Difference between revisions of "Chickenpox" - New World Encyclopedia
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{{DiseaseDisorder infobox | | {{DiseaseDisorder infobox | | ||
Name = Chickenpox | | Name = Chickenpox | | ||
− | ICD10 = | + | Image = Child with chickenpox.jpg | |
+ | Caption = Child with varicella disease | | ||
+ | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|01| |b|00}} | | ||
ICD9 = {{ICD9|052}} | | ICD9 = {{ICD9|052}} | | ||
+ | DiseasesDB = 29118 | | ||
+ | ICDO = | | ||
+ | OMIM = | | ||
+ | MedlinePlus = 001592 | | ||
+ | eMedicineSubj = ped | | ||
+ | eMedicineTopic = 2385 | | ||
+ | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|derm|74}}, {{eMedicine2|emerg|367}} | | ||
+ | MeshName = Chickenpox | | ||
+ | MeshNumber = C02.256.466.175 | | ||
}} | }} | ||
+ | '''Chickenpox''', also spelled '''chicken pox''', is the common name for ''Varicella zoster'', classically one of the childhood infectious diseases caught and survived by almost every child. | ||
− | + | Chickenpox is caused by the [[varicella-zoster virus]] (VZV), also known as human herpes virus 3 (HHV-3), one of the eight [[Herpesviridae|herpes viruses]] known to affect humans. It starts with [[conjunctival]] and [[catarrhal]] symptoms and then characteristic spots appearing in two or three waves, mainly on the body and head rather than the hands and becoming itchy raw [[pox]] (pocks), small open sores which heal mostly without scarring. | |
− | Chickenpox is | + | Chickenpox has a 10-14 day incubation period and is highly contagious through physical contact two days before symptoms appear. Following primary infection there is usually lifelong protective immunity from further episodes of chickenpox. Recurrent chickenpox, commonly known as [[shingles]], is fairly rare but more likely in people with compromised immune systems. |
− | + | Chickenpox is rarely fatal (usually from varicella [[pneumonia]]), with pregnant women and those with a suppressed immune systems being more at risk. Pregnant women not known to be immune and who come into contact with chickenpox may need urgent treatment as the virus can cause serious problems for the baby. This is less of an issue after 20 weeks. | |
− | [[ | ||
− | + | Later in life, viruses remaining dormant in the nerves can reactivate causing localised eruptions of [[shingles]]. This occurs particularly in people with compromised immune systems, such as the elderly, and perhaps even those suffering sunburn. Unlike chickenpox which normally fully settles, shingles may result in persisting [[post-herpetic neuralgia]] pain. | |
− | + | ==Signs and Symptoms== | |
+ | Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease that spreads from person to person by direct contact or through the air from an infected person's coughing or sneezing. Touching the fluid from a chickenpox blister can also spread the disease. A person with chickenpox is contagious from 1-2 days before the rash appears until all blisters have formed scabs. This may take 5-10 days.<!-- | ||
+ | —><ref name="DermNet NZ">{{cite web | author=New Zealand Dermatological Society | title=Chickenpox (varicella) | url=http://www.dermnetnz.org/viral/varicella.html | date=14 Jan 2006 | accessdate=2006-08-18}}</ref> | ||
+ | It takes from 10-21 days after contact with an infected person for someone to develop chickenpox.<!-- | ||
+ | —><ref name="CDCP-diseaseFAQs">{{cite web | work=Varicella Disease (Chickenpox) | title=General questions about the disease | url=http://www.cdc.gov/nip/diseases/varicella/faqs-gen-disease.htm | date=December 2 2001 | publisher=CDCP | accessdate=2006-08-18}}</ref> | ||
− | + | The chickenpox lesions (blisters) start as a 2–4 mm red papule which develops an irregular outline (rose petal). A thin-walled, clear vesicle (dew drop) develops on top of the area of redness. This "dew drop on a rose petal" lesion is very characteristic for chickenpox. After about 8–12 hours the fluid in the vesicle gets cloudy and the vesicle breaks leaving a crust. The fluid is highly contagious, but once the lesion crusts over, it is not considered contagious. The crust usually falls off after 7 days sometimes leaving a crater-like scar. Although one lesion goes through this complete cycle in about 7 days, another hallmark of chickenpox is the fact that new lesions crop up every day for several days. Therefore, it may take about a week until new lesions stop appearing and existing lesions crust over. Children are not to be sent back to school until all lesions have crusted over.<!-- | |
+ | —><ref>{{cite web | author=Heather Brannon | title=Chicken Pox - Varicella Virus Infection | url=http://dermatology.about.com/cs/chickenpox/a/chickenpox.htm | date=December 25, 2005 | accessdate=2006-08-18}}</ref> | ||
− | + | Second infections with chickenpox occur in immunocompetent individuals, but are uncommon. Such second infections are rarely severe. A soundly-based conjecture being carefully assessed in countries with low [[prevalence]] of chickenpox due to immunisation, low birth rates, and increased separation is that immunity has been reinforced by subclinical challenges and this is now less common. This is more dangerous with [[shingles]]. There have been reported cases of repeat infections.<!-- | |
+ | —><ref>{{cite web | title=Definition of Chickenpox | url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2702 | publisher=MedicineNet.com | accessdate=2006-08-18}}</ref><!--Chickenpox is a rash caused by a virus. The chickenpox rash usually appears less than two weeks after exposure to the virus and begins as superficial spots. These spots quickly turn into small liquid-filled blisters that break open and crust over. New spots continue to appear for several days and may number in the hundreds. Itching may range from mild to intense. | ||
+ | The course of chickenpox will vary with each child, but a child generally will be sick with chickenpox for about 4-7 days. New blisters usually stop appearing by the 5th day, most are crusted by the 6th day, and most scabs are gone within 20 days after the rash begins. If complications set in, however, the recovery period may be even longer. | ||
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− | + | These are the most common symptoms of chicken pox: | |
+ | o Mild fever. The fever varies between 101-o F to 105-o F and returns to normal when the blisters have disappeared. | ||
+ | o backache | ||
+ | o headache | ||
+ | o sore throat | ||
+ | o a rash (red spots) | ||
+ | o blisters filled with fluid | ||
− | + | —><ref>{{cite web | author=American Academy of Pediatrics | title=Varicella Immunization | url=http://www.cispimmunize.org/fam/chpox/chpximm.html | publisher=CDCP | accessdate=2006-08-18}}</ref>Chickenpox is highly contagious and is spread through the air when infected people cough or sneeze, or through physical contact with fluid from lesions on the skin. Zoster, also known as shingles, is a reactivation of chickenpox and may also be a source of the virus for susceptible children and adults. It is not necessary to have physical contact with the infected person for the disease to spread. Those infected can spread chickenpox before they know they have the disease - even before any rash develops. In fact, people with chickenpox can infect others from about 2 days before the rash develops until all the sores have crusted over, usually 4-5 days after the rash starts. | |
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− | Chickenpox is highly | ||
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===Congenital defects in babies=== | ===Congenital defects in babies=== | ||
− | These may occur if the child's mother was exposed to VZV during pregnancy. Effects | + | These may occur if the child's mother was exposed to VZV during pregnancy. Effects on the fetus may be minimal in nature but physical deformities range in severity from under developed toes and fingers, to severe anal and bladder malformation. Possible problems include: |
* Damage to brain: [[encephalitis]], [[microcephaly]], [[hydrocephaly]], [[aplasia]] of brain | * Damage to brain: [[encephalitis]], [[microcephaly]], [[hydrocephaly]], [[aplasia]] of brain | ||
− | * Damage to the eye (optic stalk, optic | + | * Damage to the eye (optic stalk, optic cap, and lens vesicles), [[microphthalmia]], [[cataracts]], [[chorioretinitis]], [[optic atrophy]]. |
* Other neurological disorder: damage to cervical and lumbosacral [[spinal cord]], motor/sensory deficits, absent deep [[tendon reflex]]es, anisocoria/[[Horner's syndrome]] | * Other neurological disorder: damage to cervical and lumbosacral [[spinal cord]], motor/sensory deficits, absent deep [[tendon reflex]]es, anisocoria/[[Horner's syndrome]] | ||
* Damage to body: [[hypoplasia]] of upper/lower extremities, anal and bladder [[sphincter]] dysfunction | * Damage to body: [[hypoplasia]] of upper/lower extremities, anal and bladder [[sphincter]] dysfunction | ||
− | * Skin disorders: | + | * Skin disorders: ([[cicatricial]]) skin lesions, [[hypopigmentation]] |
− | == | + | ==Prognosis and treatment== |
− | + | Chickenpox infection tends to be milder the younger a child is and symptomatic treatment, with a little [[sodium bicarbonate]] in baths or [[antihistamine]] medication to ease itching,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Somekh E, Dalal I, Shohat T, Ginsberg''''' GM''''', Romano O |title=The burden of uncomplicated cases of chickenpox in Israel |journal=J. Infect. |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=54-7 |year=2002 |pmid=12217733 |doi=}}</ref> and [[paracetamol]] (acetaminophen) to reduce fever, are widely used. Ibuprofen can also be used on advice of a doctor. There is no evidence to support the topical application of [[calamine lotion]], a topical barrier preparation containing zinc oxide in spite of its wide usage and excellent safety profile.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tebruegge M, Kuruvilla M, Margarson I |title=Does the use of calamine or antihistamine provide symptomatic relief from pruritus in children with varicella zoster infection? |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. |volume=91 |issue=12 |pages=1035-6 |year=2006 |pmid=17119083 |doi=10.1136/adc.2006.105114 |url=http://adc.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/91/12/1035 |format-Abstract}}</ref>. | |
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− | + | It is important to maintain good hygiene and daily cleaning of skin with warm water to avoid secondary bacterial infection. [[Infection]] in otherwise healthy adults tends to be more severe and active; treatment with antiviral drugs (e.g. [[acyclovir]]) is generally advised. Patients of any age with depressed immune systems or extensive eczema are at risk of more severe disease and should also be treated with antiviral medication. In the U.S., 55 percent of chickenpox deaths are in the over-20 age group. | |
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− | + | ==Vaccination== | |
− | —><ref | + | {{main|Varicella vaccine}} |
− | + | A [[varicella vaccine]] has been available since 1995 to inoculate against the disease. Some countries require the varicella vaccination or an exemption for [[matriculation]] in elementary school. Protection is not lifelong and further vaccination is necessary five years after the initial immunization.<!-- | |
− | + | —><ref>{{cite journal | author=Chaves SS, Gargiullo P, Zhang JX, ''et al.'' | title=Loss of vaccine-induced immunity to varicella over time | journal=N Engl J Med | year=2007 | volume=356 | issue=11 | pages=1121–9 | id=PMID 17360990}}</ref> | |
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− | + | In the UK, varicella antibodies are measured as part of the routine of prenatal care, and by 2005 all NHS healthcare personnel had determined their immunity and been immunised if they were non-immune and have direct patient contact. Population-based immunization against varicella is not otherwise practiced in the UK, because of lack of evidence of lasting efficacy or public health benefit. | |
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− | == | + | ==History== |
− | + | One history of medicine book credits [[Giovanni Filippo]] ([[1510]]–[[1580]]) of [[Palermo]] with the first description of varicella (chickenpox). Subsequently in the [[1600s]], an [[United Kingdom|English]] physician named Richard Morton described what he thought a mild form of [[smallpox]] as "chicken pox." Later, in [[1767]], a physician named [[William Heberden]], also from England, was the first physician to clearly demonstrate that chickenpox was different from smallpox. However, it is believed the name chickenpox was commonly used in earlier centuries before doctors identified the disease. | |
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− | + | There are many explanations offered for the origin of the name ''chickenpox'': | |
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− | + | * [[Samuel Johnson]] suggested that the disease was "no very great danger", thus a "chicken" version of the pox; | |
+ | * the specks that appear looked as though the skin was pecked by chickens; | ||
+ | * the disease was named after [[Chickpea|chick pea]]s, from a supposed similarity in size of the seed to the lesions; | ||
+ | * the term reflects a corruption of the Old English word ''giccin'', which meant ''itching''. | ||
− | + | As "pox" also means curse, in medieval times some believed it was a plague brought on to curse children by the use of black magic. | |
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− | + | From ancient times, [[neem]] has been used by [[India|Indians]] to alleviate the external symptoms of itching and to minimise scarring. Neem baths (neem leaves and a dash of [[turmeric]] powder in water) are commonly given for the duration. | |
− | + | During the medieval era, [[oatmeal]] was discovered to soothe the sores, and oatmeal baths are today still commonly given to relieve itching. | |
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==References== | ==References== | ||
− | + | * {{cite web | author=Bernstein, Henry | url=http://www.familyeducation.com/experts/advice/0,1183,25-26758,00.html | title=Who Discovered Chickenpox? | work=Pediatrics Questions and Answers | publisher=Family Education Network | accessdate=2005-10-16}} | |
− | + | * {{cite web | title=Chickenpox (Varicella) Vaccine | url=http://www.vaccineinformation.org/varicel/qandavax.asp | month=October | year=2005 | publisher=Immunization Action Coalition | accessdate=2006-06-12}} | |
− | + | * {{cite web | author= U.S. Census Bureau | authorlink=United States Census Bureau | title=Countries Ranked by Popn: 2006 | url=http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/idbrank.pl | work = International Data Base | accessdate=2005-10-16}} | |
− | + | * {{cite journal | author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | authorlink=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | title=Varicella-related deaths—United States, January 2003-June 2004. | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | volume=54 | issue=11 | pages=272-4 | year=2005 | id=PMID 15788992 | url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5411.pdf | format=PDF}} | |
− | + | * {{cite journal | author=Thomas S, Wheeler J, Hall A | title=Contacts with varicella or with children and protection against herpes zoster in adults: a case-control study. | journal=Lancet | volume=360 | issue=9334 | pages=678-82 | year=2002 | id=PMID 12241874 | url=http://image.thelancet.com/extras/01art6088web.pdf | format=PDF}} | |
+ | * {{cite journal | author=Jeff Aronson | title=When I Use a Word...Chickenpox | journal=BMJ | volume=321 | issue=7262 | page=682 | year=2000 | url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/321/7262/682 | format=web}} | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
Line 159: | Line 99: | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
− | * | + | {{commonscat|Chickenpox}} |
− | + | * {{cite web | title=Varicella Disease (Chickenpox): Varicella, although a common disease, can be dangerous and even deadly. | url=http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/varicella/default.htm | date=May 26, 2005 | publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]}} | |
− | + | *[http://www.assortedinformation.com/chickenpox How to tell you Have Chickenpox] | |
− | {{ | + | {{Viral diseases}} |
− | + | [[Category:Life science]] | |
− | + | {{credit|146373449}} | |
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− | [[Category:Life |
Revision as of 10:44, 2 August 2007
Child with varicella disease | |
---|---|
ICD-10 | B01 |
ICD-O: | |
ICD-9 | 052 |
OMIM | [1] |
MedlinePlus | 001592 |
eMedicine | ped/2385 |
DiseasesDB | 29118 |
Chickenpox, also spelled chicken pox, is the common name for Varicella zoster, classically one of the childhood infectious diseases caught and survived by almost every child.
Chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), also known as human herpes virus 3 (HHV-3), one of the eight herpes viruses known to affect humans. It starts with conjunctival and catarrhal symptoms and then characteristic spots appearing in two or three waves, mainly on the body and head rather than the hands and becoming itchy raw pox (pocks), small open sores which heal mostly without scarring.
Chickenpox has a 10-14 day incubation period and is highly contagious through physical contact two days before symptoms appear. Following primary infection there is usually lifelong protective immunity from further episodes of chickenpox. Recurrent chickenpox, commonly known as shingles, is fairly rare but more likely in people with compromised immune systems.
Chickenpox is rarely fatal (usually from varicella pneumonia), with pregnant women and those with a suppressed immune systems being more at risk. Pregnant women not known to be immune and who come into contact with chickenpox may need urgent treatment as the virus can cause serious problems for the baby. This is less of an issue after 20 weeks.
Later in life, viruses remaining dormant in the nerves can reactivate causing localised eruptions of shingles. This occurs particularly in people with compromised immune systems, such as the elderly, and perhaps even those suffering sunburn. Unlike chickenpox which normally fully settles, shingles may result in persisting post-herpetic neuralgia pain.
Signs and Symptoms
Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease that spreads from person to person by direct contact or through the air from an infected person's coughing or sneezing. Touching the fluid from a chickenpox blister can also spread the disease. A person with chickenpox is contagious from 1-2 days before the rash appears until all blisters have formed scabs. This may take 5-10 days.[1] It takes from 10-21 days after contact with an infected person for someone to develop chickenpox.[2]
The chickenpox lesions (blisters) start as a 2–4 mm red papule which develops an irregular outline (rose petal). A thin-walled, clear vesicle (dew drop) develops on top of the area of redness. This "dew drop on a rose petal" lesion is very characteristic for chickenpox. After about 8–12 hours the fluid in the vesicle gets cloudy and the vesicle breaks leaving a crust. The fluid is highly contagious, but once the lesion crusts over, it is not considered contagious. The crust usually falls off after 7 days sometimes leaving a crater-like scar. Although one lesion goes through this complete cycle in about 7 days, another hallmark of chickenpox is the fact that new lesions crop up every day for several days. Therefore, it may take about a week until new lesions stop appearing and existing lesions crust over. Children are not to be sent back to school until all lesions have crusted over.[3]
Second infections with chickenpox occur in immunocompetent individuals, but are uncommon. Such second infections are rarely severe. A soundly-based conjecture being carefully assessed in countries with low prevalence of chickenpox due to immunisation, low birth rates, and increased separation is that immunity has been reinforced by subclinical challenges and this is now less common. This is more dangerous with shingles. There have been reported cases of repeat infections.[4][5]Chickenpox is highly contagious and is spread through the air when infected people cough or sneeze, or through physical contact with fluid from lesions on the skin. Zoster, also known as shingles, is a reactivation of chickenpox and may also be a source of the virus for susceptible children and adults. It is not necessary to have physical contact with the infected person for the disease to spread. Those infected can spread chickenpox before they know they have the disease - even before any rash develops. In fact, people with chickenpox can infect others from about 2 days before the rash develops until all the sores have crusted over, usually 4-5 days after the rash starts.
Congenital defects in babies
These may occur if the child's mother was exposed to VZV during pregnancy. Effects on the fetus may be minimal in nature but physical deformities range in severity from under developed toes and fingers, to severe anal and bladder malformation. Possible problems include:
- Damage to brain: encephalitis, microcephaly, hydrocephaly, aplasia of brain
- Damage to the eye (optic stalk, optic cap, and lens vesicles), microphthalmia, cataracts, chorioretinitis, optic atrophy.
- Other neurological disorder: damage to cervical and lumbosacral spinal cord, motor/sensory deficits, absent deep tendon reflexes, anisocoria/Horner's syndrome
- Damage to body: hypoplasia of upper/lower extremities, anal and bladder sphincter dysfunction
- Skin disorders: (cicatricial) skin lesions, hypopigmentation
Prognosis and treatment
Chickenpox infection tends to be milder the younger a child is and symptomatic treatment, with a little sodium bicarbonate in baths or antihistamine medication to ease itching,[6] and paracetamol (acetaminophen) to reduce fever, are widely used. Ibuprofen can also be used on advice of a doctor. There is no evidence to support the topical application of calamine lotion, a topical barrier preparation containing zinc oxide in spite of its wide usage and excellent safety profile.[7].
It is important to maintain good hygiene and daily cleaning of skin with warm water to avoid secondary bacterial infection. Infection in otherwise healthy adults tends to be more severe and active; treatment with antiviral drugs (e.g. acyclovir) is generally advised. Patients of any age with depressed immune systems or extensive eczema are at risk of more severe disease and should also be treated with antiviral medication. In the U.S., 55 percent of chickenpox deaths are in the over-20 age group.
Vaccination
A varicella vaccine has been available since 1995 to inoculate against the disease. Some countries require the varicella vaccination or an exemption for matriculation in elementary school. Protection is not lifelong and further vaccination is necessary five years after the initial immunization.[8]
In the UK, varicella antibodies are measured as part of the routine of prenatal care, and by 2005 all NHS healthcare personnel had determined their immunity and been immunised if they were non-immune and have direct patient contact. Population-based immunization against varicella is not otherwise practiced in the UK, because of lack of evidence of lasting efficacy or public health benefit.
History
One history of medicine book credits Giovanni Filippo (1510–1580) of Palermo with the first description of varicella (chickenpox). Subsequently in the 1600s, an English physician named Richard Morton described what he thought a mild form of smallpox as "chicken pox." Later, in 1767, a physician named William Heberden, also from England, was the first physician to clearly demonstrate that chickenpox was different from smallpox. However, it is believed the name chickenpox was commonly used in earlier centuries before doctors identified the disease.
There are many explanations offered for the origin of the name chickenpox:
- Samuel Johnson suggested that the disease was "no very great danger", thus a "chicken" version of the pox;
- the specks that appear looked as though the skin was pecked by chickens;
- the disease was named after chick peas, from a supposed similarity in size of the seed to the lesions;
- the term reflects a corruption of the Old English word giccin, which meant itching.
As "pox" also means curse, in medieval times some believed it was a plague brought on to curse children by the use of black magic.
From ancient times, neem has been used by Indians to alleviate the external symptoms of itching and to minimise scarring. Neem baths (neem leaves and a dash of turmeric powder in water) are commonly given for the duration.
During the medieval era, oatmeal was discovered to soothe the sores, and oatmeal baths are today still commonly given to relieve itching.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Bernstein, Henry. Who Discovered Chickenpox?. Pediatrics Questions and Answers. Family Education Network. Retrieved 2005-10-16.
- Chickenpox (Varicella) Vaccine. Immunization Action Coalition (October 2005). Retrieved 2006-06-12.
- U.S. Census Bureau. Countries Ranked by Popn: 2006. International Data Base. Retrieved 2005-10-16.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2005). Varicella-related deaths—United States, January 2003-June 2004.. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 54 (11): 272-4. PMID 15788992.
- Thomas S, Wheeler J, Hall A (2002). Contacts with varicella or with children and protection against herpes zoster in adults: a case-control study.. Lancet 360 (9334): 678-82. PMID 12241874.
- Jeff Aronson (2000). When I Use a Word...Chickenpox. BMJ 321 (7262).
Notes
- ↑ New Zealand Dermatological Society (14 Jan 2006). Chickenpox (varicella). Retrieved 2006-08-18.
- ↑ General questions about the disease. Varicella Disease (Chickenpox). CDCP (December 2 2001). Retrieved 2006-08-18.
- ↑ Heather Brannon (December 25, 2005). Chicken Pox - Varicella Virus Infection. Retrieved 2006-08-18.
- ↑ Definition of Chickenpox. MedicineNet.com. Retrieved 2006-08-18.
- ↑ American Academy of Pediatrics. Varicella Immunization. CDCP. Retrieved 2006-08-18.
- ↑ Somekh E, Dalal I, Shohat T, Ginsberg GM, Romano O (2002). The burden of uncomplicated cases of chickenpox in Israel. J. Infect. 45 (1): 54-7.
- ↑ Tebruegge M, Kuruvilla M, Margarson I (2006). Does the use of calamine or antihistamine provide symptomatic relief from pruritus in children with varicella zoster infection?. Arch. Dis. Child. 91 (12): 1035-6.
- ↑ Chaves SS, Gargiullo P, Zhang JX, et al. (2007). Loss of vaccine-induced immunity to varicella over time. N Engl J Med 356 (11): 1121–9. PMID 17360990.
External links
- Varicella Disease (Chickenpox): Varicella, although a common disease, can be dangerous and even deadly.. CDC (May 26, 2005).
- How to tell you Have Chickenpox
Viral diseases (A80-B34, 042-079) | |
---|---|
Viral infections of the central nervous system | Poliomyelitis (Post-polio syndrome) - Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis - Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy - Rabies - Encephalitis lethargica - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis - Tick-borne meningoencephalitis - Tropical spastic paraparesis |
Arthropod-borne viral fevers and viral haemorrhagic fevers | Dengue fever - Chikungunya - Rift Valley fever - Yellow fever - Argentine hemorrhagic fever - Bolivian hemorrhagic fever - Lassa fever - Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - Omsk hemorrhagic fever - Kyasanur forest disease - Marburg hemorrhagic fever - Ebola |
Viral infections characterized by skin and mucous membrane lesions | Herpes simplex - Chickenpox - Herpes zoster - Smallpox - Monkeypox - Measles - Rubella - Plantar wart - Cowpox - Vaccinia - Molluscum contagiosum - Roseola - Fifth disease - Hand, foot and mouth disease - Foot-and-mouth disease |
Viral hepatitis | Hepatitis A - Hepatitis B - Hepatitis C - Hepatitis E |
Viral infections of the respiratory system | Avian flu - Acute viral nasopharyngitis - Infectious mononucleosis - Influenza - Viral pneumonia |
Other viral diseases | HIV (AIDS, AIDS dementia complex) - Cytomegalovirus - Mumps - Bornholm disease |
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