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| − | [[Image:Sravasti-gandhakuti.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Gandhakuti]] (Buddha's hut) in Jetavana.]]
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| − | [[Image:EpicIndiaCities.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Ancient Indian (Bharata) cities and Places (labeled in [[English language|English]].)]]{{coord|27.517073|N|82.050619|E|type:_region:|display=inline,title}}
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| − | '''Srāvastī''' or Sāvatthī ([[Hindi]]: श्रावस्ती), one of the six largest cities in India during [[Gautama Buddha]]'s lifetime, sits on the banks of the river Aciravati, today's Rapti river. The capital city of the kingdom of Kosala, it lays in the fertile [[Gangetic plain]]s in the present day's [[Gonda district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. [[Buddha]] spent most his monastic life in Sravasti, a total of twenty five years. The king of [[Kosala]] had been a disciple of [[Buddha]].
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| − | [[Jetavana]] and the [[Pubbarama]] had been the main monasteries in Sravasti. He spent nineteen rainy seasons in Jetavana monastery and six in Pubbarama [[Monastery|monastery]]. He spent longer teaching in Sravasti than any other place, most of his teachings taking place there. Buddha performed his major miracles there, including the place of the [[Twin Miracle]] under the [[Gandamba tree]].
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| − | Jetavana is currently a historical park, with remains of many ancient buildings such as monasteries, huts (including the [[Gandhakuti]] and the [[Kosambakuti]]) and [[stupa]]s. The [[Bodhi Tree|second-holiest tree]] of [[Buddhism]], the [[Anandabodhi Tree]], stands in Jetavana. The most revered place in Jetavana is the [[Gandhakuti]], where Buddha used to stay. A visit to Savatthi and Jetavana is part of the [[Buddhist Pilgrimage|Buddhist pilgrim route]] in North-India. [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] from [[Thailand]], [[Korean Buddhism|South Korea]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Myanmar]], [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibet]] and [[Chinese Buddhism|China]] have built monasteries in Sravasti.
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| − | <!--Jetavana is located at the following coordinates: {{coord|27.509466|N|82.040073|E|type:_region:|display=inline,title}}.—>
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| − | ==Origin of Sravasti==
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| − | [[Image:Anathapindikastupa1.jpg|right|thumb|220px|[[Anathapindika]]'s Stupa in Sravasti]]
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| − | According to the epic [[Ramayana]], Sravasti was a new city created for Lava, the son of [[Raghava Rama]]. Rama divided his [[Kosala Kingdom]] into two parts. He installed his son, Lava, at Sravasti and another son, Kusha, at [[Kushavati]].
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| − | According to the [[Mahabharata]], the legendary king [[Shravasta]] founded Sravasti, naming the city "Savatthi" after the sage [[Savattha]] who practiced there. According to another tradition, at a [[caravanserai]] people greeted each other by "Kim bhandam atthi?". They then replied "Sabbam atthi", meaning "we have all things," as in everything. The city took on the reply as its name.<ref>SNA.i.300; PSA. 367</ref>.
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| − | ==Sravasti in the Buddha's time==
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| − | Savatthi, located on the banks of the river Aciravati (now called the [[Rapti]] river), had been the capital city of the kingdom of Kosala. Its king, [[Pasenadi]], had been a disciple of Buddha. A beautiful city, the economy enjoyed abundant agriculture and a diversity of crafts. [[Buddhaghosa]] states <ref>Sp.iii.614</ref> that, in the Buddha's time, fifty seven thousand families dwelled in Savatthi. It had been the chief city in the country of '''Kasi [[Kosala]]''', three hundred leagues in length with eighty thousand villages. He stated the population of Sávatthi to have been 180 million <ref>SNA.i.371</ref>. The road from [[Rajagaha]] to Savatthi passed through [[Vesali]]. The Parayanavagga <ref>SN.vss.1011 13</ref> lists the resting places between the two cities: [[Setavya]], [[Kapilavatthu]], [[Kusinara]], [[Pava]] and [[Bhoganagara]]. Further on, a road ran southwards from Savatthi through [[Saketa]] to [[Kosambi]]. Between Saketa and Savatthi was located [[Toranavatthu]]<ref>S.iv.374</ref>.
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| − | The Buddha passed the greater part of his monastic life in Savatthi. He first visited Savatthi at the invitation of Anathapindika, whom he met in [[Rajagaha]]. Jetavana and the Pubbarama had been the main monasteries in Sravasti. Pasenadi built [[Rajakarama]] monastery, opposite Jetavana, in Savatthi. [[Andhavana]], a dark forest where some monks and nuns resided, lay close by the city. A fishing village of five hundred families lay outside the city gate of Savatthi.<ref>DhA.iv.40</ref> [[Anathapindika]], [[Visakha]], [[Suppavasa]] and [[Pasenadi]] had been the chief patrons of the Buddha in Savatthi.<ref>DhA.i.330</ref>. When [[Bandhula]] left [[Vesali]], he came to live in Savatthi.
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| − | [[Image:Twinmiracle.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Place (Stupa) of the [[Twin Miracle]].]]
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| − | According to Woodward, <ref>KS.v.xviii</ref> of the four [[Nikaya]]s, 871 suttas had been preached in Savatthi; 844 of those in [[Jetavana]], twenty three in the [[Pubbarama]], and four in the suburbs of Savatthi. Those suttas are made up of six in the [[Digha Nikaya]], seventy five in the [[Majjhima Nikaya]], 736 in the [[Samyutta Nikaya]], and fifty four in the [[Anguttara Nikaya]]. The Commentaries state that the Buddha spent twenty five [[rainy season]]s in Sávatthi, with twenty spent elsewhere. Of the twenty five rainy seasons Buddha lived in Sravasti<ref>DhA.i.4</ref>, he spent nineteen in Jetavana monastery and six in Pubbarama monastery. Buddha spent longer in Sravasti than any other place, giving the most discourses and teachings.
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| − | Buddha displayed his supernatural powers to silence those who asserted him incapable of performing supernatural miracles at a place in Savatthi called the [[Twin Miracle]] ([[Pali]]:Yamaka Patihara). Buddhist commentaries place the scene of each Buddha's Yamaka pátiháriya in Savatthi <ref>DhA.iii.205; cf. Mtu.iii.115; J.i.88</ref>; Gautama Buddha performed this miracle under the Gandamba tree. The Chinese Pilgrim [[Hiouen Thsang]] found the old city in ruins, but recorded the sites of various buildings<ref>Beal, op. cit., ii.1 13</ref>.
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| − | ===Current Sravasti===
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| − | The ancient city walls of Savatthi still stand. Within those, the remains of three ancient buildings can be visited: [[Angulimala]]'s stupa, [[Anathapindika]]'s stupa, and an old temple dedicated to a [[Jain]] [[Tirthankara]]. Outside of Savatthi is located the stupa where the [[Twin Miracle]] ([[Pali]]:Yamaka Patihara) took place. The site of Jetavana monastery is the main [[pilgrim]] destination, with [[meditation]] and [[chanting]] mainly done at the [[Gandhakuti]] (Buddha's hut) and the [[Anandabodhi]] tree. Buddhist monasteries from the following countries have been constructed at Sravasti: Thailand, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Tibet and China.
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| − | ==Jetavana Monastary==
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| − | [[Image:Mulagandhakuti.jpg|thumb|220px|Mulagandhakuti. The remains of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'s hut in [[Jetavana]] Monastery.]]
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| − | '''Jetavana''' had been one of the most esteemed of the monasteries in India during Buddha's lifetime. The second monastery donated to Buddha, after the [[Veluvana]] in [[Rajagaha]], Jetavana sits just outside the old city of [[Savatthi]]. Buddha gave many teachings and discourses in Jetavana, more than in any other place. Mainly, this is because Buddha spent nineteen (out of forty five) rainy-seasons (also [[pansah]] or [[vassa]]) at Jetavana, more than any other monastery<ref>DhA.i.3; BuA.3; AA.i.314</ref>. After the [[Migaramatupasada|Migāramātupāsāda]] (a second monastery erected at [[Pubbarama]], close to Savatthi) had been established, the Buddha would dwell alternately in Jetavana and Migāramātupāsāda, often spending the day in one and the night in the other. <ref>SNA.i.336</ref>
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| − | ===Donation of Jetavana===
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| − | [[Image:Anandabodhi2.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[bhikkhu|Buddhist monks]] meditating under the [[Anandabodhi tree]], [[Jetavana]] Monastery.]]
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| − | When the Buddha accepted [[Anathapindika|Anāthapindika]]'s invitation to visit Sāvatthi, Anāthapindika, seeking a suitable place for the Buddha's residence, discovered a park belonging to Jetakumāra. <ref>MA.i.471 puts it to the south of Sāvatthi</ref> When he asked to be allowed to buy it, Jeta replied: "Not even if you could cover the whole place with money." Anāthapindika said that he would buy it at that price, and when Jeta answered that he had had no intention of making a bargain, the matter went before the Lords of Justice, who decided that if the price mentioned were paid, Anāthapindika had the right of purchase.
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| − | Anāthapindika had gold brought down in carts and covered Jetavana with pieces laid side by side. (A bas-relief at the Bharhut Tope illustrates that incident.<ref>Cunningham - the Stūpa of Bharhut, Pl.lvii., pp. 84-86)</ref> The money brought in the first journey proved insufficient to cover one small spot near the gateway. So Anāthapindika sent his servants back for more, but Jeta, inspired by Anāthapindika's earnestness, offered to give that spot. Anāthapindika agreed and Jeta erected a gateway, with a room over it, there. Anāthapindika built in the grounds dwelling rooms, retiring rooms, store rooms and service halls, halls with fireplaces, closets, cloisters, halls for exercise, wells, bathrooms, ponds, and open and roofed sheds.<ref>Vin.ii.158f</ref> MA.i.50; UdA.56f states that Anāthapindika paid eighteen crores for the purchase of the site, all of which Jeta spent in the construction of the gateway gifted by him. (The gateway was evidently an imposing structure <ref>J.ii.216</ref>). Jeta gave, besides, many valuable trees for timber. Anāthapindika himself spent fifty-four crores in connection with the purchase of the park and the buildings erected in it.
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| − | The ceremony of dedication was one of great splendor. Not only Anāthapindika himself, but his whole family took part. His son with five hundred other youths, his wife with five hundred other noble women, and his daughters Mahā Subhaddā and Cūla Subhaddā with five hundred other maidens attended. Five hundred bankers accompanied Anāthapindika. The festivities in connection with the dedication lasted for nine months.<ref>J.i.92ff</ref>
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| − | The vihāra has been typically referred to as '''Jetavane Anāthapindikassa ārāma''' ([[Pali]], meaning: in Jeta Grove, Anathapindika's Monastery). The Commentaries <ref>MA.ii.50; UdA.56f, etc.</ref> state that this was deliberate<ref>at the Buddha's own suggestion, pp. 81-131 <!-- Beal: op. cit., ii.5 and Rockhill: p. 49—></ref> that the names of both earlier and later owners might be recorded and that people might be reminded of two men, both very generous in the cause of the religion, so that others might follow their example. The vihāra is sometimes referred to as Jetārāma. <ref>e.g., Ap.i.400</ref>
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| − | ===Description of ancient Jetavana===
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| − | ====Inside Jetavana====
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| − | [[Image:Angulimalastupa.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Stupa]] of [[Angulimala]].]]
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| − | Some of the chief buildings attached to the Jetavana have mentioned by name, viz., Mahāgandhakuti, Kaverimandalamāla, Kosambakuti and Candanamāla. <ref>SNA.ii.403</ref> Some detached buildings have also been mentioned - e.g., the Ambalakotthaka-āsanasālā.<ref>J.ii.246</ref> According to Tibetan sources, the devas of Tusita planned the vihāra which contained sixty large halls and sixty small halls. The Dulva also gives details of the decorative scheme of the vihāra.<!--<ref>Rockhill: op. cit.48 and n.2</ref>—> Anāthapindika built all of those. Pasenadi constructed Salalaghara, another large building.<ref>DA.ii.407</ref> A guardian deity had been placed over the gateway to prevent evildoers from entering the grounds.<ref>SA.i.239</ref> A rājayatana-tree, the residence of the god Samiddhisumana, stood just outside the monastery.<ref>Mhv.i.52f; MT 105; but see DhA.i.41, where the guardian of the gateway is called Sumana</ref> Jetavanapokkharanī, a large pond, may have been on the grounds. <ref>AA.i.264; here the Buddha often bathed; J.i.329ff. That may have been the Pubbakotthaka referred to at A.iii.345. See S.v.220 for contradictory evidence. Devadatta swallowed up in Avīci near that pond (J.iv.158)).</ref>
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| − | The grounds themselves were a wooded grove (arañña).<ref>Sp.iii.532</ref> A mango-grove stood on the outskirts of the monastery.<ref>J.iii.137</ref> Anāthapindika planted the Bodhi-tree, Anandabodhi, in front of the gateway.<ref>J.iv.228f</ref> A cave, which became famous as the Kapallapūvapabbhāra on account of an incident connected with Macchariyakosiya, lay close by the gateway. <ref>J.i.348</ref> According to the Divyāvadāna,<ref>Dvy.395f</ref> the thūpas of Sāriputta and Moggallāna were on the grounds of Jetavana and existed until the time of Asoka. Both Fa Hien<!--<ref>Giles: p.33ff</ref>—> and Houien Thsang<!--<ref>Beal.ii.7ff</ref>—> give descriptions of other incidents connected with the Buddha, which took place in the neighbourhood of Jetavana - e.g., the murder of Sundarikā, the calumny of Ciñcā, and Devadatta's attempt to poison the Buddha, among others.
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| − | ====The Gandhakuti: Buddha's dwelling in Jetavana====
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| − | [[Image:Jetavana1.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Scene in [[Jetavana]], showing some small stupas.]]
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| − | The space covered by the four bedposts of the Buddha's Gandhakuti in Jetavana is one of the four avijahitatthānāni. All Buddhas possess the same, though the size of the actual vihāra differs in the case of the various Buddhas. For Vipassī Buddha, the setthi Punabbasumitta built a monastery extends for a whole league, while for Sikhī, the setthi Sirivaddha made one covering three gavutas. The Sanghārāma built by Sotthiya for Vessabhū measured half a league in extent, while that erected by Accuta for Kakusandha covered only one gāvuta. Konagamana's monastery, built by the setthi Ugga, extended for half a gāvuta, while Kassapa's built by Sumangala covered sixteen karīsas. Anāthapindika's monastery covered a space of eighteen karīsas.<ref>BuA.2, 47; J.i.94; DA.ii.424</ref>
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| − | According to a description given by Fa Hien, <ref>Giles, pp. 31, 33</ref> the vihāra originally had seven sectionsor stories. Rilled with various offerings, embroidered banners, and canopies. lamps burnt from dusk to dawn. One day a rat, holding in its mouth a lamp wick, set fire to the banners and canopies, destroying entirely the seven sections or stories. The vihāra was later rebuilt in two sections. Two main entrances, one on the east, one on the west, were built. Fa Hsien found thūpas erected at the places connected with the Buddha, each with its name inscribed.
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| − | ====Near Jetavana====
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| − | Near Jetavana a monastery of the heretics, where Ciñcāmānavikā spent her nights while hatching her conspiracy against the Buddha, apparently stood.<ref>DhA.iii.179; behind Jetavana was a spot where the Ajivakas practiced their austerities (J.i.493)</ref> Once the heretics bribed Pasenadi to let them make a rival settlement behind Jetavana, but the Buddha frustrated their plans.<ref>J.ii.170</ref> There seems to have been a playground just outside Jetavana used by the children of the neighborhood, who, when thirsty, would go into Jetavana to drink.<ref>DhA.iii.492</ref> The high road to Sāvatthi passed by the edge of Jetavana, and travelers would enter the park to rest and refresh themselves. <ref>J.ii.203, 341; see also vi.70</ref>
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| − | ===Gallery===
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| − | <center>
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| − | <gallery>
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| − | Image:Anandabodhi.jpg|Anandabodhi tree in [[Jetavana]] monastery.
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| − | Image:Jetavana.jpg|Scene in [[Jetavana]].
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| − | Image:Sravasti-citywall.jpg|City walls of Sravasti, with ancient city gate.
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| − | </gallery>
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| − | </center>
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| − | ==See Also==
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| − | * [[Bodhi Tree (Bo tree)]]
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| − | * [[Mahajanapadas]]
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| − | * [[Sacred fig]]
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| − | * [[Borobudur]]
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| − | * [[Monastery]]
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| − | ==Notes==
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| − | <references/>
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| − | {{Reflist}}
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| − | ==References==
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| − | * Ahir, D. C. 2009. ''Sravasti: where the Buddha spent 25 retreats''. Delhi: Buddhist World Press. ISBN 9788190638852.
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| − | * Cunningham, Alexander. 1864. ''Reports of operations of the archæological surveyer to the Government of India during the seasons of 1861-1865''. OCLC 35669966.
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| − | * Cunningham, Alexander, and Vasudeva S. Agarwala. 1962. ''The Stūpa of Bharhut: a buddhist monument ornamented with numerous sculptures illustr. of buddhist legend and history in the 3. century B.C.E.''. Cunningham: [Werke] Complete works, 4. Varanasi: Indological Book House. OCLC 252284930.
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| − | * Law, Bimala Charan. 1991. Śrāvastī in Indian literature. Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, 50. Delhi: Swati Publ. OCLC 255895081.
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| − | * Sahni, Daya Ram, and Daya Ram Sahni. 1909. "A Buddhist image inscription from 'Srāvastī." OCLC 79844691.
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| − | * Sinha, Krishna K. 1967. ''Excavations of Sravasti, 1959''. Varanasi: Banaras Hindu University. OCLC 693627.
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| − | * Venkataramayya, M. 1981. ''Śrāvastī''. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. OCLC 11828579.
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| − | * Vogel, Jean Philippe. 1908. ''The site of Sravasti''. [London]: [University of London. Royal Asiatic society]. OCLC 236130631.
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | Links retrieved December 7, 2008.
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| − | {{commonscat|Sravasti}}
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| − | {{ppn|sa/saavatthi.htm|Savatthi}}
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| − | {{ppn|j/jetavana.htm|Jetavana}}
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| − | {{RBK|20|Sravasti}}
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| − | {{RBK|20|Jetavana}}
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| − | {{Suttas|Sravasti|savatthi|mn/mn.086.than.html#savatthi Angulimala Sutta - About Angulimala|mn/mn.062.than.html#savatthi Maha-Rahulovada Sutta - The Greater Exhortation to Rahula}}
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| − | {{suttas|Jetavana|anathapindika-park|dn/dn.09.0.than.html Potthapada Sutta - About Potthapada|mn/mn.004.than.html Bhaya-bherava Sutta - Fear & Terror}}
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| − | * [http://www.geocities.com/WestHollywood/Heights/2885/jetaname.html Extracts from books on the subject of Jetavana]
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| − | * [http://www.goldenlandpages.com/hotspots/buddhism/32.htm Dedication ceremony of the Jetavana monastery by Anathapindika]
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| − | [[Category:Geography]]
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| − | [[Category:Cities]]
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| − | [[Category:Sites of religious pilgrimages]]
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| − | [[Category:Buddhism]]
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| − | [[Category:Historical Sites]]
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| − | [[Category:Archaeological sites]]
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| − | {{credits|Sravasti|241717165|Jetavana|241717947|}}
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