Difference between revisions of "Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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{{Infobox World Heritage Site
 
{{Infobox World Heritage Site
 
| WHS        = Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra
 
| WHS        = Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra
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Lastly, all three national parks have a very varied habitat and have outstanding [[biodiversity]]. Altogether the three sites make up fifty percent of the total plant variety, in Sumatra. At least 92 local common species have been recognized in GLNP. The nomination contains populations of both the world’s largest flower ([[Rafflesia arnoldi]]) and the tallest flower ([[Amorphophallus titanum]]).<ref>Danielle Nierenberg, ''State of the world 2006: a Worldwatch Institute report on progress toward a sustainable society'' (New York: W.W. Norton, 2006), p. 125</ref> The Tropical Rainforest of Sumatra has just recently become apart of the World Heritage List, in 2004.
 
Lastly, all three national parks have a very varied habitat and have outstanding [[biodiversity]]. Altogether the three sites make up fifty percent of the total plant variety, in Sumatra. At least 92 local common species have been recognized in GLNP. The nomination contains populations of both the world’s largest flower ([[Rafflesia arnoldi]]) and the tallest flower ([[Amorphophallus titanum]]).<ref>Danielle Nierenberg, ''State of the world 2006: a Worldwatch Institute report on progress toward a sustainable society'' (New York: W.W. Norton, 2006), p. 125</ref> The Tropical Rainforest of Sumatra has just recently become apart of the World Heritage List, in 2004.
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==Gunung Leuser National Park==
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'''Gunung Leuser National Park''' is a [[national park]] covering 7,927 km² in northern [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]], straddling the border of [[North Sumatra]] and [[Aceh]] provinces.<ref>World Database on Protected Areas: [http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=1251&level=nat Entry of Gunung Leuser National Park]</ref> The national park, named after 3,381&nbsp;m height of [[Mount Leuser]], protects a wide range of ecosystems. An [[orangutan]] sanctuary of [[Bukit Lawang]] is located inside the park. Together with [[Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park|Bukit Barisan Selatan]] and [[Kerinci Seblat National Park|Kerinci Seblat]] national parks it forms a [[World Heritage Site]], [[Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra]].<ref name="heritage_sumatra">{{cite web
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  | url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1167
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  | title = Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra
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  | publisher = [[UNESCO]]
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  | accessdate=2007-09-30}}</ref>
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{{Infobox_protected_area | name = Gunung Leuser National Park
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  | iucn_category = II
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  | image =
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  | locator_x =
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  | locator_y =
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  | location = [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]
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  | nearest_city =
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  | lat_degrees =
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  | lat_minutes =
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  | lat_seconds =
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  | lat_direction =
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  | long_degrees =
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  | long_minutes =
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  | long_seconds =
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  | long_direction =
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  | area = 7,927 km²
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  | established = 1980
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  | visitation_num =
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}}
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=== Ecology ===
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Gunung Leuser National Park is one of the two remaining habitat for [[Sumatran Orangutan]]s (''Pongo abelii'').<ref>{{cite journal| title=The status of the Sumatran orang-utan ''Pongo abelii'': an update| author=S. A. Wich; I. Singleton; S. S. Utami-Atmoko; M. L. Geurts; H. D. Rijksen; and C. P. van Schaik| journal=Flora & Fauna International| volume=37| issue=1| date=2003| doi=10.1017/S0030605303000115| pages=49}}</ref> In 1971, Herman Rijksen established the [[Ketambe research station]], a specially designated research area for the orangutan.<ref>{{cite journal| title=Life history of wild Sumatran orangutans (''Pongo abelii'')| author=S. A. Wich; S. S. Utami-Atmoko; T. M. Setia; H. D. Rijksen; C. Schürmann, J.A.R.A.M. van Hooff and C. P. van Schaik| journal=Journal of Human Evolution | volume=47| issue=6| date=2004| pages=385&ndash;398| doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.08.006}}</ref>
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=== Threats ===
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In November 1995 the [[Langkat Regency]] government proposed a road to connect an old enclave, known as Sapo Padang, inside the park. In persute of business opportunities, 34 families who had been living in the enclave formed a cooperative in March 1996 and subsequently submitted a proposal to develop an [[oil palm]] plantation in August 1997.<ref name="oilpalm">{{cite book|author=Emily Matthews, Global Forest Watch (Organization) and Forest Watch Indonesia (Organization)| title=The State of Forest in Indonesia| url=http://www.globalforestwatch.org/common/indonesia/sof.indonesia.english.low.pdf| publisher=World Resources Institute| location=Washington DC| accessdate=2007-01-11|date=2002| id=ISBN 1-56973-492-5| othesr=Box 2.3. Oil Palm Development in Gunung Leuser National Park, p.21}}</ref> The oil palm proposal was accepted by the regency and the head of the park agreed to the road construction.
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In accordance to the government's Proverty Alleviation Program, the oil palm project proceed with 42.5&nbsp;km² of clearance area, but the project has made a major forest destruction of the park during its implementation.<ref name="oilpalm"/> The local cooperation unit formed a partnership with PT Amal Tani which has strong relationship with the military command in the area.{{ref label|army_conn|note 1|1}} In January 1998, the Indonesian Forest Ministry granted a permission of 11&nbsp;km road to be built. In June 1998, local office of the Forestry Service issued a decree stating that the Sapo Padang enclave was no longer legally a part of the national park; a controversial decision which consequently led to further forest destruction during the road construction and invited newcomers to [[slash and burn]] forest area to create local plantations a way deeper to the park.
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In 1999, two university-based [[NGO]]s filed a legal suit to the Medan State Court, while a group of 61 [[lawyer]]s brought a parallel case in the National Administrative Court. In July 1999 the National Administrative Court rejected the case, while the local NGOs won with 30 million rupiahs damage, but the legal process continues with [[appeal]]s.<ref name="oilpalm"/> The legal process did not stop the project that extensive logging and clearing, road-building and oil palm plantation continue operating inside the national park.
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==Geography==
 
==Geography==
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==Notes==
 
==Notes==
 
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:{{note label|army_conn||1}} PT Amal Tani was owned by the immediate family of the commander of the Indonesian army's territorial military command of the area, ''KODAM I Bukit Barisan''. The principal function of the military partnership is to organize "administrative details" when obtaining permissions to build the roads and other related projects. The director of PT Amal Tani became the executive of the local cooperation unit. The military's unit charitable foundation, ''Yayasan Kodam I Bukit Barisan'', also involved in the project.<ref name="oilpalm"/>
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==References==
 
==References==
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* [http://www.wcs.org/globalconservation/Asia/Indonesia/trhs The Encyclopedia of the Earth: Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra, Indonesia]
 
* [http://www.wcs.org/globalconservation/Asia/Indonesia/trhs The Encyclopedia of the Earth: Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra, Indonesia]
 
* [http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=34886&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html Post-tsunami assistance for Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra and Nature Conservation Agency, Aceh Province, Indonesia]
 
* [http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=34886&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html Post-tsunami assistance for Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra and Nature Conservation Agency, Aceh Province, Indonesia]
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*  [http://www.leuserfoundation.org Leuser International Foundation]
  
 
{{World Heritage Sites in Indonesia}}
 
{{World Heritage Sites in Indonesia}}
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[[Category:National Parks]]
 
[[Category:National Parks]]
  
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{{credits|Tropical_Rainforest_Heritage_of_Sumatra|226385854|Gunung_Leuser_National_Park|246086980|}}

Revision as of 14:35, 9 December 2008

Coordinates: 3°30′N 97°30′E / 3.5, 97.5

Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
The critically endangered Sumatran Orangutan, a great ape endemic to Sumatra, Indonesia
State Party Flag of Indonesia Indonesia
Type Natural
Criteria vii, ix, x
Reference 1167
Region** Asia-Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription 2004  (28th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
** Region as classified by UNESCO.

Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra comprises three Indonesian national parks on the island of Sumatra — Gunung Leuser National Park, Kerinci Seblat National Park and the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. The site is listed under Criteria vii - outstanding scenic beauty; ix- an outstanding example representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes; and x- contains the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation. UNESCO designated the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra a World Heritage in 2004.

Location and Size

The Tropical Rainforest of Sumatra is situated on the middle of Sumatra, Indonesia. It consist of three national parks; Gunung Leuser National Park (GLNP) 8,629.75 square kilometers (3,331.97 sq mi), Kerinci Seblat National Park (KSNP) 13,753.50 square kilometers (5,310.26 sq mi) and Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP) 3,568 square kilometers (1,378 sq mi).[1] The total area of the rainforest is 25,000 square kilometers. The Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra was chosen because, first, it represents significant area of forests on the island of Sumatra, because of the biodiversity, of lowland and mountain forest. This once vast island of tropical rainforest has been condensed to secluded areas, in the space of 50 years.

Second, the national parks that make up the heritage are all located on the well-known key spine of the Bukit Barisan Mountains, known as the ‘Andes of Sumatra’, and that all around it there are magnificent views.[2] The mountains of each site represent important mountainous backdrops to the established and developed lowlands of Sumatra. The mixture of the stunning Lake Gunung Tujuh (the highest lake in Southeast Asia), the splendour of the giant Mount Kerinci volcano, many small volcanic, coastal and glacial lakes in natural forested settings. This shows the beauty of the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra.

Lastly, all three national parks have a very varied habitat and have outstanding biodiversity. Altogether the three sites make up fifty percent of the total plant variety, in Sumatra. At least 92 local common species have been recognized in GLNP. The nomination contains populations of both the world’s largest flower (Rafflesia arnoldi) and the tallest flower (Amorphophallus titanum).[3] The Tropical Rainforest of Sumatra has just recently become apart of the World Heritage List, in 2004.


PT Amal Tani was owned by the immediate family of the commander of the Indonesian army's territorial military command of the area, KODAM I Bukit Barisan. The principal function of the military partnership is to organize "administrative details" when obtaining permissions to build the roads and other related projects. The director of PT Amal Tani became the executive of the local cooperation unit. The military's unit charitable foundation, Yayasan Kodam I Bukit Barisan, also involved in the project.[4]

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Kramer, Randall A., Carel van Schaik, and Julie Johnson. 1997. Last stand: protected areas and the defense of tropical biodiversity. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195095548.
  • Nierenberg, Danielle. 2006. State of the world 2006: a Worldwatch Institute report on progress toward a sustainable society. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 9780393327717.
  • Tan, Kim H. 2008. Soils in the humid tropics and monsoon region of Indonesia. Books in soils, plants, and the environment. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 9781420069075.
  • Terborgh, John. 2004. Requiem for nature. Washington, D.C.: Island Press [for] Shearwater Books. ISBN 9781559635882.
  • Witton, Patrick. 2003. Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781740591546.

External links

Links retrieved December 8, 2008.

World Heritage Sites in Indonesia

Borobudur Temple Compounds · Komodo National Park · Lorentz National Park · Prambanan Temple Compounds · Sangiran Early Man Site · Ujung Kulon National Park · Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra

Flag of Indonesia

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  1. ↑ Patrick Witton, Indonesia (Melbourne: Lonely Planet, 2003), p. 430
  2. ↑ Kim H. Tan, Soils in the humid tropics and monsoon region of Indonesia. Books in soils, plants, and the environment (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2008), p. 35
  3. ↑ Danielle Nierenberg, State of the world 2006: a Worldwatch Institute report on progress toward a sustainable society (New York: W.W. Norton, 2006), p. 125
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named oilpalm
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