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| − | {{Infobox_Municipality_pt|
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| − | |official_name = Lisbon
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| − | |image_flag = Pt-lsb1.png
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| − | |image_coat_of_arms = LSB.png
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| − | |image_map = LocalLisboa.svg
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| − | |Region = [[Lisboa, Region|Lisboa]]
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| − | |Subregion = [[Grande Lisboa]]
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| − | |District = [[Lisbon (district)|Lisbon]]
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| − | |Mayor_name = [[António Costa]] (elected)
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| − | |Mayor_party = [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|PS]]
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| − | |Mayor_list_of = List of mayors of Lisbon
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| − | |area_total = 84.8
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| − | |population_total = 564,477<br/>(2 million –<br/>contiguous urban area)
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| − | |population_density = 6,368
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| − | |Parishes = [[Lisboa#Parishes|53]]
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| − | |coor = 38°42'N 9°11'W
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| − | |params = 38_42_N_9_11_W
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| − | |occasion = [[Anthony of Padua|Saint Anthony]]
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| − | |day = June 13
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| − | |website = http://www.cm-lisboa.pt
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| − | }}
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| − | '''Lisbon''' ({{lang-pt|Lisboa}}, {{IPA2|liʒ'boɐ}}) is the [[capital]] and largest city of [[Portugal]]. It is also the seat of the [[Lisbon (district)|district of Lisbon]] and capital of the [[Lisbon region]]. Its [[municipalities of Portugal|municipality]], which matches the city proper excluding the larger continuous conurbation, has a municipal population of 564,477 in {{convert|84.8|sqkm|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, while the [[Lisbon Metropolitan Area]] in total has around 2.8 million inhabitants, and 3.34 million people live in the broader agglomeration of Lisbon Metropolitan Region (includes cities ranging from [[Leiria]] to [[Setúbal]]).<ref name="tgv">Fernando Nunes da Silva, [http://www.rave.pt/pdf/Mobilidade%20e%20Desenvolvimento%20Regional.pdf Alta Velocidade em Portugal, Desenvolvimento Regional], CENSUR, IST, 2005. Retrieved December 19, 2007.</ref> Due to its [[economic output]], [[standard of living]], and [[market (economics)|market]] size, the [[Grande Lisboa]] (Greater Lisbon) subregion is considered the second most important [[finance|financial]] and [[economy|economic]] center of the [[Iberian Peninsula]].The Lisbon region is the wealthiest region in Portugal and it is well above the [[European Union]]'s [[GDP per capita]] average - it produces 45% of the Portuguese [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]. It is also the political center of the country, as seat of [[Government of Portugal|government]] and residence of the [[President of Portugal|Head of State]].
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| − | Lisbon was under [[Roman Republic|Roman]] rule from 205 B.C.E.; [[Julius Caesar]] made it a municipium called ''Felicitas Julia''. Ruled by a series of [[Germanic]] tribes from the 5th century, it was captured by [[Moors]] in the 8th century. In 1147, the [[Crusaders]] under [[Afonso Henriques]] [[Siege of Lisbon|reconquered the city]] for the [[Christians]] and since then it has been a major political, economic and cultural center of Portugal. Unlike most capital cities, Lisbon's status as the capital of Portugal has never been granted or confirmed officially—by [[statute]] or in written form. Its position as the capital has formed through [[constitutional convention (political custom)|constitutional convention]], making its position as ''[[de facto]]'' capital a part of the [[Constitution of Portugal]].
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| − | Lisbon hosts two [[agencies of the European Union]], namely, the [[European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA) and the [[European Maritime Safety Agency]] (EMSA). The [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] (CPLP), is also headquartered in Lisbon.
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| − | The present [[List of mayors of Lisbon|mayor of Lisbon]] is [[António Luís dos Santos da Costa|António Costa]], elected by the [[Partido Socialista|Socialist Party]].
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| − | The municipal holiday is June 13, [[Anthony of Padua|St. Anthony]]'s Day.
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| − | ==Geography and location==
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| − | [[Image:Plan von Lissabon.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Historical map of Lisbon]]
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| − | ===Location===
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| − | Lisbon is situated at 38°42' north, 9°5' west, making it the westernmost capital in mainland Europe. It is located in the west of the country, on the [[Atlantic Ocean]] coast at the point where the river [[Tagus River|Tagus]] flows into the Atlantic Ocean.
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| − | The city occupies an area of {{convert|84.8|sqkm|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}. The city boundaries, unlike those of most major cities, are narrowly defined around the historical city perimeter. This gave rise to the existence of several administratively defined cities around Lisbon, such as [[Amadora]], [[Queluz]], [[Cacém]], [[Odivelas]], [[Loures]], [[Sacavém]], [[Almada]], [[Barreiro]], [[Seixal]] and [[Oeiras]], which are in fact part of the metropolitan perimeter of Lisbon.
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| − | The western side of the city is mainly occupied by the Monsanto Forest Park, one of the largest urban parks in Europe with an area close to 10 square [[kilometers]] (almost 4 sq mi).
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| − | ==History==
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| − | {{main|History of Lisbon}}
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| − | ===Neolithic era to the Roman Empire===
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| − | [[Image:Castelo Sao Jorge Lisboa 2.JPG|right|thumb|200px|[[Castle of São Jorge|Castle of Saint George]]]]
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| − | During the [[Neolithic]] the region was inhabited by [[Iberians|Iberian]] related peoples, who also lived in other regions of [[Atlantic Europe]] at the time. They built religious monuments called [[megalith]]s. [[Dolmen]]s and [[Menhir]]s still survive in the countryside around the city.
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| − | The [[Indo-European people|Indo-European]] [[Celt]]s invaded after the [[first millennium B.C.E.]] and intermarried with the [[Pre-Indo-European]] population, giving a rise to Celtic-speaking local tribes such as the [[Cempsi]].
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| − | [[archeology|Archeological]] findings show that a [[Phoenicia]]n influence existed in the place that, since 1200 B.C.E., leading some historians to the theory that a Phoenician trading post occupied the site of the centre of the present city, in the southern slope of the Castle hill. The magnificent harbor provided by the [[estuary]] of the river [[Tagus]] made it the ideal spot for a settlement to provide foodstuffs to Phoenician ships traveling to the [[tin]] islands (modern [[Isles of Scilly]]) and [[Cornwall]].
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| − | The new city might have been named '''Allis Ubbo''' or "safe harbor" in Phoenician, according to one of several theories for the origin of its name{{Fact|date=April 2007}}. Another theory is that it took its name from the pre-Roman name of the River Tagus, ''Lisso'' or ''Lucio''.
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| − | Besides sailing to the North, the Phoenicians might also have probably taken advantage of the situation of the settlement at the mouth of Iberia's largest river to trade with the inland tribes for valuable metals. Other important local products were [[salt]], salted fish and the then widely famous [[Lusitano|Lusitanian horses]].
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| − | Recently, Phoenician remains from the eighth century B.C.E. were found beneath the [[Middle Age]] [[Sé de Lisboa]] (Lisbon See) or main [[Cathedral]] of the modern city. Most modern historians<ref>José Mattoso, ''História de Portugal. Primeiro Volume: Antes de Portugal'', Lisboa, Círculo de Leitores, 1992. ISBN 9723309246. In [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].</ref>, however, consider the idea of a Phoenician foundation of the city of Lisbon, as unreal. At best Lisbon was an ancient autochthonous settlement (what the Romans called an [[Oppidum]]) that maintained commercial relations with the Phoenicians, which accounts for the presence of Phoenician pottery and other material objects.
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| − | [[Image:Statue King Afonso Henriques Portugal.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Statue of [[Afonso Henriques|King Afonso Henriques]], conqueror of the city in 1147.]]
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| − | The Greeks knew Lisbon as "Olissipo" and "Olissipona," a name they thought was derived from [[Odysseus|Ulysses]], though this was a [[folk etymology]]. According to an [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] myth, the hero founded the city after he left [[Troy]] and departed to the Atlantic to escape the Greek coalition.
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| − | If all of Odysseus's travels were in the Atlantic as [[Th. Cailleux|Cailleux]]<ref>Th. Cailleux, ''Pays Atlantiques décrits par Homère'', Paris, 1879 OCLC 66151806.</ref> argued, then this could mean that Odysseus founded the city coming from the north, before trying to round Cape Malea, which Cailleux located at [[Cabo de São Vicente]] (Cape of St. Vincent), in a south-east direction, to reach his home land [[Homer's Ithaca|Ithaca]], supposedly present [[Cadiz]]. However, the presence of Phoenicians (even if occasional) is thought to predate any Greek presence in the area.
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| − | Later on the Greek name was corrupted in [[vulgar Latin]] to '''Olissipona'''. Some of the [[Lusitanian mythology|native Gods]] worshiped in Lisbon were Aracus, Carneus, Bandiarbariaicus and Coniumbricenses.
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| − | ===Roman Empire to the Moorish conquest===
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| − | During the [[Punic wars]], after the defeat of [[Hannibal Barca|Hannibal]] (whose troops included members of the [[Conii]]{{Fact|date=April 2007}}) the Romans decided to deprive Carthage in its most valuable possession, [[Hispania]] (the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula). After the defeat of the Carthaginians by [[Scipio Africanus]] in Eastern Hispania, the pacification of the West was led by [[Consul]] [[Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus]].
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| − | He obtained the alliance of Olissipo which sent men to fight alongside the Legions against the Celtic tribes of the Northwest. In return, Olissipo was integrated in the Empire under the name of Felicitas Julia, a [[Municipium Cives Romanorum]]. It was granted self-rule over a territory going as far away as 50 kilometers (30 miles), exempted from taxes, and its citizens given the privileges of Roman citizenship.
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| − | It was in the newly created province of [[Lusitania]], whose capital was [[Emerita Augusta]]. The attacks by the [[Lusitanian]]s during the frequent rebellions over the next couple of centuries weakened the city, and a wall was built.
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| − | During the time of [[Augustus]] the Romans built a great [[Theatre]]; the Cassian Baths underneath the current ''Rua da Prata''; Temples to [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]], [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]], [[Cybele]], [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]] and [[Idae Phrygiae]] (an uncommon cult from [[Asia Minor]]), besides temples to the Emperor; a large [[necropolis]] under [[Praça da Figueira]]; a large Forum and other buildings such as [[insula]]e (multi-storied apartment buildings) in the area between the modern Castle hill and Downtown.
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| − | Many of these ruins were first unearthed during the middle Eighteenth century, when the recent discovery of [[Pompeii]] made Roman Archeology fashionable among Europe's upper classes.
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| − | Economically, Olissipo was known for its [[garum]], a sort of fish sauce highly prized by the elites of the Empire and exported in [[Amphora]]e to [[Rome]] and other cities. [[Wine]], [[salt]] and its famously fast [[horse]]s were also exported.
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| − | The city came to be very prosperous through suppression of [[piracy]] and technological advances, which allowed a boom in the trade with the newly Roman Provinces of [[Britannia]] (particularly [[Cornwall]]) and the [[Rhine]], and through the introduction of Roman culture to the tribes living by the river Tagus in the interior of [[Hispania]].
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| − | The city was ruled by an [[Oligarchy|oligarchical]] council dominated by two families, the Julii and the Cassiae. Petitions are recorded addressed to the [[Governor]] of the province in Emerita and to the Emperor [[Tiberius]], such as one requesting help dealing with "sea monsters" allegedly responsible for shipwrecks.
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| − | [[Image:Sé - Cathedral of Lisbon.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Lisbon Cathedral]], built after 1147 over the remnants of the [[mosque]] of the Islamic period.]]
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| − | The Roman [[Sertorius]] led a large rebellion against the Dictator [[Sulla]] early in the Roman Period.
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| − | Among the majority of [[Latin]] speakers lived a large minority of [[Greeks|Greek]] traders and slaves.
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| − | The city was connected by a broad road to Western Hispania's two other large cities, [[Bracara Augusta]] in the province of [[Tarraconensis]] (today's Portuguese [[Braga]]), and [[Emerita Augusta]], the capital of [[Lusitania]] (now [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]] in [[Spain]]).
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| − | Olissipo, like most great cities in the Western Empire, was a centre for the dissemination of [[Christianity]]. Its first attested [[Patriarch of Lisbon|Bishop]] was [[St. Potamius]] (c. 356), and there were several [[martyr]]s killed by the [[Paganism|pagans]] during the great persecutions; [[Maxima of Rome|Maxima]], [[Verissimus]] and [[Julia]] are the most significant names.
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| − | At the end of the Roman domain, Olissipo was one of the first Christian cities. It suffered invasions from the [[Sarmatian]] [[Alans]] and the [[Germanic people|Germanic]] [[Vandals]], who controlled the region from 409 to 429. The Germanic [[Suebi]], who established a kingdom in [[Gallaecia]] (modern [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and northern Portugal), with capital in ''Bracara Augusta'' ([[Braga]]), from 409 to 585, also controlled the region of Lisbon for long periods of time.
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| − | In 585 the Suebi kingdom was included in the Germanic [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] kingdom of Toledo, that comprised all of the Iberian Peninsula. Lisbon was then called ''Ulishbona''.
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| − | ===Moorish rule===
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| − | In approximately 711 Lisbon was taken by the [[Moors]] (it was called '''al-ʾIšbūnah''' in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] '''الأشبونة'''), under whose rule the city flourished{{fact}}. The Moors, who were [[Muslim]]s from North Africa and the Middle East, built many [[mosque]]s and houses as well as a new city wall, currently named the ''Cerca Moura''. The city kept a diverse population including [[Christian]]s, [[Berbers]], [[Arab]]s, [[Jew]]s and [[Saqaliba]]s.
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| − | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] was forced on the Christians as the official language. [[Mozarabic]] was the mother language spoken by the Christian population. [[Islam]] was the official religion practiced by the Arabs and [[Muladi]] ([[muwallad]]), the Christians could keep their religion but under [[Dhimmi]] status and were required to pay the [[jizyah]].
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| − | The Moorish influence is still present in [[Alfama]], the old part of Lisbon that survived the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]]. Many placenames are derived from Arabic; the Alfama, the oldest existing district of Lisbon, for example, is derived from the Arabic "al-hamma."
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| − | [[Image:Torre de Belém1.JPG|left|thumb|220px|[[Belém Tower]], built in the 1510s and a symbol of the [[Age of Discovery]].]]
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| − | For a brief time during the [[Taifa]] period Lisbon was the center town in the Regulo Eslavo of the Taifa of [[Badajoz]] and then as an independent Taifa ruled by Abd al-Aziz ibn Sabur and Abd al-Malik ibn Sabur sons of [[Sabur al-Jatib]](Sabur the Slav), a [[Slav]] that had been at the service of [[al-Hakam II]] before ruling the Taifa of Badajoz.
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| − | In 1147, as part of the [[Reconquista]], knights, led by [[Afonso I of Portugal]], [[Siege of Lisbon|sieged and reconquered Lisbon]]. Lisbon was now back in Christian hands.
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| − | The reconquest of Portugal and re-establishment of Christianity is one of the most significant events in Lisbon's history; although it is known through the chronicle ''Expugnatione Lyxbonensi'', attributed to [[Osburnus]], that there was a bishop in the town that was killed by the [[crusades]] and that the population was praying to the Virgin Mary when afflicted with plague, which indicates that the [[Mozarab]] population followed the [[Mozarabic rite]]. [[Arabic language|Arabic]] lost its place in everyday life. Any remaining [[Muslim]] population were gradually converted to [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]], or expelled, and the [[mosque]]s were turned into [[church]]es. (Though in Portuguese historiography this was often mentioned as "turning the mosques ''back'' into churches," in fact many of the structures concerned were built as mosques to begin with{{fact}}).
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| − | ===From the Middle Ages to the Portuguese Empire===
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| − | It received its first [[Foral]] in 1179, and became the capital city of Portugal in 1255 due to its central location in the new Portuguese territory. The first Portuguese [[university]] was founded in Lisbon in 1290 by [[Dinis I of Portugal]] as ''[[Studium Generale|Estudo Geral]]'' (General Study). The university was transferred several times to [[Coimbra]], where it was installed definitively in the 16th century (today's [[University of Coimbra]]).
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| − | During the last centuries of the Middle Ages, the city expanded substantially and became an important trading post with both northern Europe and Mediterranean cities.
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| − | [[Image:PacoRibeira-18thCentury.jpg|right|thumb|220px|[[Ribeira Palace]] of Lisbon in the 18th century]]
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| − | Most of the Portuguese expeditions of the [[age of discovery]] left from Lisbon during the [[15th century|15th]] to [[17th century|17th centuries]], including [[Vasco da Gama]]'s departure to [[India]] in 1497. The 16th century marks the golden age for Lisbon. The city became the European hub of commerce with Africa, India, the Far East and, later, [[Colonial Brazil|Brazil]], exploring riches like spices, slaves, sugar, textiles and other goods. This was the time of the exuberant [[Manueline]] style, which has left its mark in two 16th century Lisbon monuments, the [[Belém Tower]] and the [[Jerónimos Monastery]], both of which were declared [[World Heritage Sites]] by [[UNESCO]].
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| − | :''See [[Portuguese Empire]]''.
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| − | Portugal lost its independence to Spain in 1580 after a succession crisis, and the [[Portuguese Restoration War|1640 revolt]] that restored the Portuguese independence took place in Lisbon (see [[Philip III of Portugal]]). In the early 18th century, gold from Brazil allowed [[John V of Portugal|King John V]] to sponsor the building of several [[Baroque]] churches and theaters in the town.
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| − | [[Image:1755 Lisbon earthquake.jpg|thumb|250px|This 1755 copper engraving shows the ruins of Lisbon in flames and a [[tsunami]] overwhelming the ships in the harbor.]]
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| − | On 1 November 1755 Lisbon was destroyed by [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|another earthquake]], which killed between 60,000 and 90,000 people and destroyed eighty-five percent of the city <ref>[http://nisee.berkeley.edu/lisbon/index.html Historical Depictions of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake], National Information Service for Earthquake Engineering, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved December 19, 2007.</ref>Among several important structures of the city, the [[Ribeira Palace|Royal Ribeira Palace]] and the [[Hospital Real de Todos os Santos|Royal Hospital of All Saints]] were lost. The event shocked the whole of Europe. [[Voltaire]] wrote a long poem, "Poême sur le désastre de Lisbonne," shortly after the quake, and mentioned it in his 1759 [[novel]] ''[[Candide]]'' (indeed, many argue that this critique of [[optimism]] was inspired by that earthquake). [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.]] also mentions it in his 1857 [[poem]], ''The Deacon's Masterpiece, or The Wonderful One-Hoss Shay.''
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| − | [[Image:TerreiroDoPaco01.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Statue of [[José I of Portugal|King José I]] in the Commerce Square ''([[Praça do Comércio]])'', erected in 1775 as part of the rebuilding of Lisbon after the [[Lisbon earthquake of 1755|earthquake of 1755]].]]
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| − | After the 1755 earthquake, the city was rebuilt largely according to the plans of [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo]], the [[Marquess of Pombal]]; hence the designation of the lower town as ''Baixa Pombalina'' ([[Pombaline Downtown]]). Instead of rebuilding the medieval town, Pombal decided to demolish the remains of the earthquake and rebuild the downtown in accordance with modern urban rules.
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| − | === 19th and 20th centuries ===
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| − | In the first years of the 19th century, Portugal was invaded by the troops of [[Napoléon Bonaparte]] and Queen [[Maria I of Portugal|Maria I]] and Prince-Regent [[John VI of Portugal|João]] (future John VI) temporarily fled to [[Brazil]]. Considerable property was pillaged by the invaders.
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| − | The city felt the full force of the Portuguese liberal upheavals, beginning its tradition of cafés and theaters. In 1879 the ''[[Avenida da Liberdade (Lisbon)|Avenida da Liberdade]]'' was opened, replacing a previous public garden.
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| − | Lisbon was the centre of the republican coup of October 5,1910 which instated the Portuguese Republic. Previously, it was also the stage of the [[regicide]] of [[Carlos I of Portugal]] (1908).
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| − | The city refounded its university in 1911 after centuries of inactivity in Lisbon, incorporating reformed former colleges and other non-university higher education schools of the city (such as the ''Escola Politécnica''). Today there are 3 public universities in the city ([[University of Lisbon]], [[Technical University of Lisbon]] and [[New University of Lisbon]]) and a public university institute ([[ISCTE]]) - see [[list of universities in Portugal]].
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| − | [[Image:Parquenaçoesestatua.JPG|thumb|220px|''[[Parque das Nações]]'' (Nations' Park), where the Expo 98 took place and now a venue for important shows and festivals.]]
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| − | During [[World War II]] Lisbon was one of the very few neutral, open European Atlantic ports, a major gateway for refugees to the U.S. and a spy nest.
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| − | In 1974, Lisbon was the central destination point of the [[Carnation Revolution]] maneuvers, the end of the Portuguese Corporative Regime ([[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]).
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| − | In 1988, a fire near the historical centre of [[Chiado]] greatly disrupted normal life in the area for about 10 years.
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| − | In 1994, Lisbon was the [[European Capital of Culture]].
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| − | [[Expo '98]] was held in Lisbon. The timing was intended to commemorate the 500th anniversary of [[Vasco da Gama]]'s sea voyage to [[India]]. It was considered by the [[Bureau of International Expositions]]{{fact|date=November 2007}} the best world expo ever.
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| − | === Contemporary events ===
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| − | The [[Lisbon Agenda]] was a [[European Union]] agreement on measures to revitalize the EU economy, signed in Lisbon in March 2000.
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| − | Every March the city hosts the world-famous [[Lisbon Half Marathon]], one of the most attended events of its kind in the world. {{Fact|date=November 2007}}
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| − | It regularly hosts countless other international events including various [[NATO]], [[European Union]] and other summits.
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| − | In 2004, Portugal organized the soccer Euro cup, Luz and Alvalade stadiums held some of the games.
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| − | [[Rock in Rio]], known for being the biggest pop-rock festival in the world with an attendance that can reach 100 000 people, was held in Lisbon twice (2004 and 2006) and will continue in the city for some years, hosting concerts of many high profile singers and bands, such as [[Anastacia]], [[Metallica]], [[Shakira]], [[Guns N' Roses]], [[Roger Waters]], [[Britney Spears]], [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] and many more.
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| − | In January 2006 and 2007, Lisbon was the starting city of the [[Paris Dakar Rally|Dakar Rally]].
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| − | On the 7 July 2007, Lisbon held the ceremony of the "New 7 Wonders Of The World" <ref>[http://www.new7wonders.com/index.php?id=315&L=0 New 7 Wonders of the World], home page. Retrieved December 19, 2007.</ref> election, in Luz stadium, with live transmission for millions of people all over the world.
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| − | On the 18 and 19 October 2007 Lisbon held the [[2007 EU Summit]], where agreement was reached regarding the Union governance model. The [[Treaty of Lisbon]] was signed on the 13 December 2007.
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| − | ==Climate==
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| − | {{wide image|Vasco da Gama bridge panorama.jpg|800px|[[Vasco da Gama Bridge]] over the [[Tagus river]].}}
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| − | Lisbon is one of the mildest European capitals.{{citation}} Spring is cool to warm (between 6 °C and 27 °C) with plenty of sunshine and also some showers. Summer months are mostly sunny, dry and hot with temperatures between 16 °C to 38 °C. Autumn is mild and unsettled with temperatures between 8 °C and 23 °C and winters are typically rainy, windy and cool with some sunny days (temperatures between 4 °C and 18 °C), usually staying at an average of 11 °C. Snowfall is a very rare occurrence—Lisbon briefly witnessed snow on January 29, 2006 and January 28 2007 thanks to cold waves from the [[Arctic]] that affected Europe in those days. Before 2006, no snowfall had been registered for over forty years, just some sleety days. On average, there are 3300 sunny hours per year and 100 days with rain per year. Lisbon's climate is strongly influenced by the [[Gulf Stream]].
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| − | ==Demographics==
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| − | The population of the city proper was 564,477 and the metropolitan area ([[Lisbon Metropolitan Area]]) was 2,800,000 according to the Instituto Nacional de Estatística<ref>[http://www.ine.pt/ Instituto Nacional de Estatística], home page. Retrieved December 19, 2007.</ref> (National Institute of Statistics). The Lisbon Metropolitan Area coincides with two [[NUTS II]] units, ''[[Grande Lisboa]]'' (Greater Lisbon), in the northern bank of the [[Tagus]], and ''[[Península de Setúbal]]'' (Setúbal Peninsula), to the south, which are the two subregions of ''[[Região Lisboa]]'' (Lisbon Region). The population density of the city itself is {{PD km2 to sq mi|6658|precision=0}}.
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| − | Like most big cities, Lisbon is surrounded by many [[satellite cities]]. It is estimated that more than one million people enter Lisbon every day from the outskirts. [[Cascais]] and [[Estoril]] are among the most [[interesting]] neighboring towns for night life. Beautiful palaces, landscapes and historical sites can be found in [[Sintra]] and [[Mafra]]. Other major municipalities around Lisbon include [[Amadora]], [[Oeiras]], [[Odivelas]], [[Loures]], [[Vila Franca de Xira]] and, in the south bank of the [[Tagus river]] [[estuary]], [[Almada]], [[Barreiro]] and [[Seixal]].
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| − | Lisbon is ranked number 1 in the Portuguese most livable cities survey of [[standard of living|living conditions]] published yearly by [[Expresso]].<ref>[http://semanal.expresso.clix.pt/imagens/ed1784/fotos/pdfs/IPDF-u0321.pdf ''Classificação Expresso das melhores cidades portuguesas para viver em 2007''], Expresso. Retrieved December 19, 2007.</ref>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | {| {{prettytable1|center}}
| |
| − | ! colspan="9" | Demographic evolution of Lisbon (1801 – 2004)
| |
| − | |- bgcolor="#C0C0C0"
| |
| − | | align="center" | 1801
| |
| − | | align="center" | 1849
| |
| − | | align="center" | 1900
| |
| − | | align="center" | 1930
| |
| − | | align="center" | 1960
| |
| − | | align="center" | 1981
| |
| − | | align="center" | 1991
| |
| − | | align="center" | 2001
| |
| − | | align="center" | 2004
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | align="center" | 203.999
| |
| − | | align="center" | 174.668
| |
| − | | align="center" | 350.919
| |
| − | | align="center" | 591.939
| |
| − | | align="center" | 801.155
| |
| − | | align="center" | 807.937
| |
| − | | align="center" | 663.394
| |
| − | | align="center" | 564.657
| |
| − | | align="center" | 529.485
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Culture and sights==
| |
| − | [[Image:Torre Vasco da Gama 01.JPG|right|180px|thumb|[[Vasco da Gama Tower]], at the ''Parque das Nações'']]
| |
| − | The heart of the city is the ''[[Baixa]]'' (Downtown) or city centre; this area of the city is being considered for [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site status. The ''Baixa'' is organized in a grid system and a network of squares built after the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]], which leveled a great portion of the medieval city. The [[Castle of São Jorge]] and the [[Lisbon Cathedral]] are located on one of the seven hills of Lisbon, to the east of the ''Baixa''. The oldest district of the city is [[Alfama]], close to the Tagus, which has made it relatively unscathed through the various earthquakes.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Other monuments include:
| |
| − | the [[Castle of São Jorge]], atop the tallest hill of the central city, [[Praça do Comércio]] (Commerce Square) with the beautiful façade of the [[Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição Velha]] nearby, [[Rossio|Rossio Square]], [[Restauradores Square]], [[Elevador de Santa Justa]], an [[elevator]] (lift) in [[Gothic revival]] style, built around 1900 to connect the Baixa and Bairro Alto, the richly-decorated [[São Roque Church (Lisbon)|Church of São Roque]], the Baroque and Neoclassical [[Estrela Basilica]], the Manueline [[Jerónimos Monastery, Lisbon|Jerónimos Monastery]], [[Belém Tower]], [[Padrão dos Descobrimentos]] (Monument of the Discoveries) and [[Carmo Convent (Lisbon)|Carmo Convent]].
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The city of Lisbon is rich in architecture; [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]], [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], [[Manueline]], [[Baroque]], [[Traditional Portuguese]], [[Modernism|Modern]] and [[Post-Modern]] constructions can be found all over the city. The city is also crossed by great boulevards and monuments along these main thoroughfares, particularly in the upper districts; notable among these are the [[Avenida da Liberdade]] (Liberty Avenue), Avenida Fontes Pereira de Melo, Avenida Almirante Reis and Avenida da República (Republic Avenue).
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| − | [[Image:Lisbon Amoreiras.jpg|left|180px|thumb|A view of Amoreiras, the top of one of the hills in Lisbon]]
| |
| − | The most famous museums in Lisbon are the [[Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga]] (National Museum of Ancient Art), the [[Museu do Azulejo]] (Museum of Portuguese-style [[Tile]] Mosaics), the [[Museu Calouste Gulbenkian]] (Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, containing varied collections of ancient and modern art), the [[Lisbon Oceanarium]] (''Oceanário de Lisboa'', the largest in Europe), the [[Museu Nacional do Traje e da Moda]] (National Museum of Costume and Fashion), the [[Berardo Collection Museum]] (Modern Art) at the [[Belém Cultural Center]], the [[Museu Nacional dos Coches]] (National Coach Museum, containing the largest collection of royal coaches in the world) and the [[Museu da Farmácia]] (Pharmacy Museum).
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| − |
| |
| − | Lisbon's opera house, the [[Teatro Nacional de São Carlos]], hosts a relatively active cultural agenda, mainly in autumn and winter. Other important theaters and musical houses are the [[Centro Cultural de Belém]], the [[Teatro Nacional D. Maria II]] and the [[Gulbenkian Foundation]].
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| − | [[Image:Lisbon 3 of 3.jpg|thumb|800px|left|Partial view of Lisbon, viewed from Cacilhas.]]
| |
| − | The monument to Christ the King stands on the left side of the river, in [[Almada]]. With open arms, overlooking the whole city, it resembles the Corcovado monument in [[Rio de Janeiro]], and was built after [[World War II]], as thanks for Portugal's being spared the horrors and destruction of the war.
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| − |
| |
| − | Every June there are 5 days of popular street celebrations in memory of a saint born in Lisbon – [[Anthony of Lisbon]] (or Santo António). Saint Anthony, also known as Saint Anthony of Padua, was a wealthy Portuguese bohemian who was [[Canonization|canonized]] and made [[Doctor of the Church]] after a life preaching to the poor, simpler people. Although Lisbon’s patron saint is [[Vincent of Saragossa|Saint Vincent]], whose remains are in the [[Lisbon Cathedral]], there are no festivities associated with him.
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| − |
| |
| − | [[Parque Eduardo VII]] is the largest park located in the centre of the city, prolonging the main avenue ([[Avenida da Liberdade]]). Named after [[Edward VII of England]] who visited it when it was inaugurated, it includes a large variety of plants in a winter garden (Estufa Fria).
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| − |
| |
| − | Lisbon is home every year to the [[Lisbon Gay & Lesbian Film Festival]].<ref>[http://www.lisbonfilmfest.org/ Lisbonfilmfest. Retrieved December 19, 2007.</ref>
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| − |
| |
| − | ==Economy==
| |
| − | [[Image:800px-Centro_Comercial_Vasco_da_Gama_-_Lisboa_(Portugal).jpg|thumb|right|220px|''Vasco da Gama Shopping Mall'', at the Nations' Park.]]
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| − | The [[Lisbon region]] is the wealthiest region in [[Portugal]] and it is well above the [[European Union]]'s [[GDP per capita]] average - it produces 45% of the Portuguese [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]. Lisbon's economy is based primarily on the [[tertiary sector]]. Most of the headquarters of multinationals operating in Portugal are concentrated in the [[Grande Lisboa]] subregion, specially in the [[Oeiras]] municipality. [[Lisbon Metropolitan Area]] is heavily industrialized, especially the south bank of the Tagus river (Rio Tejo).
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| − |
| |
| − | [[Image:Porto de Lisboa (3).jpg|left|thumb|220px|Lisbon's seaport by the Tagus estuary]]
| |
| − | The country's chief seaport and featuring one of the largest and most sophisticated regional markets within the Iberian Peninsula, Lisbon and its heavily populated surroundings, are also developing as an important financial center and a dynamic technological hub.
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| − |
| |
| − | Lisbon has the largest and most developed [[mass media]] sector of Portugal, and is home to several related companies ranging from leading [[television]] networks and [[radio station]]s to [[newspaper of record|major newspapers]].
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| − |
| |
| − | The [[Euronext Lisbon]] [[stock exchange]], part of the pan-European [[Euronext]] system together with the stock exchanges of [[Amsterdam]], [[Brussels]] and [[Paris]], is tied with the [[New York Stock Exchange]] since 2007, forming the multinational [[NYSE Euronext]] group of stock exchanges.
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| − |
| |
| − | ==Transport==
| |
| − | [[Image:Cacilheiro 3.JPG|thumb|right|200px|One of the ferries that connect both sides of the [[Tagus]] river.]]
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| − |
| |
| − | Lisbon's public transport network is extremely far-reaching and reliable and has its [[Lisbon Metro|Metro]] as its main artery, connecting the city centre with the upper and eastern districts, and now reaching the suburbs. Ambitious expansion projects will increase the network by almost one third, connecting the airport, and the northern and western districts. Bus, funicular and tram services have been supplied by the Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa ([[Carris]]), for over a century.
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| − |
| |
| − | A traditional public transport in Lisbon is the [[tram]]. Originally introduced in the 19th century, the trams were originally imported from the [[United States|U.S.]] and called ''americanos''. The original trams can still be seen in the Museu da Carris (the Public Transport Museum)<ref>[http://www.carris.pt Carris], home page. Retrieved December 19, 2007.</ref>
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| − |
| |
| − | There are other commuter bus services from the city: Vimeca <ref>[http://www.vimeca.pt Vimeca], home page. Retrieved December 19, 2007.</ref>, Rodoviaria de Lisboa<ref>[http://www.rodoviariadelisboa.pt/public_html/index.php Rodoviaria de Lisboa], home page, English version. Retrieved December 19, 2007.</ref>, Transportes Sul do Tejo<ref>[http://www.tsuldotejo.pt/ Transportes Sul do Tejo (T.S.T.], home page, English version. Retrieved December 19, 2007.</ref>, Boa Viagem<ref>[http://www.boa-viagem.pt Boa Viagem], home page. Retrieved December 19, 2007.</ref>, Barraqueiro<ref>[http://www.barraqueirotransportes.pt Barraqueiro Transportes], home page. Retrieved December 19, 2007.</ref> are the main ones, operating from different terminals in the city.
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| − |
| |
| − | There are four commuter train lines departing from Lisbon: the [[Cascais]], [[Sintra]] and [[Azambuja]] lines as well as a fourth line to [[Setúbal]] crossing the [[Tagus]] river over the [[25 de Abril Bridge]].
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| − |
| |
| − | The city does not offer a [[light rail]] service (tram line 15, although running with new and faster trams does not fall onto this category), but there are plans to build some lines with this service around the city (but not into the city itself).
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| − |
| |
| − | The city is connected to the far side of the Tagus by two important bridges:
| |
| − | * The [[25 de Abril Bridge]], inaugurated (as Ponte [[António de Oliveira Salazar|Salazar]]) on August 6 1966, and later renamed after the date of the [[Carnation Revolution]], was the longest [[suspension bridge]] in Europe and although made by the same engineers as the [[Golden Gate Bridge]] in [[San Francisco]], it is not, as thought by some, a replica (the Golden Gate Bridge does not have X braces).
| |
| − | * The [[Vasco da Gama Bridge]], inaugurated on May 1998 is, at {{convert|17.2|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}, the longest bridge in Europe.
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| − |
| |
| − | Another way of crossing the river is by taking the ferry. The main company is Transtejo<ref name=Transtejo>[http://www.transtejo.pt Transtejo Soflusa], home page. Retrieved December 19, 2007.</ref>, which operates from different points in the city to [[Cacilhas]], [[Seixal]], [[Montijo]], [[Porto Brandão]] and [[Trafaria]] and the other company is Soflusa <ref name=Transtejo/>, operating one only line to [[Barreiro]].
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| − |
| |
| − | Lisbon is connected to its suburbs and the rest of Portugal by an extensive motorway network. There are three circular motorways around the city; the 2ª Circular, the CRIL and the CREL.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The [[Portela Airport]] is located within the city limits. [[TAP]] and [[Portugalia]] have their hubs here and the flights available are mostly to Europe, Africa and America.
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| − |
| |
| − | ==Education in Lisbon==
| |
| − | [[Image:UNL Faculty Human Social Sciences.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A building of the [[New University of Lisbon]]]]
| |
| − | The city has several private and public [[secondary schools]], [[primary school]]s as well as [[kindergarten]]s. In Greater Lisbon area there are also international schools such as [[Saint Julian's School]], the [[Carlucci American International School of Lisbon]], [http://www.dominics-int.org/ St Dominic's International School], Deutsche Schule Lissabon, and Lycée Francais Charles Lepierre.
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| − |
| |
| − | There are 4 major [[public universities]] in Lisbon: the [[University of Lisbon]] (founded in 1911 it is Lisbon's oldest higher education institution in continuous operation), the [[Technical University of Lisbon]], the [[New University of Lisbon]] and the [[ISCTE]], providing degrees in the natural sciences, engineering, medicine, law, education, sports, architecture, social sciences and humanities. There is also a state-run [[polytechnic]] institute, the [[Polytechnical Institute of Lisbon]]. Major private institutions of higher education include the [[Portuguese Catholic University]], as well as the [[Moderna University]], the [[Lusíada University]] (former Livre University), the [[Universidade Lusófona]], the [[Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada]] and the [[Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa]].
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| − |
| |
| − | ==Sports==
| |
| − | [[Image:Estádio Sporting interior.jpg|right|thumb|220px|[[Sporting Clube de Portugal|Sporting]]'s stadium]]
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| − | The Lisbon [[sports clubs]] [[Sport Lisboa e Benfica]] (commonly "Benfica") and [[Sporting Clube de Portugal]] (commonly "Sporting"), have many sports teams in the highest Portuguese divisions and European competitions. [[Belenenses]], another important club with a great tradition in Portuguese sport, is also from the Portuguese capital.
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| − |
| |
| − | [[Football (soccer)|Football]] is the most popular sport in Lisbon. Major football clubs include [[SL Benfica]], with its home 65,000 seat stadium the [[UEFA Stadia List|UEFA 5-Star Stadium]] [[Estádio da Luz]] (named after the area in which the stadium is situated (Luz) and not, as is popularly believed, 'Stadium of Light'). Benfica has won the [[UEFA Champions League]] twice and has appeared in the final seven times. [[Sporting Clube de Portugal]] is the other major football team from the city, also having a UEFA 5-Star stadium, 52,000 seat [[Estádio José de Alvalade]] stadium. It has won the [[UEFA Cup Winners Cup]] once and was the [[UEFA Cup]] finalist in the 2004-05 season. Former players from this team include [[Luís Figo]] and [[Cristiano Ronaldo]]. [[Belenenses]] is the third most important football team in the city, having [[Estádio do Restelo]] as its home stadium in the [[Santa Maria de Belém|Belém]] neighborhood of Lisbon. Belenenses holds the distinction of being the first club, other than perennial winners Sporting, Benfica and [[FC Porto|Porto]], to win the Portuguese League, taking the trophy in the 1945-46 season.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Other sports, such as [[indoor football]], [[handball]], [[basketball]] and [[roller hockey]] are also popular.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | There are many other sport facilities in Lisbon, ranging from [[Athletics (track and field)|athletics]] to [[sailing]] to [[golf]] to [[mountain-biking]].
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Tourist attractions==
| |
| − | [[Image:Hot clube4.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Jazz club, in Lisbon]]
| |
| − | ===Belém===
| |
| − | {{Main|Santa Maria de Belém|l1=Belém}}
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| − |
| |
| − | Along the ''Rio Tejo'' (Tagus River), is the historic neighborhood of Belém. Its prime attraction is the grand Mosteiro dos Jeronimos. Construction started in 1501, and took 70 years to complete. During its construction, the monastery cost an equivalent of {{kg to lb|70|precision=0|abbr=yes}} of gold each year. Most of the construction costs were financed through the spice trade. It is a prime example of what is called Manueline architecture, with inspiration brought back from the explorations, as well as being influenced by the Gothic and Renaissance periods. Nearby is the [[Belem Tower]].
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| − |
| |
| − | ===Bairro Alto===
| |
| − | {{Main|Bairro Alto}}
| |
| − | '''Bairro Alto''' (literally ''upper quarter'' in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) is an area of central Lisbon. It functions as a residential, shopping and entertainment district. Today, the Bairro Alto is the heart of Lisbon's youth and of the Portuguese capital's nightlife. Lisbon's [[Punk subculture|Punk]], [[Gay]], [[Metal]], [[Goth subculture|Goth]], [[Hip hop music|Hip Hop]] and [[Reggae]] scenes, all have the Bairro as their home, due to the number of clubs and bars dedicated to each of them. The [[fado]], Portugal's national song, still survives in the new Lisbon's nightlife. The crowd is a mix of local and tourist, straight and gay, and almost anything else imagined.
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| − |
| |
| − | ===Gare do Oriente===
| |
| − | {{Main|Gare do Oriente}}
| |
| − | [[Image:Light City.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Gare do Oriente]]
| |
| − | Gare do Oriente (Orient Station) is one of the main transportation hubs of Lisbon, for trains, metro, buses and taxis. Its glass and steel columns are reminiscent of palms, making the whole structure fascinating to look at (especially in sunlight or when illuminated at night). It was designed by the great architect [[Santiago Calatrava]] from Valencia (Spain). Cross through the shopping mall just across the street and you're in Parque das Nações (Park of the Nations), site of the 1998 World Expo.
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| − |
| |
| − | ===Lisbon Trams and Funiculars===
| |
| − | Transportation in Lisbon is more charming than in most cities. Much is owed to its geography; much of Lisbon has been [[List of cities claimed to be built on seven hills|built on its seven hills]]. No visit to Lisbon is complete without riding the 1930s trams. The greatest attractions, though, are the funiculars, of which there are three. These are Elevador da Glória, Elevador da Bica, and Elevador da Lavra. Perhaps the most picturesque is the Elevador da Bica, which passes through a charming residential neighborhood just below Bairro Alto.<ref>[http://www.carris.pt/index.php?area=servicos&subarea=servicos_ascensores_bica Ascensor da Bica], Carris. Information from Lisbon transportation company. Retrieved December 19, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.personal.u-net.com/~luso/listrams.htm Lisbon Trams Today], Luso Pages. Details of Lisbon's trams. Retrieved December 19, 2007.</ref>
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| − |
| |
| − | [[Image:Docas de Lisboa.JPG|thumb|220px|[[Alcântara, Lisbon|Alcântara]] docks]]
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| − |
| |
| − | ==Parishes==
| |
| − | There are 53 ''[[freguesias]]'' ([[civil parishes]]) in Lisbon:
| |
| − | {|
| |
| − | | valign="top" |
| |
| − | * [[Ajuda]] (formerly Nossa Senhora da Ajuda)
| |
| − | * [[Alcântara (Lisbon)|Alcântara]]
| |
| − | * [[Alto do Pina]]
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| − | * [[Alvalade (Lisbon)|Alvalade]]
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| − | * [[Ameixoeira (Lisbon)|Ameixoeira]] (formerly Funchal)
| |
| − | * Anjos
| |
| − | * Beato
| |
| − | * [[Benfica (Lisbon)|Benfica]]
| |
| − | * Campo Grande
| |
| − | * Campolide
| |
| − | * Carnide
| |
| − | * Castelo
| |
| − | * Charneca
| |
| − | * Coração de Jesus (formerly Camões)
| |
| − | * Encarnação
| |
| − | * Graça
| |
| − | * Lapa
| |
| − | * Lumiar
| |
| − | | valign="top" |
| |
| − | * Madalena
| |
| − | * Mártires
| |
| − | * Marvila
| |
| − | * Mercês
| |
| − | * Nossa Senhora de Fátima
| |
| − | * Pena
| |
| − | * Penha de França
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| − | * Prazeres
| |
| − | * Sacramento
| |
| − | * Santa Catarina
| |
| − | * Santa Engrácia (formerly Monte Pedral)
| |
| − | * Santa Isabel
| |
| − | * [[Santa Justa (Lisbon)|Santa Justa]]
| |
| − | * [[Santa Maria de Belém]]
| |
| − | * Olivais (formerly Santa Maria dos Olivais)
| |
| − | * Santiago
| |
| − | * Santo Condestável
| |
| − | * Santo Estêvão
| |
| − | | valign="top" |
| |
| − | * Santos-o-Velho
| |
| − | * São Cristóvão e São Lourenço (formerly São Lourenço)
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| − | * [[São Domingos de Benfica]]
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| − | * São Francisco Xavier
| |
| − | * São João
| |
| − | * São João de Brito
| |
| − | * São João de Deus
| |
| − | * São Jorge de Arroios
| |
| − | * São José
| |
| − | * São Mamede
| |
| − | * São Miguel
| |
| − | * [[São Nicolau (Lisbon)|São Nicolau]]
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| − | * São Paulo (formerly Marquês de Pombal)
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| − | * São Sebastião da Pedreira
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| − | * São Vicente de Fora (formerly Escolas Gerais)
| |
| − | * Sé
| |
| − | * Socorro
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Furthermore, and more commonly referred to by its inhabitants, Lisbon is divided into historical "bairros" with no clearly defined boundaries, such as ''Amoreiras'', ''Bairro Alto'', ''Bica'', ''Alfama'', ''Mouraria'', ''Avenidas Novas'', ''Intendente'', ''Chelas'' and ''Lapa''.
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| − |
| |
| − | ==Prominent people born in Lisbon==
| |
| − | [[Image:450px-Lisboa-Pessoa-A_Brasileira-1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Bronze statue of poet [[Fernando Pessoa]] in the ''[[Café A Brasileira]]'', in the [[Chiado]] neighborhood.]]
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| − | * [[Saint Anthony of Lisbon]] (1195-1231)
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| − | * [[Pope John XXI]], born Pedro Julião (1215-1277)
| |
| − | * [[Antonio Vieira]] (1608-1697), [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]]
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| − | * [[Catherine of Braganza]] (1638-1705), [[queen consort]] of King [[Charles II of England]]
| |
| − | * [[Richard William Church]] (1815-1890)
| |
| − | * [[Fernando Pessoa]] (1888-1935), [[poet]] / [[writer]]
| |
| − | * [[Amália Rodrigues]] (1920-1999), [[fado]] / [[singer]]
| |
| − | * [[Mário Cesariny]] (1923-2006), [[poet]]
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| − | * [[Alexandre O'Neill]] (1924-1986), [[poet]] / [[writer]]
| |
| − | * [[Mário Soares]] (born 1924), [[politician]], former President and Prime-Minister
| |
| − | * [[Paula Rego]] (born 1935), [[painter]], [[illustrator]] and [[printmaker]]
| |
| − | * [[Jorge Sampaio]] (born 1939), [[politician]], former Mayor of Lisbon and President
| |
| − | * [[António Guterres]] (born 1949), [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]], former Prime-Minister
| |
| − | * [[José Manuel Durão Barroso]] (born 1956), [[President of the European Commission]], former Prime-Minister
| |
| − |
| |
| − | == Gallery ==
| |
| − | {{cleanup-gallery}}
| |
| − | <gallery>
| |
| − | Image:Torre de Belem 1.JPG|[[Belém Tower]]
| |
| − | Image:TelhadosLisboa1.JPG|[[Baixa]] and [[Lisbon Castle]]
| |
| − | Image:Parque_Eduardo_Setimo.JPG|Edward VII Park
| |
| − | Image:Ponte 25 de Abril 20050728.jpg|[[25 April Bridge]]
| |
| − | Image:TeatroNacionalDMariaII.JPG|[[Teatro Nacional D. Maria II]]
| |
| − | Image:MonumentoRestauradoresLisboa.JPG|[[Restauradores Square]]
| |
| − | Image:Convento_do_Carmo_ruins_in_Lisbon.jpg|[[Carmo Convent (Lisbon)|Carmo Convent]]
| |
| − | Image:Lisbon_calcada.jpg|[[Portuguese pavement]]
| |
| − | Image:Aqueduto das Águas Livres (1).jpg|[[Águas Livres Aqueduct]]
| |
| − | Image:Rossio Lisboa 2007.jpg|[[Rossio|Rossio Square]]
| |
| − | Image:Assembleia Republica Portugal 2.JPG|[[Assembly of the Republic]]
| |
| − | Image:Lisboa-Oceanario.jpg|[[Lisbon Oceanarium]]
| |
| − | Image:Torre_Vasco_da_Gama_01.JPG|[[Parque das Nações]]
| |
| − | Image:Gare_Oriente_Lisboa.JPG|[[Gare do Oriente]]
| |
| − | Image:Lisboa_-_Marquês_de_Pombal.jpg|Aerial view
| |
| − | Image:Cloisters at Mosteiro Dos Jerónimos2.jpg|[[Jerónimos Monastery]]
| |
| − | Image:Lisbon35.jpg|[[Alfama]]
| |
| − | Image:AvLiberdadeLisbon-CCBYSA.jpg|[[Avenida da Liberdade (Lisbon)|Avenida da Liberdade]]
| |
| − | Image:LargoCamoesCC-BYSA.jpg|Camões Square
| |
| − | Image:Lisbon05.jpg|[[Baixa Pombalina|Augusta Street]]
| |
| − | Image:Electricos Lisboa 3.JPG|Lisbon Tram
| |
| − | Image:LisbonChiado2-CCBYSA.jpg|[[Chiado|Chiado Square]]
| |
| − | Image:Conceiçao Velha - Portal Manuelino.JPG|[[Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição Velha|Conceição Church]]
| |
| − | </gallery>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Sister cities==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The following places are [[sister cities]] to Lisbon:
| |
| − |
| |
| − | * {{flagicon|Canada}} '''[[Montreal]]''' , [[Canada]]
| |
| − | * {{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Jersey City]]''', [[New Jersey]], [[United States]]
| |
| − | * {{flagicon|France}} '''[[Paris]]''', [[France]]
| |
| − | * {{flagicon|Hungary}} '''[[Budapest]]''', [[Hungary]] ''(1992)''
| |
| − | * {{flagicon|Croatia}} '''[[Zagreb]]''', [[Croatia]] ''(1977)''
| |
| − | * {{flagicon|Spain}} '''[[Madrid]]''', [[Spain]] ''(1979)''
| |
| − | * {{flagicon|Cyprus}} '''[[Nicosia]]''', [[Cyprus]]
| |
| − | * {{flagicon|Argentina}} '''[[Buenos Aires]]''', [[Argentina]]
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| − | * {{flagicon|People's Republic of China}}{{flagicon|Macau}} '''[[Macau]]''', [[People's Republic of China]]
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| − | *{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Athens]], [[Greece]]
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| − |
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| − | Within the context of development cooperation, Lisbon is also linked to:
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| − |
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| − | * {{flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[Belo Horizonte]]''', [[Brazil]]
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| − | * {{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau}} '''[[Bissau]]''', [[Guinea-Bissau]]
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| − | * {{flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[Brasilia]]''', [[Brazil]]
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| − | * {{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau}} '''[[Cacheu]]''', [[Guinea-Bissau]]
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| − | * {{flagicon|Angola}} '''[[Luanda]]''', [[Angola]]
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| − | * {{flagicon|Malaysia}} '''[[Malacca Town|Malacca]]''', [[Malaysia]] ''(1984)''
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| − | * {{flagicon|Mozambique}} '''[[Maputo]]''', [[Mozambique]]
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| − | * {{flagicon|Cape Verde}} '''[[Praia]]''', [[Cape Verde]]
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| − | * {{flagicon|Morocco}} '''[[Rabat]]''', [[Morocco]]'
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| − | * {{flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[Rio de Janeiro]]''', [[Brazil]] ''(1980)''
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| − | * {{flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[São Paulo]]''', [[Brazil]]
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| − | * {{flagicon|São Tomé and Príncipe}} '''[[São Tomé]]''', [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]
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| − |
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | *[[Flag of Lisbon]]
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| − | *[[Coat of arms of Lisbon]]
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| − |
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| − | ==References==
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| − | <div class="references-small">
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| − | <references />
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| − | </div>
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| − |
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | All links are retrieved December 19, 2007.
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| − | {{sisterlinks|Lisbon}}
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| − | {{portal|Portugal}}
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| − | * [http://www.golisbon.com GoLisbon], home page. Lisbon city guide.
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| − | * [http://www.jordibusque.com/Index/Stories/AlfamaCastelo/AlfamaCastelo_01.html Alfama & Castelo Lisbon's districts], Jordi Busqué. Photographic essay with captions about the oldest districts of Lisbon.
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| − | * [http://www.lisbon-guide.info Tourist & Travel Guide], Lisbon Guide. A Travel Guide to the city.
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| − | * [http://www.visitportugal.com/NR/exeres/1CC63B33-2267-4167-AB9F-F35C726A4705,frameless.htm Lisboa past and present], Turismo de Portugal (Portugal's National Tourism Organisation). Official page by the Government of Portugal
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| − | * [http://www.atl-turismolisboa.pt/home.asp?lng=uk Associação de Turismo de Lisboa], home page. Official site of the Lisbon Tourism Association.
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| − | * [http://www.otlis.com.pt/english/paginas/index.html OTLIS], home page in English. Official site of the Lisbon Region Transport Operators Consortium - Operadores de Transportes da Região de Lisboa (OTLIS).
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| − | * [http://www.flickr.com/photos/vitor107/sets/1419686/ Lisboa], Flickr.
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| − | * [http://travel.webshots.com/album/187632296sRZYHH Lisboa], Webshots.
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| − | * [http://www.toya.net.pl/~eol/english/galleries/portugal.html Photos from Portugal].
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| − | * [http://portaldasnacoes.pt/index.php?lang=en Discover the Nations' Park], Portal das Nações.
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| − |
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| − | {{Municipalities of Lisbon}}
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| − | {{Capital cities of the European Union}}
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| − | {{European Capital of Culture}}
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| − |
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| − | {{coor title dm|38|42|N|9|11|W|region:PT_type:city}}
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| − |
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| − | [[Category:Geography]]
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| − | [[Category:Cities]]
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| − |
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| − | {{credits|178511742}}
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