Difference between revisions of "Arthritis" - New World Encyclopedia

	Arthritis; Classification and external resources
ICD-10	M00-M25
ICD-9	710-719
DiseasesDB	15237
MeSH	D001168

Latest revision as of 11:01, 16 August 2023

Arthritis (plural, "arthritides") is a group of conditions where there is damage caused to the joints of the body, typically involving inflammation and pain.

Arthritis often is defined as inflammation of a joint. (Inflammation usually is indicated by using the English suffix "-itis," and the term arthritis comes from the Greek arthro-, joint + -itis, or inflammation.) However, there are many forms of arthritis and in some the sufferer may experience little or no inflammation.

Among the more than one hundred identified forms of arthritis are osteoarthritis (involving the deterioration of the cartilage that covers and acts as a cushion inside joints), rheumatoid arthritis (a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the joints), and gout or metabolic arthritis (a disease due to a congenital disorder of uric acid metabolism). The various forms of arthritis together comprise the most common chronic illness in the United States (Shiel 2019).

The presence of arthritis accentuates how harmoniously the human body normally functions. For the vast majority of people, for the vast majority of their lives, the joints in the body function remarkably smoothly, through a wide range of activities. Arthritis, with its diverse causes—such as injury, infection, abnormal metabolism, or hereditary diseases—represents a break in this normal harmony.

Overview

Joint abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis

Arthritis is a disorder of the joint. A joint is the location at which two or more bones make contact. Joints are constructed to allow movement and provide mechanical support.

In a literal sense, arthritis means inflammation of one or more joints (Shiel 2019). Inflammation is a localized protective response of a body's living tissue to injury, infection, irritation, or allergy. It is characterized by the following quintet: Redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and dysfunction of the organs involved (functio laesa). Inflammation is part of the innate immune system, that is, the immediate "first-line" of defense to illness or pathogens. As such, inflammation is not "healthy" nor "unhealthy" on its own. For example, it may help fight disease or injury by removing pathogens and debris, and walling off infection from spreading. However, it comes at the cost of suspending the body's normal immune and catabolic processes. In the short term, this is often a valid trade-off, but in the long term it causes progressive damage. Inflammation is usually indicated by using the English suffix "-itis," such as appendicitis, laryngitis, pancreatitis, hepatitis, and encephalitis.

There are 100 or more different forms of arthritis (Shiel 2019; WebMD 2017). These differ widely according to cause, clinical course, appearance, and so forth. Rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis are autoimmune diseases in which the body is attacking itself. Septic arthritis is caused by joint infection. Gouty arthritis is caused by deposition of uric acid crystals in the joint that results in subsequent inflammation. Additionally, there is a less common form of gout that is caused by the formation of rhomboidal shaped crystals of calcium pyrophosphate. This form of gout is known as pseudogout.

The most common form of arthritis, osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative joint disease, occurs following trauma to the joint, an infection of the joint, or simply as a result of aging. There is emerging evidence that abnormal anatomy may contribute to early development of osteoarthritis.

Many sufferers of osteoarthritis have little or no inflammation. Inflammation, soft tissue swelling, and the involvement of multiple joints are common signs and symptoms that distinguish rheumatoid and other inflammatory arthritis from non-inflammatory arthritis, such as osteoarthritis.

Types of arthritis

Primary forms of arthritis:

Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Septic arthritis
Gout and pseudogout
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Still's disease
Ankylosing spondylitis

Secondary to other diseases:

Lupus erythematosus
Henoch-Schönlein purpura
Psoriatic arthritis
Reactive arthritis
Haemochromatosis
Hepatitis
Wegener's granulomatosis (and many other vasculitis syndromes)
Familial Mediterranean fever
Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D with recurrent fever
TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Including Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis)

Diseases that can mimic arthritis include:

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
Multiple myeloma
Osteoporosis
Fifth disease

Diagnosis

All arthritides feature pain. Patterns of pain differ among the arthritides and the location. Osteoarthritis is classically worse at night or following rest. Rheumatoid arthritis is generally worse in the morning. In elderly people and children, pain may not be the main feature, and the patient simply moves less (elderly) or refuses to use the affected limb (children).

Elements of the history of the pain (onset, number of joints and which involved, duration, aggravating and relieving factors) all guide diagnosis. Physical examination typically confirms diagnosis. Radiographs are often used to follow progression or assess severity in a more quantitative manner.

Blood tests and X-rays of the affected joints often are performed to make the diagnosis.

Screening blood tests may be indicated if certain arthritides are suspected. This may include: Rheumatoid factor, antinuclear factor (ANF), extractable nuclear antigen, and specific antibodies.

Treatment

Treatment options vary depending on the type of arthritis and include physical and occupational therapy, lifestyle changes (including exercise and weight control), and medications (symptomatic or targeted at the disease process causing the arthritis). Arthroplasty (joint replacement surgery) may be required with forms of arthritis that erode the bone.

History

While evidence of primary ankle (kaki) osteoarthritis has been discovered in dinosaurs, the first known traces of human arthritis date back as far as 4500 B.C.E. It was noted in skeletal remains of Native Americans found in Tennessee and parts of what is now Olathe, Kansas. Evidence of arthritis has been found throughout history, from Ötzi, a mummy (circa 3000 B.C.E.) found along the border of modern Italy and Austria, to the Egyptian mummies circa 2590 B.C.E.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Shiel, W. C. 2019. Arthritis. MedicineNet.com. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
Verbrugge, L. M. 1992. Disability transitions for older persons with arthritis. Journal of Aging and Health 4(2): 212-243.
WebMD. 2017. The basics of Arthritis Retrieved August 3, 2019.

External links

All links retrieved August 16, 2023.

American College of Rheumatologists (US professional body) - also contains classification criteria of important forms of arthritis.
British Society for Rheumatology (UK professional body).
Johns Hopkins Arthritis Center (non-profit organization).
Arthritis at Family Assets

Credits

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{DiseaseDisorder infobox |
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-   Name        = Arthritis |
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+'''Arthritis''' (plural, "arthritides") is a group of conditions where there is damage caused to the [[joint]]s of the body, typically involving inflammation and [[pain]].
-'''Arthritis'''(from Greek ''arthro-'', joint + ''-itis'', inflammation) is a group of conditions that affect the health of the [[bone]] [[joint]]s in the body. One in three adult Americans suffers from some form of arthritis, and this disease affects approximetly twice as many women as men.
+Arthritis often is defined as [[inflammation]] of a joint. (Inflammation usually is indicated by using the English suffix "-itis," and the term arthritis comes from the Greek ''arthro-'', joint + ''-itis,'' or inflammation.) However, there are many forms of arthritis and in some the sufferer may experience little or no inflammation.
-Arthritic [[disease]]s include [[rheumatoid arthritis]] and [[psoriatic arthritis]], which are [[autoimmune disorder|autoimmune diseases]]; [[septic arthritis]], caused by joint infection; and the more common [[osteoarthritis]], or degenerative joint disease.  Arthritis can be caused from strains and injuries from repetitive motion, sports, overexertion and falls. Unlike the autoimmune diseases, osteoarthritis largely affects older people, and results from the degeneration of joint cartilage. Other forms are discussed below.
+Among the more than one hundred identified forms of arthritis are ''osteoarthritis'' (involving the deterioration of the [[cartilage]] that covers and acts as a cushion inside joints), ''rheumatoid arthritis'' (a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disorder that causes the [[immune system]] to attack the joints), and ''gout'' or ''metabolic arthritis'' (a disease due to a congenital disorder of uric acid metabolism). The various forms of arthritis together comprise the most common chronic illness in the United States (Shiel 2019).
+{{toc}}
+The presence of arthritis accentuates how harmoniously the [[human body]] normally functions. For the vast majority of people, for the vast majority of their lives, the joints in the body function remarkably smoothly, through a wide range of activities. Arthritis, with its diverse causes—such as injury, [[infection]], abnormal [[metabolism]], or hereditary diseases—represents a break in this normal harmony.
-Arthritic joints can be sensitive to weather changes. The increased sensitivity is thought to be caused by the affected joints developing extra nerve endings in an attempt to protect the joint from further damage.
+==Overview==
+[[Image:Rheumatoid arthritis joint.gif|thumb|right|200px|Joint abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis]]
+Arthritis is a disorder of the joint. A joint is the location at which two or more [[bone]]s make contact. Joints are constructed to allow movement and provide mechanical support.
-==Signs and Symptoms==
+In a literal sense, arthritis means [[inflammation]] of one or more joints (Shiel 2019). Inflammation is a localized protective response of a body's living tissue to injury, infection, irritation, or allergy. It is characterized by the following quintet: Redness ''(rubor)'', heat ''(calor)'', swelling ''(tumor)'', [[pain]] ''(dolor)'', and dysfunction of the organs involved ''(functio laesa)''. Inflammation is part of the [[immune system#innate immune system|innate immune system]], that is, the immediate "first-line" of defense to illness or pathogens. As such, inflammation is not "healthy" nor "unhealthy" on its own. For example, it may help fight [[disease]] or injury by removing pathogens and debris, and walling off infection from spreading. However, it comes at the cost of suspending the body's normal [[immune system|immune]] and [[metabolic|catabolic]] processes. In the short term, this is often a valid trade-off, but in the long term it causes progressive damage. Inflammation is usually indicated by using the English suffix "-itis," such as [[appendicitis]], [[laryngitis]], [[pancreatitis]], [[hepatitis]], and [[encephalitis]].
-All arthritides feature [[pain]], which is generally worse in the morning and on initiating movement but resolves in the course of time. In elderly people and children, the pain may not be the main feature, and the patient simply moves less (elderly) or refuses to use the affected limb (children).
-When faced with joint pain, a doctor generally will ask about several other medical symptoms (such as [[fever]], skin symptoms, breathlessness, [[Raynaud's phenomenon]]) that may narrow down the [[differential diagnosis]] to a few items, for which testing can be done.
+There are 100 or more different forms of arthritis (Shiel 2019; WebMD 2017). These differ widely according to cause, clinical course, appearance, and so forth. [[Rheumatoid arthritis]] and [[psoriatic arthritis]] are [[autoimmune disorder|autoimmune diseases]] in which the body is attacking itself. [[Septic arthritis]] is caused by joint [[infection]]. [[gout|Gouty arthritis]] is caused by deposition of [[uric acid]] crystals in the joint that results in subsequent inflammation. Additionally, there is a less common form of gout that is caused by the formation of rhomboidal shaped crystals of calcium pyrophosphate. This form of gout is known as [[Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease|pseudogout]].
-Monoarthritis (arthritis of one joint) and [[fever]] together are pointers toward ''septic arthritis'' (see below). This is a [[medical emergency]] and requires urgent referral to an [[Orthopedic surgery|orthopedic surgeon]] for analysis of joint aspirate and consideration for joint washout.
+The most common form of arthritis, [[osteoarthritis]], also known as degenerative joint disease, occurs following trauma to the joint, an infection of the joint, or simply as a result of aging. There is emerging evidence that abnormal anatomy may contribute to early development of osteoarthritis.
-==Diagnosis==
+Many sufferers of osteoarthritis have little or no inflammation. Inflammation, soft tissue swelling, and the involvement of multiple joints are common signs and symptoms that distinguish rheumatoid and other inflammatory arthritis from non-inflammatory arthritis, such as osteoarthritis.
-The various types of arthritis can be distinguished by the pace of onset, the age and sex of the patient, the amount of (and which) joints affected, additional symptoms such as [[psoriasis]], [[iridocyclitis]], [[Raynaud's phenomenon]], rheumatoid nodules, and other clues.
-[[Blood test]]s and [[X-ray]]s of the affected joints often are performed to make the diagnosis. X-rays can show erosions or bone appositions.
+==Types of arthritis==
-Screening blood tests: [[full blood count]], [[electrolytes]], [[renal function]], [[liver enzyme]]s, [[calcium]], [[phosphate]], [[protein electrophoresis]], [[C-reactive protein]] and the [[erythrocyte sedimentation rate]] (ESR). Specific tests are the [[rheumatoid factor]], [[antinuclear factor]] (ANF), [[extractable nuclear antigen]] and specific antibodies whenever the ANF is positive.
-==Treatment==
-Treatment options vary depending on the precise condition but include [[surgery]], drug treatment, reduction of joint stress, [[Physical therapy|physical]] and [[Occupational therapy|occupational therapy]], and [[pain management]]. There also are numerous herbal remedies that purportedly treat arthritis, including ''[[Harpagophytum procumbens]]''. For specifics, see the articles on the individual conditions listed below.
-==Types of Arthritis==
 Primary forms of arthritis:
+* [[Osteoarthritis]]
+* [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
 * [[Septic arthritis]]
-* [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
+* [[Gout]] and [[Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease|pseudogout]]
-* [[Osteoarthritis]]
+* [[Juvenile idiopathic arthritis]]
-* [[Gout]] and [[pseudogout]]
-* [[Juvenile arthritis]]
 * [[Still's disease]]
 * [[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
 Secondary to other diseases:
-* [[Lupus erythematosus|Systemic lupus erythematosus]] (SLE)
+* [[Lupus erythematosus]]
 * [[Henoch-Schönlein purpura]]
 * [[Psoriatic arthritis]]
-* [[Reactive arthritis]] (Reiter's syndrome)
+* [[Reactive arthritis]]
-* [[Hemochromatosis]]
+* [[Haemochromatosis]]
 * [[Hepatitis]]
 * [[Wegener's granulomatosis]] (and many other [[vasculitis]] syndromes)
-* [[Familial Mediterranean fever]] (FMF), [[Hyperimmunoglobinemia D with recurrent fever|HIDS]] (hyperimmunoglobulinemia D and periodic fever syndrome) and [[TRAPS]] ([[TNF-alpha]] receptor associated periodic fever syndrome).
+* [[Familial Mediterranean fever]]
+* [[Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D with recurrent fever]]
+* [[TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome]]
+* [[Inflammatory Bowel Disease]] (Including [[Crohn's Disease]] and [[Ulcerative Colitis]])
-Diseases that can mimic arthritis:
+Diseases that can mimic arthritis include:
-* [[Pierre Marie-Bamberger syndrome]] (hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy, a [[paraneoplastic phenomenon]] of [[lung cancer]])
+* [[Clubbing|Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy]]
-* [[multiple myeloma]]
+* [[Multiple myeloma]]
-* [[osteoporosis]]
+* [[Osteoporosis]]
-* ''others''
+* [[Fifth disease]]
+==Diagnosis==
+All arthritides feature [[pain]]. Patterns of pain differ among the arthritides and the location. Osteoarthritis is classically worse at night or following rest. Rheumatoid arthritis is generally worse in the morning. In elderly people and children, pain may not be the main feature, and the patient simply moves less (elderly) or refuses to use the affected limb (children).
+Elements of the history of the pain (onset, number of joints and which involved, duration, aggravating and relieving factors) all guide diagnosis. Physical examination typically confirms diagnosis. Radiographs are often used to follow progression or assess severity in a more quantitative manner.
+[[Blood test]]s and [[X-ray]]s of the affected joints often are performed to make the diagnosis.
+Screening blood tests may be indicated if certain arthritides are suspected. This may include: [[Rheumatoid factor]], [[antinuclear factor]] (ANF), [[extractable nuclear antigen]], and specific [[antibody|antibodies]].
+==Treatment==
+Treatment options vary depending on the type of arthritis and include [[Physical therapy|physical]] and [[occupational therapy]], lifestyle changes (including exercise and weight control), and medications (symptomatic or targeted at the disease process causing the arthritis). [[Arthroplasty]] (joint replacement surgery) may be required with forms of arthritis that erode the bone.
 ==History==
-While evidence of primary ankle osteoarthritis has been discovered in dinosaurs, the first known traces of human arthritis date back as far as [[4500 BC]]. It was noted in skeletal remains of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] found in [[Tennessee]] and parts of what is now Olathe, [[Kansas]].  Evidence of arthritis has been found throughout history, from Ötzi, a [[mummy]] (circa 3000 BC) found along the border of modern [[Italy]] and [[Austria]], to the Egyptian mummies circa 2590 BC.  Around 500 B.C.E. [[willow]] bark gained popularity when it was discovered to help relieve some of the aches and pains of arthritis.  It wasn't until more than 2,000 years later, in the early 1820s, that European scientists began to scientifically study the chemical compound in willow bark that alleviated the arthritis symptoms.  They discovered the compound was [[salicin]].  When they isolated salicin, however, they found it was very noxious to the stomach.  Almost 80 years later, in 1897, an employee of Bayer Company — then a dye production company — named Felix Hoffman discovered how to isolate the compound and make it less irritating to the stomach.  Hoffman was attempting to make the drug in order to help his father, who was suffering from arthritis.  In 1899, Bayer Company trademarked Hoffman's discovery under the name "Aspirin."  Today it is believed that over a trillion tablets of aspirin have been sold worldwide.   [http://www.arthritis.org/resources/arthritistoday/2000_archives/2000_01_02_TimeLine.asp].
+While evidence of primary ankle (kaki) osteoarthritis has been discovered in [[dinosaur]]s, the first known traces of human arthritis date back as far as 4500 B.C.E. It was noted in skeletal remains of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] found in [[Tennessee]] and parts of what is now Olathe, [[Kansas]].  Evidence of arthritis has been found throughout history, from [[Ötzi the Iceman|Ötzi]], a [[mummy]] (circa 3000 B.C.E.) found along the border of modern [[Italy]] and [[Austria]], to the Egyptian mummies circa 2590 B.C.E.
+==References==
+* Shiel, W. C. 2019. [http://www.medicinenet.com/arthritis/article.htm Arthritis.] ''MedicineNet.com''. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
+* Verbrugge, L. M. 1992. Disability transitions for older persons with arthritis. ''Journal of Aging and Health'' 4(2): 212-243.
+* WebMD. 2017. [http://www.webmd.com/osteoarthritis/guide/arthritis-basics The basics of Arthritis] Retrieved August 3, 2019.
 ==External links==
-*[http://www.arthritis.org Arthritis Foundation] ([[non-profit organisation]])
+All links retrieved August 16, 2023.
-*[http://www.rheumatology.org American College of Rheumatologists] (US professional body) - also contains classification criteria of important forms of arthritis
-*[http://www.rheumatology.org.uk British Society for Rheumatology] (UK professional body)
-*[http://www.arc.org.uk Arthritis Research Campaign] (UK non-profit organisation) - funds research into all forms of arthritis and provides extensive information for patients and medical professionals
+*[http://www.rheumatology.org American College of Rheumatologists] (US professional body) - also contains classification criteria of important forms of arthritis.
+*[http://www.rheumatology.org.uk British Society for Rheumatology] (UK professional body).
+*[https://www.hopkinsarthritis.org/ Johns Hopkins Arthritis Center] (non-profit organization).
+*[https://www.familyassets.com/arthritis Arthritis] at ''Family Assets''
-{{credit|60041218}}
+{{credit|Arthritis|156548689|Rheumatoid_arthritis|157628981|Joint|157703876|Osteoarthritis|156977680}}
 [[Category:Life sciences]]
+[[Category:Health and disease]]
+[[Category:Diseases]]

Arthritis Classification and external resources
ICD-10	M00-M25
ICD-9	710-719
DiseasesDB	15237
MeSH	D001168