Jean-François Champollion
Jean-François Champollion (December 23, 1790 – March 4, 1832) was a French classical scholar, philologist, orientalist, and Egyptologist, famous for decrypting the Egyptian hieroglyphs. He is often regarded the Father of Egyptology.
Life
Jean-François Champollion was born on December 23, 1790 in Figeac, France, the last of seven children (two of whom were already dead before his birth) of Jacques Champollion and Jeanne Françoise. He lived in Grenoble for several years, and even as a child showed an extraordinary linguistic talent. By the age of 16 he had mastered several languages and had read a paper before the Grenoble Academy concerning the Coptic language. By 20 he could already speak Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Amharic, Sanskrit, Avestan, Pahlavi, Arabic, Syriac, Chaldean, Persian, and Chinese, in addition to his native French. He finished his basic education in Lyceum in Grenoble.
Champollion attended the College de France (1807-09), where he specialized in Oriental languages. By the age of 19 he had earned his Doctor of Letters degree. In 1809, he became assistant-professor of History at Grenoble, continuing to teach there until 1816. In 1812 he married Rosine Blanc, with whom he had one daughter, Zoraide (born 1824). He accepted, in 1818, an invitation to become chair in history and geography at the Royal College of Grenoble (1818-21).
Champollion’s vast interest in Egyptology was originally inspired by Napoleon's Egyptian Campaigns 1798-1801. In 1799 French soldiers discovered Rosetta Stone in Egypt, and numerous archeologists unsuccessfully tried to decipher the crypt. Champollion’s knowledge of oriental languages, especially Coptic, led to his being entrusted with the task of deciphering the writing. He spent the years 1821–1824 on this task, finally managing to translate the text. His 1824 work Précis du système hiéroglyphique gave birth to the entire field of modern Egyptology. Champollion was appointed, in 1826, conservator of the Louvre Museum’s Egyptian collection, opened to the public in 1827.
In 1828 and 1829, Champollion led the joint Franco-Tuscan expedition to Egypt, together with Ippolito Rosellini, the professor of Oriental Languages at the University of Pisa and a student of Champollion. They traveled upstream along the Nile and studied an exhaustive number of monuments and inscriptions. The expedition led to a posthumously-published extensive Monuments de l'Egypte et de la Nubie (1845). Unfortunately, Champollion's expedition was blemished by instances of unchecked looting. Most notably, while studying the Valley of the Kings, he irreparably damaged KV17, the tomb of Seti I, by physically removing two large wall sections with mirror-image scenes. The scenes are now, together with numerous other artifacts, in the collections of the Louvre and the museum of Florence, Italy.
Champollion was subsequently made, first in 1830, a member of the Academie des Inscriptionsin, and then one year later, Professor of Egyptology at the Collège de France, occupying the first chair of Egyptian history and archaeology, created just for him. He however did not have time to enjoy his new status. Exhausted by hard labors during and after his scientific expedition to Egypt, Champollion died of a stroke in Paris in 1832, at the age of 41. He is buried in the Père Lachaise cemetery.
Work
Champollion is generally credited as the father of Egyptology, and the person who deciphered the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. However, the important groundwork in this area was previously been laid by two Britons - Thomas Young and William Bankes.
It was Thomas Young who worked on and who had partly successfully deciphered Egyptian hieroglyphs. By 1814 he had completely translated the "enchorial" (demotic, in modern terms) text of the Rosetta Stone, and a few years later had made considerable progress towards an understanding of the hieroglyphic alphabet.
Champollion continued Young’s work on Rosetta Stone. Already in 1808 he demonstrated that fifteen signs of the demotic script corresponded to alphabetic letters in the Coptic language. In 1818 he concluded that some signs on the demotic script are in fact phonemes, and thus that Egyptian script was only partially alphabetic. Champollion’s next big found was the recognition of the name “Ptolmys”. Champollion was at the time working on the translation of three inscriptions, written parallel in hieroglyphs, demotic and Greek language. By comparing the texts, he was able to translate the name “Ptolmys”, such deciphering several signs. When in 1821 he also deciphered the word “Kliopatra”, he had twelve characters to work with, and finally was able to translate the rest of the text.
Champollion revealed his findings to the secretary of the French Académie des Inscriptions in 1822, when he wrote his Lettre à M. Dacier. Based on this letter he published a book in 1824 titled Précis du système hiéroglyphique.
When Champollion published his translation of the hieroglyphs, Young praised his work, but also stated that Champollion had based his system on Young's articles and wanted that his part should be recognized. Champollion, however, was unwilling to share the credit. In the forthcoming schism, strongly motivated by the political tensions of that time, the British supported Young and the French Champollion. Champollion, whose complete understanding of the hieroglyphic grammar showed some mistakes made by Young, maintained that he had deciphered alone the hieroglyphs. However, after 1826, he did offer Young access to demotic manuscripts in the Louvre, when he was a curator there.
In 1828 Champollion led the Franco-Tuscan expedition to Egypt. This was the first time, after the Napoleon’s expeditions to Egypt, that an expedition was sent to systematically survey the history and geography of Egypt through exploring the ancient monuments and their inscriptions. The expedition was followed with great interest, and Champollion’s reports were published on daily basis. After his death, the notes and sketches from this expedition were used by Karl Richard Lepisus and John Gardner Wilkinson in their fieldwork in Egypt.
Legacy
Champollion is credited with deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphics, and thus giving us the insight into the culture and history of ancient Egypt. His expedition to Egypt was the first systematic effort to survey the monuments and their inscriptions of this area, and to provide scholars with the basic understanding of Egyptian culture. For all this Champollion is regarded the Father of Egyptology.
Publications
- Champollion, J.F. 1973. A la memoire de Champollion. Impr. de l'Institut francais d'archeologie orientale
- Champollion, J.F. 1974. Notices descriptives. Geneva: Editions de Belles-Lettres
- Champollion, J.F. 1984. Principes généraux de l'écriture sacrée égyptienne: Appliquée à la représentation de la langue parlée. Paris: M. Sidhom. ISBN 2905304006
- Champollion, J.F. 1985. L'essentiel de l'orthographe. Secalib. ISBN 2867970210
- Champollion, J.F. 1986. Panthéon égyptien: Collection des personnages mythologiques de l'ancienne Egypte. Perséa. ISBN 2906427004
- Champollion, J.F. 1990. Monuments de l'Égypt et de la Nubie. Paris: Robert Laffont
- Champollion, J.F. 1995. Les Vieux remèdes Bretons. Ouest-France. ISBN 2737318076
- Champollion, J.F. 2001. Egyptian Diaries. Gibson Square Books Ltd. ISBN 1903933021
- Champollion, J.F. 2001 (original published in 1833). Lettres écrites d'Égypte et de Nubie, en 1828 et 1829. Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 0543967735
- Champollion, J.F. 2006 (original published in 1824). Précis du système hiéroglyphique des anciens Égyptiens. Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 0543941566
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Baussier, Sylvie. 2002. Champollion et le Mystère des hieroglyphs. Paris: Sorbier. ISBN 2732037486
- Dorra, Max. 2003. La Syncope de Champollion. Paris: Gallimard. ISBN 2070767930
- Honour, Alan. 1966. The man who could read stones: Champollion and the Rosetta Stone. Hawthorn Books.
- Jacq, Christian. 2004. Champollion the Egyptian. Pocket Books. ISBN 0671028561
- Lacouture, Jean. 1988. Champollion: Une vie de lumières. Paris: Grasset. ISBN 2253057533
- Meyerson, Daniel. 2005. The Linguist and the Emperor: Napoleon and Champollion's Quest to Decipher the Rosetta Stone. Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 0345448723
- Reeves, N. & Wilkinson, R.H. 1996. The complete Valley of the Kings. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0500050805
- Singh, Simon. 2000. The Code Book: The science of secrecy from ancient Egypt to quantum cryptography. Anchor. ISBN 0385495323.
- Warren, John. Jean Francois Champollion: The Father of Egyptology. TourEgypt.net. Retrieved December 22, 2006. <http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/champollion.htm>
External links
- Jean-François Champollion – Biography on BBC website
- Jean-François Champollion – Biography on Egyptology.com
- Biblical Archeology - Resources on archaeology connected with the Bible
- Rosetta Stone – What is Rosetta Stone?
- Key words: Unlocking lost languages – review of "The Keys of Egypt" by Lesley and Roy Atkins about Champollion’s work on Rosetta Stone
- How to read Egyptian hieroglyphics - The pronunciation of the Ancient Egyptian language by Kelley L. Ross, Ph.D.
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