Difference between revisions of "Lilium" - New World Encyclopedia
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− | {{ | + | {{otheruses}} |
+ | {{redirect6|Lily|information about "Lily" as a human name|Lily (name)|other uses|Lily (disambiguation)}} | ||
+ | {{redirect|Lilies}} | ||
+ | {{taxobox | ||
+ | |name = ''Lilium'' | ||
+ | |image = LiliumBulbiferumCroceumBologna.jpg | ||
+ | |image_caption = Flora ''Lilium bulbiferum'' ssp. ''croceum'' | ||
+ | |regnum = [[Plantae]] | ||
+ | |unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] | ||
+ | |unranked_classis = [[Monocots]] | ||
+ | |ordo = [[Liliales]] | ||
+ | |familia = [[Liliaceae]] | ||
+ | |genus = '''''Lilium''''' | ||
+ | |genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] | ||
+ | |subdivision_ranks = Species | ||
+ | |subdivision = See text | ||
+ | |}} | ||
− | + | The [[genus]] '''''Lilium''''' are [[herbaceous]] flowering plants normally growing from [[bulb]]s. They comprise a genus of about 110 [[species]] in the lily family, [[Liliaceae]]. They are important as large showy flowering garden plants. They are important culturally and in literature in much of the world. | |
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− | + | Some species are sometimes grown or harvested for the edible bulbs. | |
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+ | The species in this genus are the true lilies. Many other plants exist with "lily" in the common English name, some of which are quite unrelated to the true lilies. | ||
==Range== | ==Range== | ||
− | + | The range of liles in the [[Old World]] extends across much of [[Europe]], the north [[Mediterranean region]], across most of [[Asia]] to [[Japan]], south to the [[Nilgiris (mountains)|Nilgiri]] mountains in [[India]], and south to the [[Philippines]]. In the [[New World]] they extend from southern [[Canada]] through much of the [[United States]]. | |
− | They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, often [[mountain|montane]], or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland and a single one is known to live as an [[epiphyte]] '' | + | They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, often [[mountain|montane]], or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland and a single one is known to live as an [[epiphyte]] (''L. arboricola''). In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils. |
==Botany== | ==Botany== | ||
− | Lilies are | + | [[Image:Lily Lilium 'Citronella' Flower 2578px.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Lilium 'Citronella']] |
+ | Lilies are leafy stemmed herbs. They form naked or tunic-less scaly underground [[bulb]]s from which they overwinter. In some North American species the base of the bulb develops into [[rhizome]]s, on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species develop [[stolon]]s. A few species form near the soil surface. | ||
Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out [[adventitious]] roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb. | Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out [[adventitious]] roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb. | ||
− | + | Most species are [[deciduous]], but a few species (''[[Lilium candidum]]'', ''[[Lilium catesbaei]]'') bear a basal rosette of leaves during dormancy. | |
− | + | [[Seed]]s ripen in late summer. They exhibit varying and sometimes complex germination patterns, many adapted to cool temperate climates. | |
− | Some species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These include ''[[Cardiocrinum]]'' and ''[[ | + | The large [[flower]]s have six [[tepal]]s, are often fragrant, and come in a range of colours ranging through whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds and purples. Markings include spots, brush strokes and picotees. The plants are summer flowering. |
+ | |||
+ | Some species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These include ''[[Cardiocrinum]]'', ''[[Notholirion]]'', ''[[Nomocharis]]'' and some ''[[Fritillaria]]''. | ||
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
− | + | ====Section Martagon==== | |
− | |||
− | |||
− | ==== Section Martagon ==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
− | | [[Image: | + | | [[Image:Lilium distichum.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium distichum]]'' |
|- | |- | ||
| [[Image:Hanson's Lily Lilium hansonii Flowers 1842px.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium hansonii]]'' | | [[Image:Hanson's Lily Lilium hansonii Flowers 1842px.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium hansonii]]'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | || ''[[Lilium martagon]]'' || Martagon or Turk's cap lily | + | | [[Image:Lil martagon var cattaniae 01Infl Griechenland Rhodopen 16 07 01.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium martagon]]'' || Martagon or Turk's cap lily |
|- | |- | ||
− | | [[Image: | + | | [[Image:Lilium medeoloides 220708.JPG|120px]] || ''[[Lilium medeoloides]]'' |
|- | |- | ||
| [[Image:Lilium tsingtauense.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium tsingtauense]]'' | | [[Image:Lilium tsingtauense.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium tsingtauense]]'' | ||
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|} | |} | ||
− | ==== Section Pseudolirium ==== | + | ====Section Pseudolirium==== |
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| [[Image:Lilium bolanderi.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium bolanderi]]'' | | [[Image:Lilium bolanderi.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium bolanderi]]'' | ||
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| [[Image:Lilium rubescens edit.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium rubescens]]'' | | [[Image:Lilium rubescens edit.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium rubescens]]'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | [[Image:Lilium washingtonianum 3.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium washingtonianum]]'' || Washington Lily, Shasta Lily, or Mt. Hood Lily | + | | [[Image:Lilium washingtonianum 3.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium washingtonianum]]'' || Washington Lily, Shasta Lily, or Mt. Hood Lily |
|- | |- | ||
| [[Image:Lilium kelleyanum.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium kelleyanum]]'' | | [[Image:Lilium kelleyanum.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium kelleyanum]]'' | ||
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| || ''[[Lilium pyrophilum]]'' | | || ''[[Lilium pyrophilum]]'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | [[Image: | + | | [[Image:LiliumSuperbum1.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium superbum]]'' || Swamp lily or American tiger lily |
|- | |- | ||
| [[Image:Lilium catesbaei1LEPPYONE.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium catesbaei]]'' | | [[Image:Lilium catesbaei1LEPPYONE.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium catesbaei]]'' | ||
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|} | |} | ||
− | ==== Section Liriotypus ==== | + | ====Section Liriotypus==== |
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| [[Image:Lilium bulbiferum mg-k.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium bulbiferum]]'' || Orange Lily or Fire Lily | | [[Image:Lilium bulbiferum mg-k.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium bulbiferum]]'' || Orange Lily or Fire Lily | ||
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| [[Image:Lilium candidum 1.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium candidum]]'' || Madonna lily | | [[Image:Lilium candidum 1.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium candidum]]'' || Madonna lily | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | [[Image:Lil chalcedonicum 01EB Griechenland Hrisomiglia 17 07 01.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium chalcedonicum]]'' |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | [[Image:Lil kesselringianum 01Hab Tuerkei Ardahan Savsat 04 07 94.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium kesselringianum]]'' |
|- | |- | ||
| [[Image:Lilium ledebourii 2.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium ledebourii]]'' | | [[Image:Lilium ledebourii 2.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium ledebourii]]'' | ||
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| [[Image:Lilium pyrenaicum.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium pyrenaicum]]'' | | [[Image:Lilium pyrenaicum.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium pyrenaicum]]'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | || ''[[Lilium rhodopeum]]'' | + | | [[Image:Lil rhodopeum 01Infl Griechenland Rhodopen Livaditis 12 06 00.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium rhodopeum]]'' |
|- | |- | ||
| [[Image:Lii akkusianum 01aHab Tuerkei Akkus 07 07 93.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium akkusianum]]'' | | [[Image:Lii akkusianum 01aHab Tuerkei Akkus 07 07 93.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium akkusianum]]'' | ||
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| [[Image:Lilium pomponium.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium pomponium]]'' || Turban lily | | [[Image:Lilium pomponium.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium pomponium]]'' || Turban lily | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | [[Image:Lil carniolicum subsp ponticum 01EB Tuerkei Ikizdere 02 07 93.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium ponticum]]'' |
|- | |- | ||
| [[Image:LiliumJankaeBulgaria1.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium jankae]]'' | | [[Image:LiliumJankaeBulgaria1.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium jankae]]'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | || ''[[Lilium albanicum]]'' | + | | [[Image:Lil albanicum 1aEB Griechenland Katarapass 14 06 00.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium albanicum]]'' |
|- | |- | ||
| [[Image:Lilium polyphyllum.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium polyphyllum]]'' | | [[Image:Lilium polyphyllum.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium polyphyllum]]'' | ||
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|} | |} | ||
− | ==== Section Archelirion ==== | + | ====Section Archelirion==== |
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| [[Image:LiliumAuratumVVirginaleBluete2Rework.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium auratum]]'' || Golden rayed lily of Japan, or Goldband lily | | [[Image:LiliumAuratumVVirginaleBluete2Rework.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium auratum]]'' || Golden rayed lily of Japan, or Goldband lily | ||
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|} | |} | ||
− | ==== Section Sinomartagon ==== | + | ====Section Sinomartagon==== |
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| || ''[[Lilium davidii]]'' | | || ''[[Lilium davidii]]'' | ||
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| || ''[[Lilium brevistylum]]'' | | || ''[[Lilium brevistylum]]'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | [[Image:Lil habaense 01aEB China Yunnan Gang Ho Ba 25 06 01.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium habaense]]'' |
|- | |- | ||
| || ''[[Lilium huidongense]]'' | | || ''[[Lilium huidongense]]'' | ||
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|} | |} | ||
− | ==== Section Leucolirion ==== | + | ====Section Leucolirion==== |
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| || ''[[Lilium leucanthum]]'' | | || ''[[Lilium leucanthum]]'' | ||
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| || ''[[Lilium puerense]]'' | | || ''[[Lilium puerense]]'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | || ''[[Lilium regale]]'' | + | | [[Image:Lil regale 01Infl China Sichuan Wolong 18 06 04.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Lilium regale]]'' |
|- | |- | ||
| || ''[[Lilium sargentiae]]'' | | || ''[[Lilium sargentiae]]'' | ||
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|} | |} | ||
− | ==== Section Daurolirion | + | ====Section Daurolirion==== |
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| || ''[[Lilium pensylvanicum]]'' | | || ''[[Lilium pensylvanicum]]'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || ''[[Lilium maculatum]]'' | | || ''[[Lilium maculatum]]'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Section not specified==== | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | || ''[[Lilium eupetes]]'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Uses== | ==Uses== | ||
− | Many species are widely grown in the garden in temperate and sub-tropical regions. Sometimes they may also be grown as potted plants. A large number of ornamental hybrids have been developed. They can be used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as a patio plant. | + | Many species are widely grown in the garden in temperate and sub-tropical regions. Sometimes they may also be grown as potted plants. A large number of ornamental hybrids have been developed. They can be used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as a patio plant. |
− | Some lilies, especially ''[[Lilium longiflorum]]'', as well as a few other hybrids, form | + | Some lilies, especially ''[[Lilium longiflorum]]'', as well as a few other hybrids, form important cut flower crops. These tend to be forced for particular markets; for instance, ''L. longiflorum'' for the [[Easter]] trade, when it may be called the [[Easter lily]]. |
− | ''Lilium'' bulbs are [[starch]]y and edible as [[root vegetable]]s, although bulbs of some species may be very bitter. | + | ''Lilium'' bulbs are [[starch]]y and edible as [[root vegetable]]s, although bulbs of some species may be very bitter. The non-bitter bulbs of ''[[Lilium lancifolium|L. lancifolium]]'', ''L. pumilum'', and especially ''L. brownii'' (Chinese: [[wiktionary:百合|百合]] [[wiktionary:干|干]]; pinyin: ''bǎihé gān'') are grown at large scale in [[China]] as a luxury or health food, most often sold in dry form. They are eaten especially in the summer, for their ability to reduce internal heat. They may be reconstituted and [[stir frying|stir-fried]], grated and used to thicken [[soup]], or processed to extract starch. Their texture and taste draw comparison with the [[potato]], although the individual bulb scales are much smaller. |
− | Although they are believed to be safe for humans to eat, there are reports of nephrotoxicosis ([[kidney]] failure) in cats which have eaten some species of ''Lilium'' and ''[[Hemerocallis]]'' | + | Although they are believed to be safe for humans to eat, there are reports of nephrotoxicosis ([[kidney]] failure) in cats which have eaten some species of ''Lilium'' and ''[[Hemerocallis]]''<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12680447&dopt=Abstract |title = Acute renal failure caused by lily ingestion in si...[J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002] - PubMed Result |accessdate = 2008-06-22}}</ref>. |
Lilies are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Dun-bar|The Dun-bar]]. | Lilies are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Dun-bar|The Dun-bar]]. | ||
− | ===Classification of garden forms=== | + | ===Classification of garden forms=== |
[[Image:Lilium canadense.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Asiatic hybrid flower]] | [[Image:Lilium canadense.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Asiatic hybrid flower]] | ||
Numerous forms are grown for the garden, and most of these are hybrids. They vary according to their parent species, and are classified in the following broad groups; | Numerous forms are grown for the garden, and most of these are hybrids. They vary according to their parent species, and are classified in the following broad groups; | ||
− | *'''Species''' (Division IX). All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group. | + | * '''Species''' (Division IX). All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group. |
− | *'''Asiatic hybrids''' (Division I). These are plants with medium sized, upright or outward facing flowers, mostly unscented. They are derived from central and East Asian species. | + | * '''Asiatic hybrids''' (Division I). These are plants with medium sized, upright or outward facing flowers, mostly unscented. They are derived from central and East Asian species. |
− | *'''Martagon hybrids''' (Division II). These are based on ''L. martagon'' and ''L. hansonii''. The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved). | + | * '''Martagon hybrids''' (Division II). These are based on ''L. martagon'' and ''L. hansonii''. The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved). |
− | *'''Candidum hybrids''' (Division III). This includes hybrids of ''L. candidum'' with several other mostly European species. | + | * '''Candidum hybrids''' (Division III). This includes hybrids of ''L. candidum'' with several other mostly European species. |
− | *'''American hybrids''' (Division IV). These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived from ''L. pardalinum''. Many are clump-forming perennials with rhizomatous rootstocks. | + | [[Image:Smithsoniangardens1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|An emasculated ''Lilium'' Stargazer]] |
− | *'''Longiflorum hybrids''' (Division V). These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies. They are most important as plants for cut flowers, and are less often grown in the garden than other hybrids. | + | * '''American hybrids''' (Division IV). These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived from ''L. pardalinum''. Many are clump-forming perennials with rhizomatous rootstocks. |
− | *'''Trumpet lilies''' (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids. This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species, including ''L. regale'' and ''L. aurelianse''. The flowers are trumpet shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be | + | * '''Longiflorum hybrids''' (Division V). These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies. They are most important as plants for cut flowers, and are less often grown in the garden than other hybrids. |
− | *'''Oriental hybrids''' (Division VII). These are based on hybrids of ''L. auratum'' and ''L. speciosum'', together with crossbreeds from several mainland Asiatic species. They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. An example is [[Lilium "Stargazer"]]. | + | * '''Trumpet lilies''' (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids. This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species, including ''L. regale'' and ''L. aurelianse''. The flowers are trumpet shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be strongly fragrant, often especially night-fragrant. |
− | *'''Other hybrids''' (Division VIII). Includes all other garden hybrids. | + | * '''Oriental hybrids''' (Division VII). These are based on hybrids of ''L. auratum'' and ''L. speciosum'', together with crossbreeds from several mainland Asiatic species. They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. An example is [[Lilium "Stargazer"]]. |
+ | * '''Other hybrids''' (Division VIII). Includes all other garden hybrids. | ||
===Propagation and growth=== | ===Propagation and growth=== | ||
− | Liliums can be propagated in several ways; | + | Liliums can be propagated in several ways; |
− | * by division of the bulbs, | + | * by division of the bulbs, |
* by growing-on [[Bulb#Bulbil|''bulbils'']] which are [[adventitious]] bulbs formed on the stem, | * by growing-on [[Bulb#Bulbil|''bulbils'']] which are [[adventitious]] bulbs formed on the stem, | ||
* by scaling, for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb, | * by scaling, for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb, | ||
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==Names== | ==Names== | ||
− | The botanic name ''Lilium'' is the [[Latin]] form and is a [[Linnaean]] name. The Latin name is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''leirion'', which is generally assumed to be the [[Madonna lily]]. | + | The botanic name ''Lilium'' is the [[Latin]] form and is a [[Linnaean taxonomy|Linnaean]] name. The Latin name is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''leirion'', which is generally assumed to be the [[Madonna lily]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://members.shaw.ca/lilynet/netlil/id35.htm |title = Classification |accessdate = 2008-06-22}}</ref> |
− | == | + | ==References== |
− | + | * Taxonomical division in sections follows: Harold Comber, 1949. "A new classification of the genus Lilium." Lily Yearbook, Royal Hortic. Soc., London. 15:86-105. | |
− | + | * Taxonomy basically from: [http://www.kew.org/wcsp/home.do Govaerts, R. (2006). World Checklist of Liliaceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp/ accessed 15 September 2006; 20:36 GMT] | |
− | + | * Taxonomy of Section ''Pseudolirium'' from: Flora of North America, Vol. 26, [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=118558 Online] | |
− | + | * Taxonomy of Section ''Liriotypus'' in consideration of: I. Resetnik, Z. Liber, Z. Satovic, P. Cigic, T. Nikolic: ''Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Lilium carniolicum group (Liliaceae) based on nuclear ITS sequences'', in: Plant Systematics and Evolution, 265: 45–58 (2007) | |
+ | * Taxonomy of Chinese species (various sections): Flora of China, Vol. 24, [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=118558 Online] | ||
+ | * Taxonomy of Section ''Archelirion'' in consideration of: Nishikawa Tomotaro, Okazaki Keiichi, Arakawa Katsuro, Nagamine Tsukasa: ''Phylogenetic Analysis of Section Sinomartagon in Genus Lilium Using Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer Region in Nuclear Ribosomal DNA'', in: 育種学雑誌 Breeding science, Vol.51, No.1, pp. 39-46 | ||
+ | * Taxonomy of Section ''Archelirion'' in consideration of: Nishikawa Tomotaro, Okazaki Keiichi, Nagamine Tsukasa: ''Phylogenetic Relationships among Lilium auratum Lindley, L. auratum var. platyphyllum Baker and L. rubellum Baker Based on Three Spacer Regions in Chloroplast DNA'', in: 育種学雑誌 Breeding science, Vol.52, No.3, pp. 207-213 | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
− | + | {{reflist}} | |
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
− | + | * [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Lilium&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Lilium''] | |
− | *[http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Lilium&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Lilium''] | + | * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=118558 Flora of China: ''Lilium''] |
− | *[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=118558 Flora of China: ''Lilium''] | + | * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=110&taxon_id=118558 Flora of Nepal: ''Lilium'' species list] |
− | *[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=110&taxon_id=118558 Flora of Nepal: ''Lilium'' species list] | + | * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=118558 Flora of North America: ''Lilium''] |
− | *[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=118558 Flora of North America: ''Lilium''] | + | * [http://www.lilyregister.com/ Online Lily Register, over 9400 entries ''Lilium''] |
− | *[http://www.lilyregister.com/ Online Lily Register, over 9400 entries ''Lilium''] | + | * [http://www.deflorum.com/lilium.html de Florum: ''Lilium'' species] |
− | *[http://www.deflorum.com/lilium.html de Florum: ''Lilium'' species] | + | * [http://www.lilies.org/ North American Lily Society] |
− | *[http://www.lilies.org/ North American Lily Society] | + | * [http://www.rhslilygroup.org Royal Horticultural Society Lily Group] |
− | *[http://www.rhslilygroup.org Royal Horticultural Society Lily Group] | + | * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tb4UFJ_zd_o 1] [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBzFX7kiYrA 2] [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQNPHFi5HCw 3] Time-lapse videos |
− | *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tb4UFJ_zd_o] [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBzFX7kiYrA] [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQNPHFi5HCw] Time-lapse videos | + | * [http://www.rhslilygroup.org RHS Lily Group Seed Exchange] |
− | *[http://www.rhslilygroup.org RHS Lily Group Seed Exchange] | + | |
+ | ==Gallery== | ||
+ | <gallery> | ||
+ | Image:Orange Lilium - Relic38 - Ontario Canada.JPG|Orange Lily showing stamens with pollen-covered anthers. Ontario, Canada. June 2002. | ||
+ | Image:Lilium auratum - pollen.jpg|Pollen of ''Lilium auratum'' (Oriental Lily) Back-scattered electron microscope image | ||
+ | </gallery> | ||
{{Commons|Lilium}} | {{Commons|Lilium}} | ||
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[[Category:Plants]] | [[Category:Plants]] | ||
− | {{credits| | + | {{credits|Lilium|254860173}} |
Revision as of 02:32, 23 December 2008
- For other uses, see Lilium (disambiguation).
- "Lily" redirects here. For information about "Lily" as a human name, see Lily (name). For other uses, see Lily (disambiguation).
- "Lilies" redirects here.
Lilium | ||||||||||
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Flora Lilium bulbiferum ssp. croceum
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Scientific classification | ||||||||||
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See text |
The genus Lilium are herbaceous flowering plants normally growing from bulbs. They comprise a genus of about 110 species in the lily family, Liliaceae. They are important as large showy flowering garden plants. They are important culturally and in literature in much of the world.
Some species are sometimes grown or harvested for the edible bulbs.
The species in this genus are the true lilies. Many other plants exist with "lily" in the common English name, some of which are quite unrelated to the true lilies.
Range
The range of liles in the Old World extends across much of Europe, the north Mediterranean region, across most of Asia to Japan, south to the Nilgiri mountains in India, and south to the Philippines. In the New World they extend from southern Canada through much of the United States.
They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, often montane, or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland and a single one is known to live as an epiphyte (L. arboricola). In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils.
Botany
Lilies are leafy stemmed herbs. They form naked or tunic-less scaly underground bulbs from which they overwinter. In some North American species the base of the bulb develops into rhizomes, on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species develop stolons. A few species form near the soil surface.
Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out adventitious roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb.
Most species are deciduous, but a few species (Lilium candidum, Lilium catesbaei) bear a basal rosette of leaves during dormancy.
Seeds ripen in late summer. They exhibit varying and sometimes complex germination patterns, many adapted to cool temperate climates.
The large flowers have six tepals, are often fragrant, and come in a range of colours ranging through whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds and purples. Markings include spots, brush strokes and picotees. The plants are summer flowering.
Some species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These include Cardiocrinum, Notholirion, Nomocharis and some Fritillaria.
Taxonomy
Section Martagon
Lilium distichum | ||
Lilium hansonii | ||
Lilium martagon | Martagon or Turk's cap lily | |
Lilium medeoloides | ||
Lilium tsingtauense | ||
Lilium debile |
Section Pseudolirium
Section Liriotypus
Section Archelirion
Lilium auratum | Golden rayed lily of Japan, or Goldband lily | |
Lilium platyphyllum | ||
Lilium brownii | ||
Lilium japonicum | ||
Lilium nobilissimum | ||
Lilium rubellum | ||
Lilium speciosum | Japanese lily |
Section Sinomartagon
Section Leucolirion
Section Daurolirion
Lilium pensylvanicum | |
Lilium maculatum |
Section not specified
Lilium eupetes |
Uses
Many species are widely grown in the garden in temperate and sub-tropical regions. Sometimes they may also be grown as potted plants. A large number of ornamental hybrids have been developed. They can be used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as a patio plant.
Some lilies, especially Lilium longiflorum, as well as a few other hybrids, form important cut flower crops. These tend to be forced for particular markets; for instance, L. longiflorum for the Easter trade, when it may be called the Easter lily.
Lilium bulbs are starchy and edible as root vegetables, although bulbs of some species may be very bitter. The non-bitter bulbs of L. lancifolium, L. pumilum, and especially L. brownii (Chinese: 百合 干; pinyin: bǎihé gān) are grown at large scale in China as a luxury or health food, most often sold in dry form. They are eaten especially in the summer, for their ability to reduce internal heat. They may be reconstituted and stir-fried, grated and used to thicken soup, or processed to extract starch. Their texture and taste draw comparison with the potato, although the individual bulb scales are much smaller.
Although they are believed to be safe for humans to eat, there are reports of nephrotoxicosis (kidney failure) in cats which have eaten some species of Lilium and Hemerocallis[1].
Lilies are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including The Dun-bar.
Classification of garden forms
Numerous forms are grown for the garden, and most of these are hybrids. They vary according to their parent species, and are classified in the following broad groups;
- Species (Division IX). All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group.
- Asiatic hybrids (Division I). These are plants with medium sized, upright or outward facing flowers, mostly unscented. They are derived from central and East Asian species.
- Martagon hybrids (Division II). These are based on L. martagon and L. hansonii. The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved).
- Candidum hybrids (Division III). This includes hybrids of L. candidum with several other mostly European species.
- American hybrids (Division IV). These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived from L. pardalinum. Many are clump-forming perennials with rhizomatous rootstocks.
- Longiflorum hybrids (Division V). These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies. They are most important as plants for cut flowers, and are less often grown in the garden than other hybrids.
- Trumpet lilies (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids. This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species, including L. regale and L. aurelianse. The flowers are trumpet shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be strongly fragrant, often especially night-fragrant.
- Oriental hybrids (Division VII). These are based on hybrids of L. auratum and L. speciosum, together with crossbreeds from several mainland Asiatic species. They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. An example is Lilium "Stargazer".
- Other hybrids (Division VIII). Includes all other garden hybrids.
Propagation and growth
Liliums can be propagated in several ways;
- by division of the bulbs,
- by growing-on bulbils which are adventitious bulbs formed on the stem,
- by scaling, for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb,
- by seed; seed germination patterns are variable and can be complex.
Names
The botanic name Lilium is the Latin form and is a Linnaean name. The Latin name is derived from the Greek leirion, which is generally assumed to be the Madonna lily.[2]
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Taxonomical division in sections follows: Harold Comber, 1949. "A new classification of the genus Lilium." Lily Yearbook, Royal Hortic. Soc., London. 15:86-105.
- Taxonomy basically from: Govaerts, R. (2006). World Checklist of Liliaceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp/ accessed 15 September 2006; 20:36 GMT
- Taxonomy of Section Pseudolirium from: Flora of North America, Vol. 26, Online
- Taxonomy of Section Liriotypus in consideration of: I. Resetnik, Z. Liber, Z. Satovic, P. Cigic, T. Nikolic: Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Lilium carniolicum group (Liliaceae) based on nuclear ITS sequences, in: Plant Systematics and Evolution, 265: 45–58 (2007)
- Taxonomy of Chinese species (various sections): Flora of China, Vol. 24, Online
- Taxonomy of Section Archelirion in consideration of: Nishikawa Tomotaro, Okazaki Keiichi, Arakawa Katsuro, Nagamine Tsukasa: Phylogenetic Analysis of Section Sinomartagon in Genus Lilium Using Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer Region in Nuclear Ribosomal DNA, in: 育種学雑誌 Breeding science, Vol.51, No.1, pp. 39-46
- Taxonomy of Section Archelirion in consideration of: Nishikawa Tomotaro, Okazaki Keiichi, Nagamine Tsukasa: Phylogenetic Relationships among Lilium auratum Lindley, L. auratum var. platyphyllum Baker and L. rubellum Baker Based on Three Spacer Regions in Chloroplast DNA, in: 育種学雑誌 Breeding science, Vol.52, No.3, pp. 207-213
See also
Lily Seed Germination types
Notes
- ↑ Acute renal failure caused by lily ingestion in si...[J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002] - PubMed Result. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
- ↑ Classification. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
External links
- Flora Europaea: Lilium
- Flora of China: Lilium
- Flora of Nepal: Lilium species list
- Flora of North America: Lilium
- Online Lily Register, over 9400 entries Lilium
- de Florum: Lilium species
- North American Lily Society
- Royal Horticultural Society Lily Group
- 1 2 3 Time-lapse videos
- RHS Lily Group Seed Exchange
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