Difference between revisions of "Lester B. Pearson" - New World Encyclopedia
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{{Infobox Prime Minister | {{Infobox Prime Minister | ||
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| image=PearsonPDphotoportrait.jpg | | image=PearsonPDphotoportrait.jpg | ||
| order=14th [[Prime Minister of Canada]] | | order=14th [[Prime Minister of Canada]] | ||
| − | | term_start = | + | | term_start =April 22, 1963 |
| − | | term_end = | + | | term_end =April 20, 1968 |
| predecessor =[[John Diefenbaker]] | | predecessor =[[John Diefenbaker]] | ||
| successor =[[Pierre Elliott Trudeau]] | | successor =[[Pierre Elliott Trudeau]] | ||
| − | | birth_date = | + | | birth_date =April 23, 1897 |
| birth_place =[[Newtonbrook, Ontario|Newtonbrook]], [[Ontario]] | | birth_place =[[Newtonbrook, Ontario|Newtonbrook]], [[Ontario]] | ||
| death_date ={{death date and age |1972|12|27|1897|4|23}} | | death_date ={{death date and age |1972|12|27|1897|4|23}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
| − | '''Lester Bowles Pearson''', often referred to as "'''Mike'''" | + | '''Lester Bowles Pearson''', often referred to as "'''Mike'''," [[Queen's Privy Council for Canada|PC]], [[Order of Merit (Commonwealth)|OM]], [[Order of Canada|CC]], [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]], [[Master of Arts (postgraduate)|MA]], [[Doctor of Laws|LL.D.]] (April 23, 1897 – December 27, 1972) was a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[statesman]], [[diplomat]] and [[politician]] who was made a [[Nobel Laureate]] in 1957. He was the fourteenth Prime Minister of Canada from April 22, 1963, until April 20, 1968, as the head of two back-to-back [[Minority governments in Canada|minority governments]] following [[election]]s in [[Canadian federal election, 1963|1963]] and [[Canadian federal election, 1965|1965]]. |
During his time as Prime Minister, Pearson's minority governments introduced [[Medicare (Canada)|universal health care]], [[Canada Student Loans|student loans]], the [[Canada Pension Plan]] and [[Flag of Canada|Canada's flag]]. During his tenure, Prime Minister Pearson also convened the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism. With these accomplishments, together with his groundbreaking work at the [[United Nations]], and in international diplomacy, Pearson can safely be regarded as one of the most influential Canadians of the twentieth century. | During his time as Prime Minister, Pearson's minority governments introduced [[Medicare (Canada)|universal health care]], [[Canada Student Loans|student loans]], the [[Canada Pension Plan]] and [[Flag of Canada|Canada's flag]]. During his tenure, Prime Minister Pearson also convened the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism. With these accomplishments, together with his groundbreaking work at the [[United Nations]], and in international diplomacy, Pearson can safely be regarded as one of the most influential Canadians of the twentieth century. | ||
==Early years== | ==Early years== | ||
| − | Lester B. Pearson was born in [[Newtonbrook]], [[Ontario]] (now a neighbourhood of [[Toronto]]), the son of Edwin Arthur Pearson, a [[Methodism|Methodist]] (later [[United Church of Canada]]) minister and Anne Sarah Bowles. He entered [[Victoria University in the University of Toronto|Victoria College]] at the [[University of Toronto]] in 1914, where he lived in residence in [[Gate House]] and shared a room with his brother Duke. While at the | + | Lester B. Pearson was born in [[Newtonbrook]], [[Ontario]] (now a neighbourhood of [[Toronto]]), the son of Edwin Arthur Pearson, a [[Methodism|Methodist]] (later [[United Church of Canada]]) minister and Anne Sarah Bowles. He entered [[Victoria University in the University of Toronto|Victoria College]] at the [[University of Toronto]] in 1914, where he lived in residence in [[Gate House]] and shared a room with his brother Duke. While at the University of Toronto, he joined The [[Delta Upsilon]] Fraternity. At the university, he became a noted athlete, excelling in [[rugby union|rugby]] and playing for the [[Oxford University Ice Hockey Club]]. |
==First World War== | ==First World War== | ||
| − | As he was too young to enlist in the army when the [[World War I|First World War]] broke out in 1914, he volunteered for the medical corps, where as a Lieutenant, he served two years in [[Egypt]] and [[Greece]]. In 1917, Pearson transferred to the [[Royal Flying Corps]] (as the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] did not exist at that time), where he served as a Flying Officer until being sent home, as the result of a bus accident. It was as a [[Aviator|pilot]] that he received the nickname of "Mike" | + | As he was too young to enlist in the army when the [[World War I|First World War]] broke out in 1914, he volunteered for the medical corps, where as a Lieutenant, he served two years in [[Egypt]] and [[Greece]]. In 1917, Pearson transferred to the [[Royal Flying Corps]] (as the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] did not exist at that time), where he served as a Flying Officer until being sent home, as the result of a bus accident. It was as a [[Aviator|pilot]] that he received the nickname of "Mike," given to him by a flight instructor who felt that "Lester" was too mild a name for an airman. Thereafter, Pearson would use the name "Lester" on official documents and in public life, but was always addressed as "Mike" by friends and family. |
While training as a pilot at an air training school in Hendon, England, Pearson survived an airplane crash during his first flight but, unfortunately was hit by a London bus during a blackout and was sent home as an invalid to recuperate. | While training as a pilot at an air training school in Hendon, England, Pearson survived an airplane crash during his first flight but, unfortunately was hit by a London bus during a blackout and was sent home as an invalid to recuperate. | ||
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==Political career== | ==Political career== | ||
| − | In 1948, [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Louis St. Laurent]] appointed Pearson Minister of External Affairs in the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government. Shortly afterward, he won a seat in the [[Canadian House of Commons]], for the federal riding of [[Algoma East]]. In | + | In 1948, [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Louis St. Laurent]] appointed Pearson Minister of External Affairs in the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government. Shortly afterward, he won a seat in the [[Canadian House of Commons]], for the federal riding of [[Algoma East]]. In 1957, for his role in defusing the [[Suez Crisis]] through the United Nations, Pearson was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]. The selection committee claimed that Pearson had "saved the world." The [[United Nations Emergency Force]] was Pearson's creation, and he is considered the father of the modern concept of [[peacekeeping]]. |
==Party leadership== | ==Party leadership== | ||
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In the [[Canadian federal election, 1962|1962 election]], his party reduced the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative Party]] of [[John Diefenbaker]] to a [[Minority governments in Canada|minority government]]. | In the [[Canadian federal election, 1962|1962 election]], his party reduced the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative Party]] of [[John Diefenbaker]] to a [[Minority governments in Canada|minority government]]. | ||
| − | Not long after the election, Pearson capitalized on the Conservatives' indecision on installing nuclear warheads on [[Bomarc missile]]s. [[Minister of National Defence (Canada)|Minister of National Defence]] [[Douglas Harkness]] resigned from Cabinet on | + | Not long after the election, Pearson capitalized on the Conservatives' indecision on installing nuclear warheads on [[Bomarc missile]]s. [[Minister of National Defence (Canada)|Minister of National Defence]] [[Douglas Harkness]] resigned from Cabinet on February 4, 1963, because of Diefenbaker's opposition to accepting the missiles. The next day, the government lost two [[non-confidence motion]]s on the issue, prompting the election. |
==Prime Minister== | ==Prime Minister== | ||
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Pearson signed the [[Canada-United States Automotive Agreement]] (or Auto Pact) in January 1965, and unemployment fell to its lowest rate in over a decade. [http://ms.radio-canada.ca/archives/2002/en/wmv/autopact19650107et1.wmv] | Pearson signed the [[Canada-United States Automotive Agreement]] (or Auto Pact) in January 1965, and unemployment fell to its lowest rate in over a decade. [http://ms.radio-canada.ca/archives/2002/en/wmv/autopact19650107et1.wmv] | ||
[[Image:Pearson_and_Johnson.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Pearson and United States President [[Lyndon Johnson]] meeting in Texas, 1965]] | [[Image:Pearson_and_Johnson.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Pearson and United States President [[Lyndon Johnson]] meeting in Texas, 1965]] | ||
| − | While in office, Pearson resisted [[United States|U.S.]] pressure to enter the [[Vietnam War]]. Pearson spoke at [[Temple University]] in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]] on | + | While in office, Pearson resisted [[United States|U.S.]] pressure to enter the [[Vietnam War]]. Pearson spoke at [[Temple University]] in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]] on April 2, 1965, while visiting the United States, and voiced his support for a negotiated settlement to the Vietnam War. When he visited [[President of United States|U.S. President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] the next day, Johnson (supposedly) strongly berated Pearson. Pearson later recounted that the meeting was acrimonious, but insisted the two parted cordially. After this incident, LBJ and Pearson did have further contacts, including two further meetings together, both times in Canada. (Canadians most remember the Pearson years as a time Canada-U.S. relations greatly improved.) |
Pearson also started a number of [[Royal Commission]]s, including one on the status of women and another on bilingualism. They instituted changes that helped create legal equality for women, and brought official bilingualism into being. After Pearson, [[French (language)|French]] was made an [[official language]], and the Canadian government would provide services in both. Pearson himself had hoped that he would be the last unilingual Prime Minister of Canada and, indeed, fluency in both English and French became an unofficial requirement for Prime Ministeral candidates after Pearson left office. | Pearson also started a number of [[Royal Commission]]s, including one on the status of women and another on bilingualism. They instituted changes that helped create legal equality for women, and brought official bilingualism into being. After Pearson, [[French (language)|French]] was made an [[official language]], and the Canadian government would provide services in both. Pearson himself had hoped that he would be the last unilingual Prime Minister of Canada and, indeed, fluency in both English and French became an unofficial requirement for Prime Ministeral candidates after Pearson left office. | ||
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==Supreme Court appointments== | ==Supreme Court appointments== | ||
Pearson chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the [[Supreme Court of Canada]] by the [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]]: | Pearson chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the [[Supreme Court of Canada]] by the [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]]: | ||
| − | * [[Robert Taschereau]] (as Chief Justice, ( | + | * [[Robert Taschereau]] (as Chief Justice, (April 22, 1963 – September 1, 1967; appointed a [[Puisne Justice]] under Prime Minister King, February 9, 1940) |
| − | * [[Wishart Flett Spence]] ( | + | * [[Wishart Flett Spence]] (May 30, 1963 – December 29, 1978) |
| − | * [[John Robert Cartwright]] (as Chief Justice, ( | + | * [[John Robert Cartwright]] (as Chief Justice, (September 1, 1967 – March 23, 1970; appointed a [[Puisne Justice]] under Prime Minister [[Louis St. Laurent|St. Laurent]], December 22, 1949) |
| − | * [[Louis-Philippe Pigeon]] ( | + | * [[Louis-Philippe Pigeon]] (September 21, 1967 February 8, 1980) |
==Retirement== | ==Retirement== | ||
| − | + | ||
[[Image:Trudeau, Turner, Chretien, and Pearson.jpg|thumb|right|Pearson, and three of his cabinet ministers who later became Prime Ministers. From left to right, [[Pierre Trudeau]], [[John Turner]], [[Jean Chrétien]], and Pearson.]] | [[Image:Trudeau, Turner, Chretien, and Pearson.jpg|thumb|right|Pearson, and three of his cabinet ministers who later became Prime Ministers. From left to right, [[Pierre Trudeau]], [[John Turner]], [[Jean Chrétien]], and Pearson.]] | ||
[[Image:Lester_B_Pearson_Gravestone_WakefieldQC.JPG|thumb|right|Pearson's gravestone in [[Wakefield, Quebec|Wakefield]], [[Quebec]], photographed in 2004.]] | [[Image:Lester_B_Pearson_Gravestone_WakefieldQC.JPG|thumb|right|Pearson's gravestone in [[Wakefield, Quebec|Wakefield]], [[Quebec]], photographed in 2004.]] | ||
| − | After his announcement on | + | After his announcement on December 14, 1967, that he was retiring from politics, a [[Liberal Party of Canada leadership convention, 1968|leadership convention]] was held. Pearson's successor was [[Pierre Trudeau]], a man who Pearson had recruited and made [[Minister of Justice (Canada)|Minister of Justice]] in his [[Cabinet of Canada|cabinet]]. Trudeau later became Prime Minister, and two other cabinet ministers Pearson recruited, [[John Turner]] and [[Jean Chrétien]], served as prime ministers in the years following Trudeau's retirement. [[Paul Martin Jr.]], the son of Pearson's [[Secretary of State for External Affairs (Canada)|minister of external affairs]], [[Paul Joseph James Martin|Paul Martin Sr.]], also went on to become prime minister. |
From 1969 to until his death in 1972, Pearson served as Chancellor of [[Carleton University]] in Ottawa. | From 1969 to until his death in 1972, Pearson served as Chancellor of [[Carleton University]] in Ottawa. | ||
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* [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]], first opened in 1939 and re-christened with its current name in 1984, is [[Canada's busiest airport]]. | * [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]], first opened in 1939 and re-christened with its current name in 1984, is [[Canada's busiest airport]]. | ||
* The [[Pearson Peacekeeping Centre]], established in 1994, is an independent not-for-profit institution providing research and training on all aspects of peace operations. | * The [[Pearson Peacekeeping Centre]], established in 1994, is an independent not-for-profit institution providing research and training on all aspects of peace operations. | ||
| − | * The [[Lester B. Pearson School Board]] is the largest [[English-language]] [[school board]] in Quebec | + | * The [[Lester B. Pearson School Board]] is the largest [[English-language]] [[school board]] in Quebec. The majority of the schools of the Lester B. Pearson School Board are located on the western half of island of Montreal, with a few of its schools located off the island as well. |
| − | * [[Lester B. Pearson High School]] lists five so named schools, in | + | * [[Lester B. Pearson High School]] lists five so named schools, in Calgary, [[Lester B. Pearson Collegiate Institute|Toronto]], [[Lester B. Pearson High School (Burlington)|Burlington]], [[List of English catholic schools in Ottawa|Ottawa]], and [[English Montreal School Board|Montreal]]. There are also schools (also Elementary) in [[Ajax, Ontario]], [[Aurora, Ontario]], [[Brampton, Ontario]], [[London, Ontario]], [[Saskatoon, Saskatchewan]], [[Waterloo, Ontario]] and [[Wesleyville, Newfoundland and Labrador|Wesleyville, Newfoundland]]. |
* ''Pearson Avenue'' is located near [[Highway 407 (Ontario)|Highway 407]] and [[Yonge Street]] in [[Richmond Hill, Ontario]], Canada; less than five miles from his place of birth. | * ''Pearson Avenue'' is located near [[Highway 407 (Ontario)|Highway 407]] and [[Yonge Street]] in [[Richmond Hill, Ontario]], Canada; less than five miles from his place of birth. | ||
* ''Pearson Way'' is an arterial access road located in a new subdivision in [[Milton, Ontario]]; many ex-Prime Ministers are being honoured in this growing community, including Prime Ministers [[Trudeau]] and [[Laurier]]. | * ''Pearson Way'' is an arterial access road located in a new subdivision in [[Milton, Ontario]]; many ex-Prime Ministers are being honoured in this growing community, including Prime Ministers [[Trudeau]] and [[Laurier]]. | ||
* ''Lester B. Pearson Place'' completed in 2006, is a four storey affordable housing builidng in Newtonbrook, Ontario, mere steps from his place of birth. | * ''Lester B. Pearson Place'' completed in 2006, is a four storey affordable housing builidng in Newtonbrook, Ontario, mere steps from his place of birth. | ||
| − | * A plaque at the north end of the North American Life building in [[North York]] commemorates his place of birth. The manse where Pearson was born is gone, but a plaque is located at his birthsite | + | * A plaque at the north end of the North American Life building in [[North York]] commemorates his place of birth. The manse where Pearson was born is gone, but a plaque is located at his birthsite |
==Honorary Degrees== | ==Honorary Degrees== | ||
[[Image:Lester B. Pearson.jpg|thumb|Lester B. Pearson, Canadian Ambassador to the United States, at University of Toronto convocation, 1945.]] | [[Image:Lester B. Pearson.jpg|thumb|Lester B. Pearson, Canadian Ambassador to the United States, at University of Toronto convocation, 1945.]] | ||
Lester B. Pearson received [[Honorary degree|Honorary Degrees]] from 48 Universities, including: | Lester B. Pearson received [[Honorary degree|Honorary Degrees]] from 48 Universities, including: | ||
| − | *[[University of Toronto]] in 1945 ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) | + | *[[University of Toronto]] in 1945 ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) |
| − | *[[University of Rochester]] in 1947 ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) | + | *[[University of Rochester]] in 1947 ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) |
| − | *[[McMaster University]] in 1948 ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) | + | *[[McMaster University]] in 1948 ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) |
| − | *[[Bates College]] in 1951 ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) | + | *[[Bates College]] in 1951 ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) |
| − | *[[Princeton University]] in 1956 ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) | + | *[[Princeton University]] in 1956 ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) |
| − | *[[University of British Columbia]] in 1958 ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) | + | *[[University of British Columbia]] in 1958 ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) |
*[[University of Notre Dame]] in 1963 | *[[University of Notre Dame]] in 1963 | ||
*Waterloo Lutheran University later changed to [[Wilfrid Laurier University]] in 1964 ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) | *Waterloo Lutheran University later changed to [[Wilfrid Laurier University]] in 1964 ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) | ||
| − | *[[Memorial University of Newfoundland]] in 1964 ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) | + | *[[Memorial University of Newfoundland]] in 1964 ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) |
| − | *[[Johns Hopkins University]] in 1964 ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) | + | *[[Johns Hopkins University]] in 1964 ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) |
| − | *[[University of Western Ontario]] in 1964 | + | *[[University of Western Ontario]] in 1964 |
| − | *[[Laurentian University]] in 1965 ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) | + | *[[Laurentian University]] in 1965 ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) |
| − | *University of Saskatchewan (Regina Campus) later changed to [[University of Regina]] in 1965 | + | *University of Saskatchewan (Regina Campus) later changed to [[University of Regina]] in 1965 |
| − | *[[McGill University]] in 1965 [ | + | *[[McGill University]] in 1965 [ |
| − | *[[Queen's University]] in 1965 ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) | + | *[[Queen's University]] in 1965 ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) |
| − | *[[Dalhousie University]] in 1967 ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) | + | *[[Dalhousie University]] in 1967 ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) |
| − | *[[University of Calgary]] in 1967 | + | *[[University of Calgary]] in 1967 |
*[[University of California, Santa Barbara|UCSB]] in 1967 | *[[University of California, Santa Barbara|UCSB]] in 1967 | ||
*[[Harvard University]] | *[[Harvard University]] | ||
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== External links == | == External links == | ||
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| − | == | + | *[http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=42123 Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online''] Retrieved July 20, 2007. |
| − | *[ | + | *[http://www.cbc.ca/greatest/top_ten/nominee/pearson-lester.html "Greatest Canadian" write-up of Lester Pearson] |
| − | *[ | + | *[http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1957/pearson-bio.html Nobel prize website] Retrieved July 20, 2007. |
| + | *[http://www.peace.ca/CanadianPeaceHallOfFame.htm Canadian Peace Hall of Fame] Retrieved July 20, 2007. | ||
| + | *[http://www.gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=2235 Order of Canada Citation] Retrieved July 20, 2007. | ||
| + | *[http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/key/bio.asp?lang=E&query=1511&s=M Political Biography from the Library of Parliament] Retrieved July 20, 2007. | ||
| + | *[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-74-1265/people/lester_b_pearson/ CBC Digital Archives — Lester B. Pearson: From Peacemaker to Prime Minister] Retrieved July 20, 2007. | ||
| + | *[http://www.ac-fpeh.com/alumni/halloffame_bio.php?id=16 University of Toronto Athletic Hall of Fame, Inducted 1987] Retrieved July 20, 2007. | ||
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[[Category:History and biography]] | [[Category:History and biography]] | ||
Revision as of 14:40, 20 July 2007
| The Rt. Hon. Lester Bowles Pearson | |
| |
14th Prime Minister of Canada
| |
| In office April 22, 1963 – April 20, 1968 | |
| Preceded by | John Diefenbaker |
|---|---|
| Succeeded by | Pierre Elliott Trudeau |
| Born | April 23, 1897 Newtonbrook, Ontario |
| Died | December 27 1972 (aged 75) Ottawa, Ontario |
| Political party | Liberal |
| Spouse | Maryon Pearson |
| Religion | United Church of Canada |
Lester Bowles Pearson, often referred to as "Mike," PC, OM, CC, OBE, MA, LL.D. (April 23, 1897 – December 27, 1972) was a Canadian statesman, diplomat and politician who was made a Nobel Laureate in 1957. He was the fourteenth Prime Minister of Canada from April 22, 1963, until April 20, 1968, as the head of two back-to-back minority governments following elections in 1963 and 1965.
During his time as Prime Minister, Pearson's minority governments introduced universal health care, student loans, the Canada Pension Plan and Canada's flag. During his tenure, Prime Minister Pearson also convened the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism. With these accomplishments, together with his groundbreaking work at the United Nations, and in international diplomacy, Pearson can safely be regarded as one of the most influential Canadians of the twentieth century.
Early years
Lester B. Pearson was born in Newtonbrook, Ontario (now a neighbourhood of Toronto), the son of Edwin Arthur Pearson, a Methodist (later United Church of Canada) minister and Anne Sarah Bowles. He entered Victoria College at the University of Toronto in 1914, where he lived in residence in Gate House and shared a room with his brother Duke. While at the University of Toronto, he joined The Delta Upsilon Fraternity. At the university, he became a noted athlete, excelling in rugby and playing for the Oxford University Ice Hockey Club.
First World War
As he was too young to enlist in the army when the First World War broke out in 1914, he volunteered for the medical corps, where as a Lieutenant, he served two years in Egypt and Greece. In 1917, Pearson transferred to the Royal Flying Corps (as the Royal Canadian Air Force did not exist at that time), where he served as a Flying Officer until being sent home, as the result of a bus accident. It was as a pilot that he received the nickname of "Mike," given to him by a flight instructor who felt that "Lester" was too mild a name for an airman. Thereafter, Pearson would use the name "Lester" on official documents and in public life, but was always addressed as "Mike" by friends and family.
While training as a pilot at an air training school in Hendon, England, Pearson survived an airplane crash during his first flight but, unfortunately was hit by a London bus during a blackout and was sent home as an invalid to recuperate.
Interwar years
After the war, he returned to school, receiving his BA from the University of Toronto in 1919. Upon receiving a scholarship, he studied at St John's College Oxford University, where he received a BA in modern history in 1923 and the MA in 1925. In 1925, he married Maryon Moody (1901–1989), with whom he had one daughter, Patricia and one son, Geoffrey.
After Oxford, he returned to Canada and taught history at the University of Toronto, where he also coached the men's Varsity Blues ice hockey team. He then embarked on a career in the Department of External Affairs. He had a distinguished career as a diplomat, including playing an important part in founding both the United Nations and NATO. During the Second World War, he once served as a courier with the codename "Mike." He went on to become the first director of Signal Intelligence.
Political career
In 1948, Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent appointed Pearson Minister of External Affairs in the Liberal government. Shortly afterward, he won a seat in the Canadian House of Commons, for the federal riding of Algoma East. In 1957, for his role in defusing the Suez Crisis through the United Nations, Pearson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. The selection committee claimed that Pearson had "saved the world." The United Nations Emergency Force was Pearson's creation, and he is considered the father of the modern concept of peacekeeping.
Party leadership
He was elected leader of the Liberal Party at its 1958 leadership convention but his party was badly routed in the election of that year. As the newly elected leader of the Liberals, Mr. Pearson had given a speech in Commons that asked Mr. Diefenbaker to give power back to the Liberals without an election, because of a recent economic downturn. This strategy backfired when Mr. Diefenbaker seized on the error by showing a classified Liberal document saying that the economy would face a downturn in that year. This contrasted heavily with the Liberal's 1957 campaign promises, and would make sure the "arrogant" label would remain attached to the Liberal party. The election also cost the Liberals their Quebec stronghold; the province had voted largely Liberal in federal elections since the Conscription Crisis of 1917, but upon the resignation of former Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent, the province had no favourite son leader, as they had since 1948.
In the 1962 election, his party reduced the Progressive Conservative Party of John Diefenbaker to a minority government.
Not long after the election, Pearson capitalized on the Conservatives' indecision on installing nuclear warheads on Bomarc missiles. Minister of National Defence Douglas Harkness resigned from Cabinet on February 4, 1963, because of Diefenbaker's opposition to accepting the missiles. The next day, the government lost two non-confidence motions on the issue, prompting the election.
Prime Minister
Pearson led the Liberals to a minority government in the 1963 general election, and became prime minister. He had campaigned during the election promising "60 Days of Decision" and support for the Bomarc missile program.
Pearson never had a majority in the Canadian House of Commons, but he introduced important social programs (including universal health care, the Canada Pension Plan, Canada Student Loans) and the Maple Leaf Flag (see also Great Flag Debate). Pearson's government instituted many of the social programs that Canadians hold dear. This was due in part to support for his minority government in the House of Commons from the New Democratic Party, led by Tommy Douglas. His actions included instituting the 40-hour work week, two weeks vacation time and a new minimum wage.
Pearson signed the Canada-United States Automotive Agreement (or Auto Pact) in January 1965, and unemployment fell to its lowest rate in over a decade. [1]
While in office, Pearson resisted U.S. pressure to enter the Vietnam War. Pearson spoke at Temple University in Philadelphia on April 2, 1965, while visiting the United States, and voiced his support for a negotiated settlement to the Vietnam War. When he visited U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson the next day, Johnson (supposedly) strongly berated Pearson. Pearson later recounted that the meeting was acrimonious, but insisted the two parted cordially. After this incident, LBJ and Pearson did have further contacts, including two further meetings together, both times in Canada. (Canadians most remember the Pearson years as a time Canada-U.S. relations greatly improved.)
Pearson also started a number of Royal Commissions, including one on the status of women and another on bilingualism. They instituted changes that helped create legal equality for women, and brought official bilingualism into being. After Pearson, French was made an official language, and the Canadian government would provide services in both. Pearson himself had hoped that he would be the last unilingual Prime Minister of Canada and, indeed, fluency in both English and French became an unofficial requirement for Prime Ministeral candidates after Pearson left office.
Pearson was also remarkable for instituting the world's first race-free immigration system, throwing out previous ones that had discriminated against certain people, such as Jews and the Chinese. His points-based system encouraged immigration to Canada, and a similar system is still in place today.
Pearson also oversaw Canada's centennial celebrations in 1967 before retiring. The Canadian news agency, Canadian Press, named him "Newsmaker of the Year" that year, citing his leadership during the centennial celebrations, which brought the Centennial Flame to Parliament Hill.
Also in 1967, the President of France, Charles de Gaulle made a visit to Quebec. During that visit, de Gaulle was a staunch advocate of Quebec separatism, even going so far as to say that his procession in Montreal reminded him of his return to Paris after it was freed from the Nazis during the Second World War. President de Gaulle also gave his "Vive le Québec libre" speech during the visit. Given Canada's efforts in aid of France during both world wars, Pearson was enraged. He rebuked de Gaulle in a speech the following day, remarking that "Canadians do not need to be liberated" and making it clear that de Gaulle was no longer welcome in Canada. The French President returned to his home country and would never visit Canada again.
Supreme Court appointments
Pearson chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the Supreme Court of Canada by the Governor General:
- Robert Taschereau (as Chief Justice, (April 22, 1963 – September 1, 1967; appointed a Puisne Justice under Prime Minister King, February 9, 1940)
- Wishart Flett Spence (May 30, 1963 – December 29, 1978)
- John Robert Cartwright (as Chief Justice, (September 1, 1967 – March 23, 1970; appointed a Puisne Justice under Prime Minister St. Laurent, December 22, 1949)
- Louis-Philippe Pigeon (September 21, 1967 February 8, 1980)
Retirement
After his announcement on December 14, 1967, that he was retiring from politics, a leadership convention was held. Pearson's successor was Pierre Trudeau, a man who Pearson had recruited and made Minister of Justice in his cabinet. Trudeau later became Prime Minister, and two other cabinet ministers Pearson recruited, John Turner and Jean Chrétien, served as prime ministers in the years following Trudeau's retirement. Paul Martin Jr., the son of Pearson's minister of external affairs, Paul Martin Sr., also went on to become prime minister.
From 1969 to until his death in 1972, Pearson served as Chancellor of Carleton University in Ottawa.
Honours and awards
- The Canadian Press named Pearson "Newsmaker of the Year" 9 times, a record he held until his successor, Pierre Trudeau, surpassed it in 2000. He was also only one of two prime ministers to have received the honour, both before and when prime minister (The other being Brian Mulroney).
- The Lester B. Pearson Award is awarded annually to the National Hockey League's outstanding player in the regular season, as judged by members of the NHL Players Association (NHLPA). It was first awarded in 1971 to Phil Esposito, a native of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.
- The Lester B. Pearson Building, completed in 1973, is the headquarters for Foreign Affairs Canada, a tribute to his service as external affairs minister.
- Lester B. Pearson College, opened in 1974, is a United World College near Victoria, British Columbia.
- The Pearson Medal of Peace, first awarded in 1979, is an award given out annually by the United Nations Association in Canada to recognize an individual Canadian's "contribution to international service."
- Toronto Pearson International Airport, first opened in 1939 and re-christened with its current name in 1984, is Canada's busiest airport.
- The Pearson Peacekeeping Centre, established in 1994, is an independent not-for-profit institution providing research and training on all aspects of peace operations.
- The Lester B. Pearson School Board is the largest English-language school board in Quebec. The majority of the schools of the Lester B. Pearson School Board are located on the western half of island of Montreal, with a few of its schools located off the island as well.
- Lester B. Pearson High School lists five so named schools, in Calgary, Toronto, Burlington, Ottawa, and Montreal. There are also schools (also Elementary) in Ajax, Ontario, Aurora, Ontario, Brampton, Ontario, London, Ontario, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Waterloo, Ontario and Wesleyville, Newfoundland.
- Pearson Avenue is located near Highway 407 and Yonge Street in Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; less than five miles from his place of birth.
- Pearson Way is an arterial access road located in a new subdivision in Milton, Ontario; many ex-Prime Ministers are being honoured in this growing community, including Prime Ministers Trudeau and Laurier.
- Lester B. Pearson Place completed in 2006, is a four storey affordable housing builidng in Newtonbrook, Ontario, mere steps from his place of birth.
- A plaque at the north end of the North American Life building in North York commemorates his place of birth. The manse where Pearson was born is gone, but a plaque is located at his birthsite
Honorary Degrees
Lester B. Pearson received Honorary Degrees from 48 Universities, including:
- University of Toronto in 1945 (LL.D)
- University of Rochester in 1947 (LL.D)
- McMaster University in 1948 (LL.D)
- Bates College in 1951 (LL.D)
- Princeton University in 1956 (LL.D)
- University of British Columbia in 1958 (LL.D)
- University of Notre Dame in 1963
- Waterloo Lutheran University later changed to Wilfrid Laurier University in 1964 (LL.D)
- Memorial University of Newfoundland in 1964 (LL.D)
- Johns Hopkins University in 1964 (LL.D)
- University of Western Ontario in 1964
- Laurentian University in 1965 (LL.D)
- University of Saskatchewan (Regina Campus) later changed to University of Regina in 1965
- McGill University in 1965 [
- Queen's University in 1965 (LL.D)
- Dalhousie University in 1967 (LL.D)
- University of Calgary in 1967
- UCSB in 1967
- Harvard University
- Columbia University
- Oxford University (LL.D)
- List is incomplete
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Beal, John Robinson. Pearson of Canada. 1964.
- Beal, John Robinson and Poliquin, Jean-Marc. Les trois vies de Pearson of Canada. 1968.
- Bothwell, Robert. Pearson, His Life and World. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1978. ISBN 0-07-082305-7.
- Champion, C.P. "A Very British Coup: Canadianism, Quebec and Ethnicity in the Flag Debate, 1964-1965." Journal of Canadian Studies 40.3 (2006), p. 68-99. [ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3683/is_200610/ai_n17194033/pg_1 Journal of Canadian Studies 40.3]
- English, John. Shadow of Heaven: The Life of Lester Pearson, Volume I, 1897-1948. Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1989. ISBN 0-88619-169-6.
- English, John. The Worldly Years: The Life of Lester Pearson, Volume II, 1949-1972. Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1992. ISBN 0-394-22729-8.
- Fry, Michael G. Freedom and Change: Essays in Honour of Lester B. Pearson. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1975. ISBN 0-7710-3187-
- Pearson, Lester B. Canada: Nation on the March. Toronto: Clarke, Irwin, 1953.
- _______. The Crisis of Development. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1970.
- _______. Diplomacy in the Nuclear Age. Boston: Harvard University Press, 1959.
- _______. The Four Faces of Peace and the International Outlook. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1964.
- _______. Mike : The Memoirs of the Right Honourable Lester B. Pearson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1972. ISBN 0-575-01709-0 .
- _______. Peace in the Family of Man. London: Oxford University Press, 1969. ISBN 0-563-08449-9.
- _______.. Words and Occasions: An Anthology of Speeches and Articles, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1970. ISBN 0-674-95611-7.
- Stursberg, Peter. Lester Pearson and the Dream of Unity. Toronto: Doubleday, 1978. ISBN 0-385-13478-9.
- Thordarson, Bruce. Lester Pearson: Diplomat and Politician. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1974. ISBN 0-19-540225-1.
External links
- Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online Retrieved July 20, 2007.
- "Greatest Canadian" write-up of Lester Pearson
- Nobel prize website Retrieved July 20, 2007.
- Canadian Peace Hall of Fame Retrieved July 20, 2007.
- Order of Canada Citation Retrieved July 20, 2007.
- Political Biography from the Library of Parliament Retrieved July 20, 2007.
- CBC Digital Archives — Lester B. Pearson: From Peacemaker to Prime Minister Retrieved July 20, 2007.
- University of Toronto Athletic Hall of Fame, Inducted 1987 Retrieved July 20, 2007.
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