Difference between revisions of "Mayotte" - New World Encyclopedia

Revision as of 00:52, 24 August 2007

{{Infobox Country |native_name = Collectivité départementale de Mayotte |common_name = Mayotte |image_flag = Flag_of_Mayotte (local).svg |flag_caption = Flag of Mayotte |image_map = LocationMayotte.png

Demographics

At the 2002 census there were 160,301 people living in Mayotte. 64.7% of these were born in Mayotte, 3.9% were born in the rest of the French Republic (either metropolitan France or overseas France except Mayotte), 28.1% were immigrants from the Comoros, 2.8% were immigrants from Madagascar, and the remaining 0.5% came from other countries.

Languages

The native languages of Mayotte are:

Shimaore, a dialect of the Comorian language (a close relative of Swahili)
Kibushi, a western dialect of the Malagasy language (the language of Madagascar) heavily influenced by Shimaore and Arabic
Kiantalaotsi, another western dialect of the Malagasy language also heavily influenced by Shimaore and Arabic
Arabic, essentially learnt in the Koranic schools

Kibushi is spoken in the south and north-west of Mayotte, while Shimaore is spoken elsewhere.

Other non-native languages are also present in Mayotte:

French, the language imported by the French colonizers
various dialects of the Comorian language essentially imported by immigrants who have arrived in Mayotte since 1974: Shindzwani (the dialect of Anjouan), Shingazidza (the dialect of Grande Comore), and Shimwali (the dialect of Mohéli).

Shingazidza and Shimwali on the one hand and Shimaore on the other hand are hardly mutually intelligible. Shindzwani and Shimaore are perfectly mutually intelligible.

A survey was conducted by the French Ministry of National Education in 2006 among pupils registered in CM2 (equivalent to fifth grade in the US and Year 6 in England and Wales). Questions were asked regarding the languages spoken by the pupils as well as the languages spoken by their parents. According to the survey, the ranking of mother tongues is the following (ranked by number of first language speakers in the total population; note that percentages add up to more than 100% because some people are natively bilingual):^[1]

Shimaore: 55.1%
Shindzwani: 22.3%
Kibushi: 13.6%
Shingazidza: 7.9%
French: 1.4%
Shimwali: 0.8%
Arabic: 0.4%
Kiantalaotsi: 0.2%
Other: 0.4%

However, when also counting second language speakers (e.g. someone whose mother tongue is Shimaore but who also speaks French as a second language) then the ranking becomes:

Shimaore: 88.3%
French: 56.9%
Shindzwani: 35.2%
Kibushi: 28.8%
Shingazidza: 13.9%
Arabic: 10.8%
Shimwali: 2.6%
Kiantalaotsi: 0.9%
Other: 1.2%

French is the only official language of Mayotte. It is the language used by the administrations and the school system. It is the language most used by televisions and radios as well as in commercial announcements and billboards. In spite of this, Mayotte is one of the French overseas territories where the knowledge of French is the least developed, as showed by the figures above. At the 2002 census, only 55% of people older than 15 y/o declared they could read and write French, although this figure is higher than those who can read and write Shimaore (41%) or Arabic (33%).

With the mandatory schooling of children and the economic development both implemented by the French central state, the French language has progressed significantly on Mayotte in recent years. The survey conducted by the Ministry of National Education showed that while first and second language speakers of French represented 56.9% of the population in general, this figure was only 37.7% for the parents of CM2 pupils, but reached 97.0% for the CM2 pupils themselves (whose age is between 10 and 14 in general).

Already there are instances of families speaking only French to their children in the hope of helping their social advancement. With French schooling and French language television, many young people turn to French or use many French words when speaking Shimaore and Kibushi, leading some to fear that these native languages of Mayotte could either disappear or become some sort of French-based creole.^[2]

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to::

Mayotte

CIA World Factbook - Mayotte
{{{2}}} at the Open Directory Project
WorldStatesmen- Mayotte
Travel guide to Mayotte from Wikitravel
(French) Analysis of the linguistic situation on Mayotte
"Voyages...Visages" - Another way of travelling and seeing
Comité du tourisme de Mayotte Official tourism website (French)

Credits

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Mayotte ^history

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

History of "Mayotte"

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↑ (French) Daniel Barreteau. Premiers résultats d'une enquête sociolinguistique auprès des élèves de CM2 de Mayotte (PDF). Retrieved 2007-05-17.
↑ (French) Mayotte Hebdo (June 18, 2004). Le shimaoré fout le camp!. Retrieved 2007-05-17.

[1] (French) Daniel Barreteau. Premiers résultats d'une enquête sociolinguistique auprès des élèves de CM2 de Mayotte (PDF). Retrieved 2007-05-17.

[2] (French) Mayotte Hebdo (June 18, 2004). Le shimaoré fout le camp!. Retrieved 2007-05-17.

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 |flag_caption            = Flag of Mayotte
 |image_map                = LocationMayotte.png
-|national_motto          =
-|national_anthem          = ''[[La Marseillaise]]''
-|official_languages      = [[French language|French]]
-|capital                  = [[Mamoudzou]]
-|latd= |latm= |latNS= |longd= |longm= |longEW=
-|largest_city            = Mamoudzou
-|government_type          = <small>overseas collectivity of France</small>
-|leader_title1            = [[President of France]]
-|leader_name1            = [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]
-|leader_title2            = [[Politics of Mayotte|President of the General Council]]
-|leader_name2            = [[Saïd Omar Oili]]
-|area_rank                = ~185th
-|area_magnitude          = 1 E7
-|area                    = 374
-|areami²                  = 144 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]—>
-|percent_water            = 0.4
-|population_estimate_year = July 2006
-|population_estimate      = 201,234
-|population_estimate_rank = 187th
-|population_census        = 160,265
-|population_census_year  = July 2002
-|population_density      = 429
-|population_densitymi²    = 1,110 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]—>
-|population_density_rank  = ~11th
-|GDP_PPP                  = $466.8 million <!--cia.gov —>
-|GDP_PPP_rank            = 208th
-|GDP_PPP_year            = 2003
-|GDP_PPP_per_capita      = $2,600 <small>(2003 est.)</small>
-|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank  = 129th
-|sovereignty_type        = Independence
-|sovereignty_note        = <small>overseas collectivity of France</small>
-|established_event1      = <small>Voted to remain a territory of France</small>
-|established_date1        = [[1974]]
-|HDI                      = n/a
-|HDI_rank                = <small>unranked</small>
-|HDI_year                = 2003
-|HDI_category            = <small>unranked</small>
-|currency                = Euro
-|currency_code            = EUR
-|country_code            =
-|time_zone                =
-|utc_offset              = +3
-|time_zone_DST            =
-|utc_offset_DST          =
-|cctld                    = [[.yt]]
-|calling_code            = 262
-}}
-'''Mayotte''' ([[IPA|pronounced]] {{IPA|/majɔt/}} in [[French language|French]]), officially the '''Departmental Collectivity of Mayotte''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Collectivité départementale de Mayotte''), is an [[overseas collectivity]] of [[France]] consisting of a main island, Grande-Terre (or Mahoré), a smaller island, Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), and several [[islet]]s around these two.
-Mayotte is located at the northern end of the [[Mozambique Channel]] in the [[Indian Ocean]], between northern [[Madagascar]] and northern [[Mozambique]]. The territory is [[physical geography|geographically]] part of the [[Comoros archipelago|Comoro islands]], but has been [[political geography|politically]] separate since the [[1970s]]. The territory is also known as Mahoré, the native name of its main island, especially by advocates of its inclusion in the [[Comoros|Union of Comoros]].
-{{wikiatlas|Mayotte}}
-== Geography ==
-{{see also|Islands of Mayotte}}
-[[Image:Cn-map.png|left|thumb|Map of the Comoros with Mayotte]]
-The main island, Grande-Terre (or Mahoré), geologically the oldest of the Comoros, is 39 kilometres (24&nbsp;mi) long and 22 kilometres (13½&nbsp;mi) wide, and its highest point is Mount Benara ([[French language|French]]: ''Mont Bénara''; [[Shimaore language|Shimaore]]: ''Mlima Bénara'') at 660 meters (2,165 [[foot (unit of length)|ft]]) above sea level. Because of the volcanic rock, the soil is relatively rich in some areas. A coral reef encircling much of the island ensures protection for ships and a habitat for fish.
-[[Dzaoudzi]] was the capital of Comoros until 1977. It is situated on Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), which at 10 [[square kilometer]]s (3.9&nbsp;[[square mile|sq&nbsp;mi]]) is the largest of several islets adjacent to Mahoré. Mayotte is a member of the [[Indian Ocean Commission]], with a separate membership rather than as part of the Comoros.
-<div style="clear: left;">[[Image:Mayotte-CIA WFB Map.png|left|thumb|]]</div>
-== History ==
-:''For the history of Mayotte before 1974 see also [[History of Comoros|History of the Comoros]].''
-In [[1500]] the [[Maore]] or [[Mawuti]] (contraction of the Arabic جزيرة الموت and corrupted to Mayotte in French) sultanate was established on the island.
-In [[1503]], Mayotte was observed by Portuguese explorers, but not colonized.
-In [[1832]], it was conquered by Andriantsoly, former king of [[Iboina]] on Madagascar; in 1833 conquered by the neighbouring sultanate of [[Mwali]] (Mohéli island in French); on 19 November 1835 again conquered by Ndzuwani sultanate (Anjouan sultanate in French; a governor was installed with the unusual islamic style of [[Qadi]] (from the Arabic قاض which means judge), sort of a 'Resident Magistrate' in British terms), but in 1836 regained its independence under a last local Sultan.
-Mayotte was ceded to France along with the other [[Comoros]] in [[1843]]. It was the only [[island]] in the archipelago that voted in referendums in [[1974]] and [[1976]] to retain its link with France and forgo independence (with 63.8% and 99.4% of votes respectively). The Comoros continue to claim the island, and a draft 1976 [[United Nations Security Council]] resolution supported by 11 of the 15 members of the Council would have recognized Comoros sovereignty over Mayotte, but France vetoed the resolution (the last time, as of [[2004]], France cast a lone veto in the Council). The [[United Nations General Assembly]] has adopted a series of resolutions on the issues, whose tenor can be gauged from their title: "Question of the Comorian Island of Mayotte" up to 1995. Since [[1995]], the subject of Mayotte has no more been evocated by the General Assembly.
-<div style="clear:left;">[[Image:2004 12 12 18-24-04 rose sea in mamoudzou mayotte island.jpg|left|thumb|Sea  near [[Mamoudzou]]]]</div>
-The situation of Mayotte proved to be unwieldy for France: while the local population very largely did not want to be independent from France and join the Comoros, some international criticism from post-colonial leftist regimes was heard about Mayotte's ongoing ties to France. Furthermore, the peculiar local administration of Mayotte, largely ruled by customary Muslim law, would be difficult to integrate into the legal structures of France, not to mention the costs of bringing the standards of living to levels close to those of metropolitan France. For these reasons, the laws passed by the national parliament must state specifically that they apply to Mayotte for them to be applicable on Mayotte.
-The status of Mayotte was changed in [[2001]] towards one very close to the status of the [[Departments of France|departments]] of mainland France, with the particular designation of [[departmental community]], although the island is still claimed by the [[Comoros]]. This change was approved by 73% at a referendum on Mayotte. After the constitutional reform of 2003 it became an [[Departmental collectivity|overseas community]] while retaining the title departmental community of Mayotte.
-== Politics ==
-{{Politics of Mayotte}}
-{{main|Politics of Mayotte}}
-Politics of Mayotte takes place in a framework of a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy|representative democratic]] French overseas community, whereby the President of the General Council is the [[head of government]], and of a pluriform multi-party system. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government.
-Mayotte also sends one [[Member of Parliament|deputy]] to the [[National Assembly of France|French National Assembly]] and two senators to the [[Senate of France|French Senate]].
-==Administrative divisions==
-Mayotte is divided into 17 [[communes of France|communes]]. There also exist 19 [[cantons of France|cantons]] (not shown here) which match exactly the communes except in the case of the commune of [[Mamoudzou]] which is divided into three cantons. There are no [[Arrondissements of France|arrondissements]].
-[[Image:Mayotte administrative1.PNG|320px|left]]
-<table>
-<td valign="top">
-#[[Dzaoudzi]]
-#[[Pamandzi]]
-#[[Mamoudzou]]
-#[[Dembeni]]
-#[[Bandrélé]]
-#[[Kani-Kéli]]
-#[[Bouéni]]
-#[[Chirongui]]
-#[[Sada, Mayotte|Sada]]
-#[[Ouangani]]
-#[[Chiconi]]
-#[[Tsingoni]]
-#[[M'Tsangamouji]]
-#[[Acoua]]
-#[[Mtsamboro]]
-#[[Bandraboua]]
-#[[Koungou]]
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-== Transport ==
-* No [[railway]]s or [[waterway]]s.
-* [[Highway]]s:
-**  total: 93 kilometres (58&nbsp;[[mile|mi]])
-*** ''paved''&nbsp;: 72 kilometres (45&nbsp;mi)
-*** ''unpaved''&nbsp;: 21 kilometres (13&nbsp;mi)
-* [[Port]]s and [[harbour]]s:
-** [[Dzaoudzi]]
-** "Longoni" (Koungou)
-* [[Airport]]s:
-** with paved runways: 1 ([[2002]])
 ==Demographics==
-At the 2002 census there were 160,301 people living in Mayotte. 64.7% of these were born in Mayotte, 3.9% were born in the rest of the French Republic (either [[metropolitan France]] or [[overseas France]] except Mayotte), 28.1% were immigrants from the [[Comoros]], 2.8% were immigrants from [[Madagascar]], and the remaining 0.5% came from other countries.<ref>{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/reunion/zoom/mayotte/recensements/Tableau02/mig1det.xls| title=MIG 1 DET - POPULATION SELON LE LIEU DE NAISSANCE| first=[[Government of France]]| last=[[INSEE]]| format=XLS|accessdate=2007-05-17}}</ref>
+At the 2002 census there were 160,301 people living in Mayotte. 64.7% of these were born in Mayotte, 3.9% were born in the rest of the French Republic (either metropolitan France or overseas France except Mayotte), 28.1% were immigrants from the [[Comoros]], 2.8% were immigrants from [[Madagascar]], and the remaining 0.5% came from other countries.
-===Historical population===
-{| align="center" rules="all" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="border: 1px solid #999; border-right: 2px solid #999; border-bottom:2px solid #999; background: #f3fff3"
-! [[1958]] !! [[1966]] !! [[1978]] !! [[1985]] !! [[1991]] !! [[1997]] !! [[2002]]
-|-
-| align=center| 23,364 || align=center| 32,607 || align=center| 47,246 || align=center| 67,205 || align=center| 94,410 || align=center| 131,320 || align=center| 160,265
-|-
-| colspan=13 align=center| <small>Official figures from past censuses.
-|}
 ==Languages==
 The native languages of Mayotte are:
-*[[Shimaore language|Shimaore]], a dialect of the [[Comorian language]] (a close relative of [[Swahili language|Swahili]])
+*Shimaore, a dialect of the Comorian language (a close relative of Swahili)
-*Kibushi, a western dialect of the [[Malagasy language]] (the language of [[Madagascar]]) heavily influenced by Shimaore and [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
+*Kibushi, a western dialect of the Malagasy language (the language of Madagascar) heavily influenced by Shimaore and Arabic
 *Kiantalaotsi, another western dialect of the Malagasy language also heavily influenced by Shimaore and Arabic
-*Arabic, essentially learnt in the [[Madrasah|Koranic schools]]
+*Arabic, essentially learnt in the Koranic schools
 Kibushi is spoken in the south and north-west of Mayotte, while Shimaore is spoken elsewhere.
 Other non-native languages are also present in Mayotte:
-*[[French language|French]], the language imported by the French colonizers
+*French, the language imported by the French colonizers
-*various dialects of the Comorian language essentially imported by immigrants who have arrived in Mayotte since 1974: Shindzwani (the dialect of [[Anjouan]]), Shingazidza (the dialect of [[Grande Comore]]), and Shimwali (the dialect of [[Mohéli]]).
+*various dialects of the Comorian language essentially imported by immigrants who have arrived in Mayotte since 1974: Shindzwani (the dialect of Anjouan), Shingazidza (the dialect of Grande Comore), and Shimwali (the dialect of Mohéli).
-Shingazidza and Shimwali on the one hand and Shimaore on the other hand are hardly [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]]. Shindzwani and Shimaore are perfectly mutually intelligible.
+Shingazidza and Shimwali on the one hand and Shimaore on the other hand are hardly mutually intelligible. Shindzwani and Shimaore are perfectly mutually intelligible.
-A survey was conducted by the French [[Minister of National Education (France)|Ministry of National Education]] in 2006 among pupils registered in [[Education in France#Primary education|CM2]] (equivalent to [[fifth grade]] in the US and [[Education in England#Primary education|Year 6]] in England and Wales). Questions were asked regarding the languages spoken by the pupils as well as the languages spoken by their parents. According to the survey, the ranking of mother tongues is the following (ranked by number of [[first language]] speakers in the total population; note that percentages add up to more than 100% because some people are natively bilingual):<ref>{{fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.ac-mayotte.fr/IMG/pdf/Interv_BARRETEAU_CM2.pdf| title=Premiers résultats d'une enquête sociolinguistique auprès des élèves de CM2 de Mayotte|author=Daniel Barreteau| format=PDF|accessdate=2007-05-17}}</ref>
+A survey was conducted by the French Ministry of National Education in 2006 among pupils registered in CM2 (equivalent to fifth grade in the US and Year 6 in England and Wales). Questions were asked regarding the languages spoken by the pupils as well as the languages spoken by their parents. According to the survey, the ranking of mother tongues is the following (ranked by number of first language speakers in the total population; note that percentages add up to more than 100% because some people are natively bilingual):<ref>{{fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.ac-mayotte.fr/IMG/pdf/Interv_BARRETEAU_CM2.pdf| title=Premiers résultats d'une enquête sociolinguistique auprès des élèves de CM2 de Mayotte|author=Daniel Barreteau| format=PDF|accessdate=2007-05-17}}</ref>
 *Shimaore: 55.1%
 *Shindzwani: 22.3%
@@ Line 166: / Line 36: @@
 *Other: 0.4%
-However, when also counting [[second language]] speakers (e.g. someone whose mother tongue is Shimaore but who also speaks French as a second language) then the ranking becomes:
+However, when also counting second language speakers (e.g. someone whose mother tongue is Shimaore but who also speaks French as a second language) then the ranking becomes:
 *Shimaore: 88.3%
 *French: 56.9%
@@ Line 181: / Line 51: @@
 With the mandatory schooling of children and the economic development both implemented by the French central state, the French language has progressed significantly on Mayotte in recent years. The survey conducted by the Ministry of National Education showed that while first and second language speakers of French represented 56.9% of the population in general, this figure was only 37.7% for the parents of CM2 pupils, but reached 97.0% for the CM2 pupils themselves (whose age is between 10 and 14 in general).
-Already there are instances of families speaking only French to their children in the hope of helping their social advancement. With French schooling and French language television, many young people turn to French or use many French words when speaking Shimaore and Kibushi, leading some to fear that these native languages of Mayotte could either disappear or become some sort of [[French-based creole languages|French-based creole]].<ref>{{fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.malango-mayotte.com/traditions-le_shimaore_fout_le_camp.htm| title=Le shimaoré fout le camp!|author=''Mayotte Hebdo''| date=[[June 18]], [[2004]]|accessdate=2007-05-17}}</ref>
+Already there are instances of families speaking only French to their children in the hope of helping their social advancement. With French schooling and French language television, many young people turn to French or use many French words when speaking Shimaore and Kibushi, leading some to fear that these native languages of Mayotte could either disappear or become some sort of French-based creole.<ref>{{fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.malango-mayotte.com/traditions-le_shimaore_fout_le_camp.htm| title=Le shimaoré fout le camp!|author=''Mayotte Hebdo''| date=June 18, 2004|accessdate=2007-05-17}}</ref>
 == See also ==
@@ Line 192: / Line 62: @@
 * [[Administrative divisions of France]]
 * [[Islands controlled by France in the Indian and Pacific oceans]]
-== References ==
-{{clear}}
-{{reflist|2}}
 == External links ==
@@ Line 206: / Line 72: @@
 *[http://www.patricia-cardet.net/pages_techniques/intro_mayotte_e.php "Voyages...Visages" - Another way of travelling and seeing]
 *[http://www.mayotte-tourisme.com/ Comité du tourisme de Mayotte] Official tourism website {{fr}}
-{{French overseas departments and territories}}
-{{Africa}}
-{{Outlying territories of European countries}}
-{{Indian Ocean}}
-{{coor title dms|12|50|35|S|45|08|18|E|region:TF_type:isle}}
-[[Category:Mayotte| ]]
-[[Category:Special territories of the European Union]]
-[[Category:Comoros archipelago]]
-[[Category:Disputed islands]]
-[[Category:Volcanoes of France]]
 {{credit|152084674}}