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| − | {{Images OK}}{{Approved}}{{Copyedited}}
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| − | {{Taxobox
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| − | | name = Old World monkeys<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=152-178}}</ref>
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| − | | fossil_range = [[Oligocene]] to Recent
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| − | | image = Semnopithecus_hypoleucos.jpg
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| − | | image_caption = [[Black-footed Gray Langur]], ''Semnopithecus hypoleucos''
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| − | | regnum = [[Animal]]ia
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| − | | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
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| − | | classis = [[Mammal]]ia
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| − | | ordo = [[Primate]]s
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| − | | subordo = [[Haplorrhini]]
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| − | | parvordo = [[Catarrhini]]
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| − | | superfamilia = '''Cercopithecoidea'''
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| − | | superfamilia_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1821
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| − | | familia = '''Cercopithecidae'''
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| − | | familia_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1821
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| − | | subdivision_ranks = [[Subfamilies]]
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| − | | subdivision =
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| − | [[Cercopithecinae]] - 11 genera<br/>
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| − | [[Colobinae]] - 10 genera
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| − | }}
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| − | An '''Old World monkey''' is any member of the [[primate]] family '''Cercopithecidae''' of the [[superfamily]] '''Cercopithecoidea''' in the [[clade]] [[Catarrhini]], typically characterized by close-set nostrils that are downward or forward facing, a tubular ear bone, and a tail, if present, that is never prehensile (adapted for grasping or holding). Old World monkeys include many of the most familiar species of non-ape primates such as [[baboon]]s and [[macaque]]s.
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| − | Old World monkeys are grouped in Catarrhini with [[ape]]s of the Old World (all extant species of which are tailless). The other group of [[monkey]]s, known as [[New World monkey]]s and placed in the clade Platyrrhini, generally have flatter noses, with side-facing nostrils, and some species have prehensile tails.
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| − | Extant species of Old World monkeys are native to [[Africa]] and [[Asia]], inhabiting a range of environments from tropical [[rain forest]] to [[savanna]], [[scrubland]], and mountainous terrain; they are also known from [[Europe]] in the [[fossil]] record. However, a (possibly introduced) free-roaming [[Gibraltar Barbary Macaques|group of monkeys still survives]] in [[Gibraltar]] (Europe) to this day.
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| − | Old World monkeys provide an important [[ecology|ecological]] role in terrestrial [[food chain]]s, consuming plant matter ([[leaves]], [[fruit]], [[flower]]s, etc.) and generally some animals as well ([[insect]]s, [[snail]]s, small [[vertebrate]]s, etc.), and being consumed by large cats ([[leopard]]s, [[tiger]]s, etc.), birds of prey, and humans. For humans, these monkeys are popular sightings in the wild or in [[zoo]]s, and some, such as the rhesus macaque ''(Macaca mulatta),'' have been used extensively in medical and biological research. The rhesus monkey also has given its name to the [[rhesus factor]], one of the elements of a person's [[Blood type|blood group]].
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| − | ==Overview==
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| − | Old World monkeys, together with [[ape]]s of the Old World, comprise one of the three major informal groups of the biological order [[Primate]]s, the other two groups being [[prosimian]]s and [[New World monkey]]s. Together, the New World monkeys and the Old World monkeys and apes are considered to be "higher primates," or ''simians'' (infraorder Similformes), while the prosimians (such as [[lemur]]s) are considered to be the "lower primates." The term ''[[monkey]],'' thus, refers to any simian that is not an ape or any primate that is neither an ape nor a prosimian. In reality, monkeys are not a single coherent group and therefore do not have any particular traits that they all share.
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| − | Technically, the distinction of catarrhines (Old World monkeys and apes) from platyrrhines (New World monkeys) depends on the structure of the nose, and the distinction of Old World monkeys from apes depends on dentition (the development of teeth and their arrangement in the mouth).
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| − | Old World monkeys differ slightly from New World monkeys in several aspects. The most prominent difference is the nose, which is the feature used most commonly to distinguish between the two groups. The scientific name for the New World monkeys, ''Platyrrhini'', means "flat nosed." The noses of New World monkeys are flatter than the narrow noses of the Old World monkeys, and New World monkeys have side facing nostrils versus the close-set, downward or forward facing nostrils of Old World monkeys. Also New World monkeys (except for the [[howler monkey]]s of genus ''Alouatta'' (Jacobs et al. 1996)) lack the [[trichromatic]] vision of Old World monkeys (Carroll 2006). Other distinctions include the presence of a tubular ectotympanic (ear bone) in Old World monkeys and the presence of twelve premolars in catarrhines, versus eight in platyrrhines. The [[dentition|dental formula]] of catarrhines is:{{dentition2|2.1.2.3|2.1.2.3}}
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| − | New World monkeys include the only primates with tails that are [[prehensile tail|prehensile]]. Catarrhines lack prehensile tails.
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| − | From the point of view of superficial appearance, Old World monkeys are unlike apes in that most have tails. All living members of the apes are tailless. However, there are also primates in other families that lack tails and some Old World monkey species lack tails. More specifically, the apes can be distinguished from Old World monkeys by the number of cusps on their molars: apes have five, the "Y-5" molar pattern, while Old World monkeys have only four in a "bilophodont" pattern. Apes have more mobile shoulder joints and arms, ribcages that are flatter front-to-back, and a shorter, less mobile spine compared to Old World monkeys. These are all anatomical [[adaptation]]s to vertical hanging and swinging locomotion (brachiation) in the apes.
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| − | The following is the relationship of the various groups of primates.
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| − | * Order Primates
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| − | ** Suborder Strepsirrhini: non-tarsier prosimians
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| − | ** Suborder Haplorrhini: tarsiers, monkeys and apes
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| − | ::: Infraorder Tarsiiformes
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| − | ::: Infraorder Simiiformes
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| − | :::: Parvorder Platyrrhini: [[New World monkey]]s
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| − | :::: Parvorder Catarrhini
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| − | ::::: '''Superfamily Cercopithecoidea'''
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| − | :::::: '''Family Cercopithecidae:''' '''Old World [[monkey]]s'''
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| − | ::::: Superfamily Hominoidea: [[Ape]]s ([[gibbon]]s, [[gorilla]]s, [[orangutan]]s, [[chimpanzee]]s, [[human]]s)
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| − | ==Characteristics==
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| − | Old World monkeys are medium to large in size, and range from [[arboreal]] forms, such as the [[Colobus|colobus monkey]]s, to fully terrestrial forms, such as the [[baboon]]s. The smallest is the [[Talapoin]], with a head and body 34 to 37 centimeters (13.4 to 14.6 inches) in length, and weighing between 0.7 and 1.3 kilograms (1.5 to 2.9 pounds), while the largest is the male [[mandrill]] (the females of the species being significantly smaller), at around 70 centimeters (27.6 inches) in length, and weighing up to 50 kilograms (110 pounds) (Brandon-Jones and Rowell 1984).
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| − | Several Old World monkeys have anatomical oddities. The [[colobus]] monkeys have a stub for a thumb to assist with their arboreal movement. The [[proboscis monkey]] has an extraordinary nose while the [[snub-nosed monkey]]s have almost no nose at all. The [[penis]] of the male mandrill is colored red and the [[scrotum]] has a [[Lilac (color)|lilac]] color, while the face also has bright coloration like the genitalia and this develops in only the dominant male of a multi-male group.
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| − | [[Image:Olivebaboon.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Olive baboon]]
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| − | Most Old World monkeys are at least partially [[omnivore|omnivorous]], but all prefer [[plant]] matter, which forms the bulk of their diet. [[Colobinae|Leaf monkeys]] are the most vegetarian, subsisting primarily on [[leaves]], and eating only a small number of [[insect]]s, while the other species are highly opportunistic, primarily eating [[fruit]], but also consuming almost any food items available, such as [[flower]]s, leaves, bulbs and [[rhizome]]s, insects, [[snail]]s, and even small [[vertebrate]]s (Brandon-Jones and Rowell 1984).
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| − | [[Gestation]] in the Old World monkeys lasts between five and seven months. Births are usually single, although, as with humans, twin births do also occur from time to time. The young are born relatively well developed, and are able to cling onto their mother's fur with their hands from birth. Compared with most other mammals, they take a long time to reach sexual maturity, with four to six years being typical of most species.
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| − | In most species, daughters remain with their mothers for life, so that the basic social group among Old World monkeys is a [[matrilineality|matrilineal]] troop. Males leave the group on reaching adolescence, and find a new troop to join. In many species, only a single adult male lives with each group, driving off all rivals, but others are more tolerant, establishing hierarchical relationships between dominant and subordinate males. Group sizes are highly variable, even within species, depending on the availability of food and other resources (Brandon-Jones and Rowell 1984).
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| − | ==Classification==
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| − | Two [[subfamily|subfamilies]] of Old World monkeys are recognized, [[Cercopithecinae]] and [[Colobinae]]. The cercopithecines are mainly [[Africa]]n but include the diverse [[genus]] of [[macaque]]s, which are [[Asia]]n and North African. This group also includes [[baboon]]s and [[mandrill]]s, among others. The colobines includes most of the Asian genera but also the African colobus monkeys. Langurs and proboscis monkeys are among those included in Colobinae.
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| − | * '''Superfamily Cercopithecoidea'''
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| − | ** '''Family Cercopithecidae''': Old World monkeys
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| − | *** Subfamily [[Cercopithecinae]]
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| − | **** Tribe [[Cercopithecini]]
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| − | ***** Genus ''[[Allen's Swamp Monkey|Allenopithecus]]''
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| − | ****** [[Allen's Swamp Monkey]], ''Allenopithecus nigroviridis''
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| − | ***** Genus ''[[Miopithecus]]''
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| − | ****** [[Angolan Talapoin]], ''Miopithecus talapoin''
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| − | ****** [[Gabon Talapoin]], ''Miopithecus ogouensis''
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| − | ***** Genus ''[[Patas Monkey|Erythrocebus]]''
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| − | ****** [[Patas Monkey]], ''Erythrocebus patas''
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| − | ***** Genus ''[[Chlorocebus]]''
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| − | ****** [[Green Monkey]], ''Chlorocebus sabaeus''
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| − | ****** [[Grivet]], ''Chlorocebus aethiops''
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| − | ****** [[Bale Mountains Vervet]], ''Chlorocebus djamdjamensis''
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| − | ****** [[Tantalus Monkey]], ''Chlorocebus tantalus''
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| − | ****** [[Vervet Monkey]], ''Chlorocebus pygerythrus''
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| − | ****** [[Malbrouck]], ''Chlorocebus cynosuros''
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| − | ***** Genus ''[[Cercopithecus]]''
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| − | ****** [[Dryas Monkey]] or Salongo Monkey, ''Cercopithecus dryas''
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| − | ****** [[Diana Monkey]], ''Cercopithecus diana''
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| − | ****** [[Roloway Monkey]], ''Cercopithecus roloway''
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| − | ****** [[Greater Spot-nosed Monkey]], ''Cercopithecus nictitans''
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| − | ****** [[Blue Monkey]], ''Cercopithecus mitis''
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| − | ****** [[Silver Monkey]], ''Cercopithecus doggetti''
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| − | ****** [[Golden Monkey]], ''Cercopithecus kandti''
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| − | ****** [[Sykes's Monkey]], ''Cercopithecus albogularis''
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| − | ****** [[Mona Monkey]], ''Cercopithecus mona''
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| − | ****** [[Campbell's Mona Monkey]], ''Cercopithecus campbelli''
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| − | ****** [[Lowe's Mona Monkey]], ''Cercopithecus lowei''
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| − | ****** [[Crested Mona Monkey]], ''Cercopithecus pogonias''
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| − | ****** [[Wolf's Mona Monkey]], ''Cercopithecus wolfi''
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| − | ****** [[Dent's Mona Monkey]], ''Cercopithecus denti''
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| − | ****** [[Lesser Spot-nosed Monkey]], ''Cercopithecus petaurista''
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| − | ****** [[White-throated Guenon]], ''Cercopithecus erythrogaster''
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| − | ****** [[Sclater's Guenon]], ''Cercopithecus sclateri''
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| − | ****** [[Red-eared Guenon]], ''Cercopithecus erythrotis''
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| − | ****** [[Moustached Guenon]], ''Cercopithecus cephus''
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| − | ****** [[Red-tailed Monkey]], ''Cercopithecus ascanius''
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| − | ****** [[L'Hoest's Monkey]], ''Cercopithecus lhoesti''
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| − | ****** [[Preuss's Monkey]], ''Cercopithecus preussi''
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| − | ****** [[Sun-tailed Monkey]], ''Cercopithecus solatus''
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| − | ****** [[Hamlyn's Monkey]], ''Cercopithecus hamlyni''
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| − | ****** [[De Brazza's Monkey]], ''Cercopithecus neglectus''
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| − | **** Tribe [[Papionini]]
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| − | ***** Genus ''[[Macaque|Macaca]]''
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| − | ****** [[Barbary Macaque]], ''Macaca sylvanus''
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| − | ****** [[Lion-tailed Macaque]], ''Macaca silenus''
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| − | ****** [[Southern Pig-tailed Macaque]] or Beruk, ''Macaca nemestrina''
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| − | ****** [[Northern Pig-tailed Macaque]], ''Macaca leonina''
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| − | ****** [[Pagai Island Macaque]] or Bokkoi, ''Macaca pagensis''
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| − | ****** [[Siberut Macaque]], ''Macaca siberu''
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| − | ****** [[Moor Macaque]], ''Macaca maura''
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| − | ****** [[Booted Macaque]], ''Macaca ochreata''
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| − | ****** [[Tonkean Macaque]], ''Macaca tonkeana''
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| − | ****** [[Heck's Macaque]], ''Macaca hecki''
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| − | ****** [[Gorontalo Macaque]], ''Macaca nigrescens''
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| − | ****** [[Celebes Crested Macaque]] or Black "Ape," ''Macaca nigra''
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| − | ****** [[Crab-eating Macaque]] or Long-tailed Macaque or Kera, ''Macaca fascicularis''
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| − | ****** [[Stump-tailed Macaque]] or Bear Macaque, ''Macaca arctoides''
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| − | ****** [[Rhesus Macaque]], ''Macaca mulatta''
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| − | ****** [[Formosan Rock Macaque]], ''Macaca cyclopis''
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| − | ****** [[Japanese Macaque]], ''Macaca fuscata''
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| − | ****** [[Toque Macaque]], ''Macaca sinica''
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| − | ****** [[Bonnet Macaque]], ''Macaca radiata''
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| − | ****** [[Assam Macaque]], ''Macaca assamensis''
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| − | ****** [[Tibetan Macaque]] or Milne-Edwards' Macaque, ''Macaca thibetana''
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| − | ****** [[Arunachal Macaque]] or Munzala, ''Macaca munzala''
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| − | ***** Genus ''[[Lophocebus]]''
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| − | ******[[Grey-cheeked Mangabey]], ''Lophocebus albigena''
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| − | ******[[Black Crested Mangabey]], ''Lophocebus aterrimus''
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| − | ******[[Opdenbosch's Mangabey]], ''Lophocebus opdenboschi''
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| − | ******[[Uganda Mangabey]], ''Lophocebus ugandae''
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| − | ******[[Johnston's Mangabey]], ''Lophocebus johnstoni''
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| − | ******[[Osman Hill's Mangabey]], ''Lophocebus osmani''
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| − | ***** Genus ''[[Rungwecebus]]''
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| − | ****** [[Kipunji]], ''Rungwecebus kipunji''
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| − | ***** Genus ''[[Papio]]''
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| − | ****** [[Hamadryas Baboon]], ''Papio hamadryas''
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| − | ****** [[Guinea Baboon]], ''Papio papio''
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| − | ****** [[Olive Baboon]], ''Papio anubis''
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| − | ****** [[Yellow Baboon]], ''Papio cynocephalus''
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| − | ****** [[Chacma Baboon]], ''Papio ursinus''
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| − | ***** Genus ''[[Theropithecus]]''
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| − | ****** [[Gelada]], ''Theropithecus gelada''
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| − | ***** Genus ''[[Cercocebus]]''
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| − | ****** [[Sooty Mangabey]], ''Cercocebus atys''
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| − | ****** [[Collared Mangabey]], ''Cercocebus torquatus''
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| − | ****** [[Agile Mangabey]], ''Cercocebus agilis''
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| − | ****** [[Golden-bellied Mangabey]], ''Cercocebus chrysogaster''
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| − | ****** [[Tana River Mangabey]], ''Cercocebus galeritus''
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| − | ****** [[Sanje Mangabey]], ''Cercocebus sanjei''
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| − | ***** Genus ''[[Mandrillus]]''
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| − | ****** [[Mandrill]], ''Mandrillus sphinx''
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| − | ****** [[Drill (mammal)|Drill]], ''Mandrillus leucophaeus''
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| − | *** Subfamily [[Colobinae]]
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| − | **** African group
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| − | ***** Genus ''[[Colobus]]''
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| − | ****** [[Black Colobus]], ''Colobus satanas''
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| − | ****** [[Angola Colobus]], ''Colobus angolensis''
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| − | ****** [[King Colobus]], ''Colobus polykomos''
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| − | ****** [[Ursine Colobus]], ''Colobus vellerosus''
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| − | ****** [[Mantled Guereza]], ''Colobus guereza''
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| − | ***** Genus ''[[Piliocolobus]]''
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| − | ****** [[Western Red Colobus]], ''Piliocolobus badius''
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| − | ****** [[Pennant's Colobus]], ''Piliocolobus pennantii''
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| − | ****** [[Preuss's Red Colobus]], ''Piliocolobus preussi''
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| − | ****** [[Thollon's Red Colobus]], ''Piliocolobus tholloni''
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| − | ****** [[Central African Red Colobus]], ''Piliocolobus foai''
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| − | ****** [[Ugandan Red Colobus]], ''Piliocolobus tephrosceles''
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| − | ****** [[Uzungwa Red Colobus]], ''Piliocolobus gordonorum''
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| − | ****** [[Zanzibar Red Colobus]], ''Piliocolobus kirkii''
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| − | ****** [[Tana River Red Colobus]], ''Piliocolobus rufomitratus''
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| − | ***** Genus ''[[Procolobus]]''
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| − | ****** [[Olive Colobus]], ''Procolobus verus''
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| − | **** Langur (leaf monkey) group
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| − | ***** Genus ''[[Gray langur|Semnopithecus]]''
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| − | ****** [[Nepal Gray Langur]], ''Semnopithecus schistaceus''
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| − | ****** [[Kashmir Gray Langur]], ''Semnopithecus ajax''
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| − | ****** [[Tarai Gray Langur]], ''Semnopithecus hector''
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| − | ****** [[Northern Plains Gray Langur]], ''Semnopithecus entellus''
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| − | ****** [[Black-footed Gray Langur]], ''Semnopithecus hypoleucos''
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| − | ****** [[Southern Plains Gray Langur]], ''Semnopithecus dussumieri''
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| − | ****** [[Tufted Gray Langur]], ''Semnopithecus priam''
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| − | ***** Genus ''[[Trachypithecus]]''
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| − | ****** ''T. vetulus'' group
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| − | ******* [[Purple-faced Langur]], ''Trachypithecus vetulus''
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| − | ******* [[Nilgiri Langur]], ''Trachypithecus johnii''
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| − | ****** ''T. cristatus'' group
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| − | ******* [[Javan Lutung]], ''Trachypithecus auratus''
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| − | ******* [[Silvery Lutung]] or Silvered Leaf Monkey, ''Trachypithecus cristatus''
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| − | ******* [[Indochinese Lutung]], ''Trachypithecus germaini''
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| − | ******* [[Tenasserim Lutung]], ''Trachypithecus barbei''
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| − | ****** ''T. obscurus'' group
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| − | ******* [[Dusky Leaf Monkey]] or Spectacled Leaf Monkey, ''Trachypithecus obscurus''
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| − | ******* [[Phayre's Leaf Monkey]], ''Trachypithecus phayrei''
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| − | ****** ''T. pileatus'' group
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| − | ******* [[Capped Langur]], ''Trachypithecus pileatus''
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| − | ******* [[Shortridge's Langur]], ''Trachypithecus shortridgei''
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| − | ******* [[Gee's Golden Langur]], ''Trachypithecus geei''
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| − | ****** ''T. francoisi'' group
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| − | ******* [[Francois' Langur]], ''Trachypithecus francoisi''
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| − | ******* [[Hatinh Langur]], ''Trachypithecus hatinhensis''
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| − | ******* [[White-headed Langur]], ''Trachypithecus poliocephalus''
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| − | ******* [[Laotian Langur]], ''Trachypithecus laotum''
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| − | ******* [[Delacour's Langur]], ''Trachypithecus delacouri''
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| − | ******* [[Indochinese Black Langur]], ''Trachypithecus ebenus''
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| − | ***** Genus ''[[Presbytis]]''
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| − | ****** [[Sumatran Surili]], ''Presbytis melalophos''
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| − | ****** [[Banded Surili]], ''Presbytis femoralis''
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| − | ****** [[Sarawak Surili]], ''Presbytis chrysomelas''
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| − | ****** [[White-thighed Surili]], ''Presbytis siamensis''
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| − | ****** [[White-fronted Surili]], ''Presbytis frontata''
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| − | ****** [[Javan Surili]], ''Presbytis comata''
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| − | ****** [[Thomas's Langur]], ''Presbytis thomasi''
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| − | ****** [[Hose's Langur]], ''Presbytis hosei''
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| − | ****** [[Maroon Leaf Monkey]], ''Presbytis rubicunda''
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| − | ****** [[Mentawai Langur]] or Joja, ''Presbytis potenziani''
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| − | ****** [[Natuna Island Surili]], ''Presbytis natunae''
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| − | **** Odd-Nosed group
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| − | ***** Genus ''[[Pygathrix]]''
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| − | ****** [[Red-shanked Douc]], ''Pygathrix nemaeus''
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| − | ****** [[Black-shanked Douc]], ''Pygathrix nigripes''
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| − | ****** [[Gray-shanked Douc]], ''Pygathrix cinerea''
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| − | ***** Genus ''[[Rhinopithecus]]''
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| − | ****** [[Golden Snub-nosed Monkey]], ''Rhinopithecus roxellana''
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| − | ****** [[Black Snub-nosed Monkey]], ''Rhinopithecus bieti''
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| − | ****** [[Gray Snub-nosed Monkey]], ''Rhinopithecus brelichi''
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| − | ****** [[Tonkin Snub-nosed Langur]], ''Rhinopithecus avunculus''
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| − | ***** Genus ''[[Proboscis Monkey|Nasalis]]''
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| − | ****** [[Proboscis Monkey]], ''Nasalis larvatus''
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| − | ***** Genus ''[[Pig-tailed Langur|Simias]]''
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| − | ****** [[Pig-tailed Langur]], ''Simias concolor''
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| − |
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| − | ==Notes==
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| − | <references/>
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| − | ==References==
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| − | * Brandon-Jones, D., and T. Rowell. Guenons, macaques, and baboons; Colobus and leaf monkeys. in D. W. Macdonald, ed., ''The Encyclopedia of Mammals.'' New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0871968711, 370-405.
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| − | * Carroll, S. B. 2006. ''The Making of the Fittest.'' New York: W.W. Norton and Company. ISBN 9780393061635.
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| − | * Groves, C. "Order Primates," "Order Monotremata," (and select other orders).) 152-178 in D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds., ''Mammal Species of the World,'' 3rd edition, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. ISBN 0801882214
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| − | * Jacobs, G. H., M. Neitz, J. F. Deegan, and J. Neitz. 1996. [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v382/n6587/abs/382156a0.html;jsessionid=F0C148128D366FCA33865E9A6872998E Trichromatic colour vision in New World monkeys]. ''Nature'' 382: 156–158.
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| − | {{Primates}}
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| − | {{C.Cercopithecinae nav}}
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| − | {{C.Colobinae nav}}
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| − | [[Category:Life sciences]]
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| − | [[Category:Animals]]
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| − | [[Category:Mammals]]
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| − | [[Category:Primates]]
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| − | {{credit|Old_World_monkey|216911547}}
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