.arthritis.org/resources/arthritistoday/2000_archives/2000_01_02_TimeLine.asp].
+While evidence of primary ankle (kaki) osteoarthritis has been discovered in dinosaurs, the first known traces of human arthritis date back as far as [[4500 B.C.E.]]. It was noted in skeletal remains of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] found in [[Tennessee]] and parts of what is now Olathe, [[Kansas]].  Evidence of arthritis has been found throughout history, from [[Ötzi the Iceman|Ötzi]], a [[mummy]] (circa 3000 B.C.E.) found along the border of modern [[Italy]] and [[Austria]], to the Egyptian mummies circa 2590 B.C.E.
+==References==
+<!-- ----------------------------------------------------------
+   See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a
+  discussion of different citation methods and how to generate
+  footnotes using the <ref>, </ref> and  <reference /> tags
+----------------------------------------------------------- —>
+<div class="references-small">
+<references />
+</div>
 ==External links==
-*[http://www.arthritis.org Arthritis Foundation] ([[non-profit organisation]])
+*[http://www.arthritiscare.org.uk Arthritis Care] (UK non-profit organisation)
+*[http://www.arc.org.uk Arthritis Research Campaign] (UK non-profit organisation)
 *[http://www.rheumatology.org American College of Rheumatologists] (US professional body) - also contains classification criteria of important forms of arthritis
 *[http://www.rheumatology.org.uk British Society for Rheumatology] (UK professional body)
-*[http://www.arc.org.uk Arthritis Research Campaign] (UK non-profit organisation) - funds research into all forms of arthritis and provides extensive information for patients and medical professionals
+*[http://www.arthritis.org Arthritis Foundation] ([[non-profit organisation]])
+*[http://www.hopkins-arthritis.org Johns Hopkins Arthritis Center] ([[non-profit organisation]])
-{{credit|60041218}}
+{{credit|Arthritis|156548689}}
 [[Category:Life sciences]]

Arthritis Classification and external resources
ICD-10	M00-M25
ICD-9	710-719
DiseasesDB	15237
eMedicine	topic list
MeSH	D001168