Difference between revisions of "Nenets" - New World Encyclopedia
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|rels=[[Russian Orthodox]], [[Shamanism]] | |rels=[[Russian Orthodox]], [[Shamanism]] | ||
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− | + | Nenets is the singlar noun for the Nentsy people, ''Ненцы'' in [[Russian]], one group of the [[Samoyeds]] from the [[Artic]] region of [[Russia]] which includes the [[Enets]], [[Selkup]] and [[Nganasan people]]. | |
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Some believe that they split apart from the [[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] speaking groups around [[3000 B.C.E.]] and migrated east where they mixed with [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] and [[Altaic languages|Altaic]] speaking peoples around [[200 B.C.E.]] Those who remained in [[Europe]] came under Russian control around [[1200 C.E.]] but those who lived further east did not come in contact until [[14th century|14<sup>th</sup> century]]. In the early [[17th century|17<sup>th</sup> century]], all Nenets were under Russian control. The [[Samoyedic languages]] form a minor branch of the [[Uralic languages|Uralic language family]], the major branch being the [[Finno-Ugric language]]s. It is of major importance for the basic comparison between the Uralic and Finno-Ugric languages. Another consideration is that they moved (probably from farther south in [[Siberia]]) to the northernmost part of what later became Russia before the [[12th century|12<sup>th</sup> century]] | Some believe that they split apart from the [[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] speaking groups around [[3000 B.C.E.]] and migrated east where they mixed with [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] and [[Altaic languages|Altaic]] speaking peoples around [[200 B.C.E.]] Those who remained in [[Europe]] came under Russian control around [[1200 C.E.]] but those who lived further east did not come in contact until [[14th century|14<sup>th</sup> century]]. In the early [[17th century|17<sup>th</sup> century]], all Nenets were under Russian control. The [[Samoyedic languages]] form a minor branch of the [[Uralic languages|Uralic language family]], the major branch being the [[Finno-Ugric language]]s. It is of major importance for the basic comparison between the Uralic and Finno-Ugric languages. Another consideration is that they moved (probably from farther south in [[Siberia]]) to the northernmost part of what later became Russia before the [[12th century|12<sup>th</sup> century]] | ||
They ended up between the Kanin and [[Taymyr]] [[peninsula]]s, around the [[Ob River|Ob]] and [[Yenisei River|Yenisey]] rivers, with some of them settling into small communities and taking up farming, while others continued hunting and [[reindeer]] herding, travelling great distances over the [[Kanin]] peninsula.[[Image:Nenets Region.jpg|thumb|left|310px|Extent of the traditional homeland of the Nenets.]] They bred the [[Samoyed dog]] to help herd their reindeer and pull their sleds, and [[European]] explorers later used those dogs for [[Geographical pole|polar]] expeditions, because they have adapted so well to the [[arctic]] conditions. Fish was also a major component of their diet. | They ended up between the Kanin and [[Taymyr]] [[peninsula]]s, around the [[Ob River|Ob]] and [[Yenisei River|Yenisey]] rivers, with some of them settling into small communities and taking up farming, while others continued hunting and [[reindeer]] herding, travelling great distances over the [[Kanin]] peninsula.[[Image:Nenets Region.jpg|thumb|left|310px|Extent of the traditional homeland of the Nenets.]] They bred the [[Samoyed dog]] to help herd their reindeer and pull their sleds, and [[European]] explorers later used those dogs for [[Geographical pole|polar]] expeditions, because they have adapted so well to the [[arctic]] conditions. Fish was also a major component of their diet. | ||
[[Image:Nenets.jpg|thumb|230px|Nenets family in their [[tent]].]] | [[Image:Nenets.jpg|thumb|230px|Nenets family in their [[tent]].]] | ||
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When reading old Russian documents it is necessary to keep in mind that the term ''samoyed' '' was often applied indiscriminately to different peoples of Northern Siberia who speak different Uralic languages: Nenets, [[Nganasans]], [[Enets]], [[Selkups]] (speakers of [[Samoyedic languages]]). | When reading old Russian documents it is necessary to keep in mind that the term ''samoyed' '' was often applied indiscriminately to different peoples of Northern Siberia who speak different Uralic languages: Nenets, [[Nganasans]], [[Enets]], [[Selkups]] (speakers of [[Samoyedic languages]]). | ||
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After the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]], their culture suffered due to [[Soviet]] [[collectivisation]] policy. The government of the [[Soviet Union]] tried to force the nomad Samoyeds to settle down, and most of them became assimilated. They were forced to settle on permanent farms and their children were educated in state boarding schools, leading to an erosion of their cultural heritage. Environmental damage due to the [[industrialisation]] of their land and overgrazing of the tundra migration routes in some regions ([[Yamal Peninsula]]) have further endangered their way of life. | After the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]], their culture suffered due to [[Soviet]] [[collectivisation]] policy. The government of the [[Soviet Union]] tried to force the nomad Samoyeds to settle down, and most of them became assimilated. They were forced to settle on permanent farms and their children were educated in state boarding schools, leading to an erosion of their cultural heritage. Environmental damage due to the [[industrialisation]] of their land and overgrazing of the tundra migration routes in some regions ([[Yamal Peninsula]]) have further endangered their way of life. | ||
− | == | + | ==Culture== |
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− | The | + | They had a [[shaman]]istic and [[animistic]] belief system which stressed respect for the land and its resources. They had a [[clan]]-based social structure. The Nenets shaman is called a [[Tadibya]]. |
− | + | The name ''Samoyed'' entered the Russian language as a deformation of the self-reference ''Saamod'', ''Saamid'' (the [[Fennic]] suffix "-d" denotes plurality: Fennic [[Sami languages|Saami]] -> "Saamid"). Another version derives the name from the expression ''same edne'' <!-- ?? transcribed from Russian —>, i.e., the land of [[sami]]. In Russian ethnographic literature of [[19th century|19<sup>th</sup> century]] they were also called "Самоядь", "Самодь", (samoyad', samod', samodijtsy, samodijskie narody) which was often transliterated into English as ''Samodi''. | |
− | The | + | The literal morphs ''samo'' and ''yed'' in Russian convey the meaning "self-eater" and sound very derogatory. Therefore the name ''Samoyed'' quickly went out of usage in the [[20th century|20<sup>th</sup> century]], and the people bear the name of ''Nenets'', which means "man". |
− | + | ==Contemporary Life== | |
− | + | There are two distinct groups based on their economy: the [[tundra|Tundra]] Nenets (living far to the north) and the Khandeyar or Forest Nenets. The third group Kominized Nenets (Yaran people) has emerged as a result of intermarriages between Nenets and the Izhma tribe of the [[Komi peoples]]. | |
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==References== | ==References== |
Revision as of 00:35, 31 October 2006
Nenets | |
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A Nenets child. | |
Total population | 41,000 |
Regions with significant populations | Russia |
Language | Nenets, Russian |
Religion | Russian Orthodox, Shamanism |
Nenets is the singlar noun for the Nentsy people, Ненцы in Russian, one group of the Samoyeds from the Artic region of Russia which includes the Enets, Selkup and Nganasan people.
History
Some believe that they split apart from the Finno-Ugric speaking groups around 3000 B.C.E. and migrated east where they mixed with Turkic and Altaic speaking peoples around 200 B.C.E. Those who remained in Europe came under Russian control around 1200 C.E. but those who lived further east did not come in contact until 14th century. In the early 17th century, all Nenets were under Russian control. The Samoyedic languages form a minor branch of the Uralic language family, the major branch being the Finno-Ugric languages. It is of major importance for the basic comparison between the Uralic and Finno-Ugric languages. Another consideration is that they moved (probably from farther south in Siberia) to the northernmost part of what later became Russia before the 12th century
They ended up between the Kanin and Taymyr peninsulas, around the Ob and Yenisey rivers, with some of them settling into small communities and taking up farming, while others continued hunting and reindeer herding, travelling great distances over the Kanin peninsula.
They bred the Samoyed dog to help herd their reindeer and pull their sleds, and European explorers later used those dogs for polar expeditions, because they have adapted so well to the arctic conditions. Fish was also a major component of their diet.
When reading old Russian documents it is necessary to keep in mind that the term samoyed' was often applied indiscriminately to different peoples of Northern Siberia who speak different Uralic languages: Nenets, Nganasans, Enets, Selkups (speakers of Samoyedic languages).
After the Russian Revolution, their culture suffered due to Soviet collectivisation policy. The government of the Soviet Union tried to force the nomad Samoyeds to settle down, and most of them became assimilated. They were forced to settle on permanent farms and their children were educated in state boarding schools, leading to an erosion of their cultural heritage. Environmental damage due to the industrialisation of their land and overgrazing of the tundra migration routes in some regions (Yamal Peninsula) have further endangered their way of life.
Culture
They had a shamanistic and animistic belief system which stressed respect for the land and its resources. They had a clan-based social structure. The Nenets shaman is called a Tadibya.
The name Samoyed entered the Russian language as a deformation of the self-reference Saamod, Saamid (the Fennic suffix "-d" denotes plurality: Fennic Saami -> "Saamid"). Another version derives the name from the expression same edne , i.e., the land of sami. In Russian ethnographic literature of 19th century they were also called "Самоядь", "Самодь", (samoyad', samod', samodijtsy, samodijskie narody) which was often transliterated into English as Samodi.
The literal morphs samo and yed in Russian convey the meaning "self-eater" and sound very derogatory. Therefore the name Samoyed quickly went out of usage in the 20th century, and the people bear the name of Nenets, which means "man".
Contemporary Life
There are two distinct groups based on their economy: the Tundra Nenets (living far to the north) and the Khandeyar or Forest Nenets. The third group Kominized Nenets (Yaran people) has emerged as a result of intermarriages between Nenets and the Izhma tribe of the Komi peoples.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- The works of M. A. Castrén are still of authority on the Samoyedes. See Grammatik der samojedischen Sprachen (1854); Wörterverzeichnisse aus den samojedischen Sprachen (1855); Ethnologische Vorlesungen über die altaischen Völker (1857); Versuch der koibalischen und karagassischen Sprachlehre (1857).
- A. Middendorf, Reise in den düstersten Norden und Osten Sibiriens. (1875).
- Janhunen, Juha: Glottal stop in Nenets. - Helsinki : Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, 1986. - 202 p. - (Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran toimituksia ; 196). - ISBN 951-9403-03-5
- Salminen, Tapani: Tundra Nenets inflection. - Helsinki : Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, 1997. - 154 S. - (Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran toimituksia ; 227). - ISBN 952-5150-02-X
- Sammallahti, Pekka: Material from Forest Nenets. - Helsinki, 1974. - 140 p. - (Castrenianumin Toimitteita ; 2). - ISBN 951-45-0282-5
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
External links
- UNESCO Red Book on endangered languages: Northeast Asia
- Endangered Uralic Peoples
- Jarkko Niemi: The types of the Nenets songs. 1997
- Minority languages of Russia on the Net
- The Red Book of the peoples of the Russian Empire
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