Difference between revisions of "Information explosion" - New World Encyclopedia

Latest revision as of 22:50, 5 February 2023

Information explosion is a term used to describe the rapidly increasing amount of published information and the effects of this abundance of data. As the amount of available data grows, managing the information becomes more difficult, which can lead to information overload. Information overload refers to the state of having too much information to make a decision or remain informed about a topic. It is often referred to in conjunction with various forms of computer-mediated communication such as e-mail and the web. The term was coined in 1970 by Alvin Toffler in his book Future Shock.

Use of the term "Information explosion"

The Online Oxford English Dictionary indicates use of the phrase in a March 1964 New Statesman article. The New York Times first used the phrase in its editorial content in an article by Walter Sullivan in June 7, 1964, in which he described the phrase as “much discussed.” The earliest use of the phrase seems to have been in an IBM advertising supplement to the New York Times published on April 30, 1961, and by Frank Fremont-Smith, Director of the American Institute of Biological Sciences Interdisciplinary Conference Program, in an April 1961 article in the AIBS Bulletin. Fortunately, techniques to gather knowledge from an overabundance of electronic information (e.g., data fusion may help in data mining) have existed since the 1970s.

Information overload

"Information overload" by Alvin Toffler

In Future Shock published in 1970, a sociologist and futurologist Alvin Toffler describes the overwhelming flood of information and labeled it as an "information overload." Toffler argues that society is undergoing an enormous structural change, a revolution from an industrial society to a "super-industrial society." This change will overwhelm people because the accelerated rate of technological and social change will leave them disconnected and cause "shattering stress and disorientation"—future shocked. Toffler states that the majority of social problems were symptoms of the future shock. In his discussion of the components of such shock, he also coined the term "information overload."

His analysis of that phenomenon is continued in his later publications, especially The Third Wave and Powershift.

General Causes

The general causes of information overload include:

A rapid increase in the production rate of new information
The ease of duplication and transmission of data across the Internet
An increase in the available channels of incoming information (e.g. telephone, e-mail, instant messaging, rss)
Large amounts of historical information
Contradictions and inaccuracies in available information
A low signal-to-noise ratio (informally, the ratio of useful information to false or irrelevant data)
A lack of a method for comparing and processing different kinds of information

E-mail remains a major contributor to this information overload, as people struggle to keep up with the rate of incoming messages. As well as filtering out unsolicited commercial messages (spam), users also have to contend with the growing use of e-mail attachments in the form of lengthy reports, presentations and media files.

In the article "Overcoming Information Overload," Richard E. Meyer contrasted e-mail to traditional mail, and points out the increase of its amount and expected speed, and complexity:

The fundamental shift from "snail mail" to e-mail, a technology intended to ease user and management burden, is having quite the opposite effect today as senior executives struggle to gain visibility into and control over the process. It is not unusual to hear of people responding to and managing 150 e-mails daily. During renewal season, an underwriter can easily receive up to 400 e-mails daily. If this were not enough, the pace and speed of doing business has increased tenfold.^[1]

With each application creating its own separate location to file information, and each networked system representing a boundary between pieces of information, users are forced to navigate through complex folder structures to file or retrieve their information. The situation is exacerbated for businesses trying to manage information across work groups or spread over geographic locations, where the folder structures become more and more complex. This makes it practically impossible to provide users with uniform access to complete and accurate information in real-time.^[1]

A December 2007 New York Times blog post described E-mail as "a $650 Billion Drag on the Economy,"^[2] and the New York Times reported in April 2008 that "E-MAIL has become the bane of some people’s professional lives" due to information overload, yet "none of [the current wave of high-profile Internet startups focused on email] really eliminates the problem of e-mail overload because none helps us prepare replies".^[3]

Technology investors reflect similar concerns.^[4]

In addition to e-mail, the World Wide Web has provided access to billions of pages of information. In many offices, workers are given unrestricted access to the Web, allowing them to manage their own research. The use of search engines helps users to find information quickly. However, information published online may not always be reliable, due to the lack of authority-approval or a review process before publication. This results in people having to cross-check what they read before using it for decision-making, which takes up more time.

Psychological Effects

As people are faced with growing levels of information overload, the inability to make clear and accurate decisions can increase their stress levels.

Part of the problem of information overload can be traced to interruptions in the workplace. Interruptions include incoming e-mail messages, phone calls and instant messaging—all of which break mental focus and redirect it to the source of the interruption. The person has to deal with the interruption, then redirect their attention back to the original task.

In 2005, research firm "Basex" calculated "interruptions now consume an average of 2.1 hours a day, or 28 percent of the workday."^[5] including the time of recovery. It estimates the cost of unnecessary interruptions and related recovery time at "$588 billion" per annum in the U.S. alone if it is calculated at $21 per hour rate for average "knowledge workers." That figure was updated to "$650 billion" in early 2007.

Response of Business and Government

Many academics, corporate decision-makers, and federal policy-makers recognize the magnitude and growing impact of this phenomenon.

Recent research suggests that an "attention economy" of sorts will naturally emerge from information overload, allowing Internet users greater control over their online experience with particular regard to communication mediums such as e-mail and instant messaging. This could involve some sort of cost being attached to e-mail messages. For example, managers charging a small fee for every e-mail received (e.g. $5.00) which the sender must pay from their budget. The aim of such charging is to force the sender to consider the necessity of the interruption.

Related Terms

A similar term "information pollution" was coined by Jakob Nielsen. The term "interruption overload" has begun to appear in newspapers such as the Financial Times, which reads:

Not long ago, information overload was the bane of office life - a deluge of data inundating our workstations and destroying our collective productivity. Then we discovered that so much information on the internet was rubbish and that we could safely ignore any e-mail addressed to more than three people. Now, though, there is a new workplace affliction: interruption overload.^[6]

People used to be able to interrupt you at work only by phoning or walking into your office. Now they can do so by e-mail, instant messaging, mobile phones (with voice calls and text messages) and BlackBerries or personal digital assistants.^[6]

Web Servers

As of August 2005, there were over 70 million web servers.^[7] As of September 2007, there were over 135 million web servers.^[8]

Blogs

According to Technorati, the number of blogs doubles about every six months with a total of 35.3 million blogs as of April 2006.^[9]

Notes

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Richard E. Meyer, April 2005, "Overcoming Information Overload," Best's Review 105, no. 12: 101-3.
↑ Is Information Overload a $650 Billion Drag on the Economy?. New York Times (2007-12-20). Retrieved May 27, 2008.
↑ Struggling to Evade the E-Mail Tsunami. New York Times (2008-04-20). Retrieved May 27, 2008.
↑ Did Darwin Skip Over Email?. Foundry Group (2008-04-28). Retrieved May 27, 2008.
↑ Claudia Wallis And Sonja Steptoe, Help! I've Lost My Focus, Time, Sunday, Jan. 08, 2006. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Rhymer Rigby, Warning: interruption overload, Financial Times, August 23, 2006. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
↑ Hobbes' Internet Timeline v.8.2, Zakon Group LLC, OpenConf. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
↑ April 2008 Web Server Survey, Netcraft Ltd. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
↑ State of the Blogosphere, April 2006 Part 1: On Blogosphere Growth, Sifry's Alerts, April 17, 2006. Archived page.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

2005. "Technology - Overcoming Information Overload - In the Cyber Soup of Today's Electronic Information, Insurers Need a Real-Time Way to Access Related Facts in E-Mails, Documents, Spreadsheets and More." Best's Review. 105, no. 12: 101.
Chen, Chun-Ying, 1969. Managing Perceptions of Information Overload in Computer-Mediated Communication. College Station, Tex: Texas A&M University, 2005. Article Retrieved May 20, 2008.
Collie, D. 2005. "Tame Information Overload." Business Credit: Publication of National Association of Credit Management. 107, no. 3: 36-37.
Cotton, Anthony J. "Information Technology - Information Overload for Strategic Leaders." Ft. Belvoir: Defense Technical Information Center, 2005. Article Retrieved May 20, 2008.
Morville, Peter. Ambient Findability. Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly, 2005. ISBN 0596007655
Schwartz, Leonard. 2005. "New Technologies and Information Overload." CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'Association Medicale Canadienne. 173, no. 11: 1366.

External links

All links retrieved March 3, 2018.

David A. Bray. Conceptualizing Information Systems and Cognitive Sustainability in 21st Century 'Attention' Economies (Includes Syllabus), Emory University - Department of Decision & Information Analysis.
Peter Lyman and Hal R. Varian. How Much Information? 2003 This study was produced by faculty and students at the School of Information Management and Systems at the University of California at Berkeley.
Information Pollution, Jakob Nielsen's Alertbox, August 11, 2003.
Kimble, P. Hildreth and D. Grimshaw. Conceptualizing Information Systems and Cognitive Sustainability in 21st Century 'Attention' Economies (Includes Syllabus), - The role of contextual clues in the creation of Information Overload. Matching Technology with Organisational Needs, Proceedings of 3rd UKAIS Conference, April 1998, Lincoln University, McGraw Hill, pp. 405 - 412. ISBN 0077094549
Stever Robbins. Tips for Mastering E-mail Overload, Harvard Business School, Working Knowledge for Business Leaders, 10/25/2004.
F. Heylighen. Change and Information Overload: negative effects, Feb 19, 1999

Credits

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The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

History of "Information explosion"

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.

[meyer-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Richard E. Meyer, April 2005, "Overcoming Information Overload," Best's Review 105, no. 12: 101-3.

[2] Is Information Overload a $650 Billion Drag on the Economy?. New York Times (2007-12-20). Retrieved May 27, 2008.

[3] Struggling to Evade the E-Mail Tsunami. New York Times (2008-04-20). Retrieved May 27, 2008.

[4] Did Darwin Skip Over Email?. Foundry Group (2008-04-28). Retrieved May 27, 2008.

[5] Claudia Wallis And Sonja Steptoe, Help! I've Lost My Focus, Time, Sunday, Jan. 08, 2006. Retrieved May 19, 2008.

[rigby-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Rhymer Rigby, Warning: interruption overload, Financial Times, August 23, 2006. Retrieved May 20, 2008.

[7] Hobbes' Internet Timeline v.8.2, Zakon Group LLC, OpenConf. Retrieved May 20, 2008.

[8] April 2008 Web Server Survey, Netcraft Ltd. Retrieved May 20, 2008.

[9] State of the Blogosphere, April 2006 Part 1: On Blogosphere Growth, Sifry's Alerts, April 17, 2006. Archived page.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Information explosion''' is a term that describes the rapidly increasing amount of [[publication|published]] information and the effects of this abundance of data. As the amount of available data grows, the problem of managing the information becomes more difficult, which can lead to '''information overload'''. '''Information overload''' refers to the state of having ''too much'' information to [[decision making|make a decision]] or remain informed about a topic. It is often referred to in conjunction with various forms of [[Computer-mediated communication]] such as [[e-mail]] and the [[Web]]. The term was coined in 1970 by [[Alvin Toffler]] in his book ''Future Shock''.
+{{Copyedited}}{{Approved}}{{Images OK}}{{Submitted}}
+'''Information explosion''' is a term used to describe the rapidly increasing amount of [[publication|published]] information and the effects of this abundance of data. As the amount of available data grows, managing the information becomes more difficult, which can lead to '''information overload'''. ''Information overload'' refers to the state of having ''too much'' information to [[decision making|make a decision]] or remain informed about a topic. It is often referred to in conjunction with various forms of [[computer-mediated communication]] such as [[e-mail]] and the [[web]]. The term was coined in 1970 by [[Alvin Toffler]] in his book ''Future Shock''.
+{{toc}}
+==Use of the term "Information explosion"==
+''The Online Oxford English Dictionary'' indicates use of the phrase in a March 1964 ''New Statesman'' article. ''The New York Times'' first used the phrase in its editorial content in an article by Walter Sullivan in June 7, 1964, in which he described the phrase as “much discussed.” The earliest use of the phrase seems to have been in an IBM advertising supplement to the ''New York Times'' published on April 30, 1961, and by Frank Fremont-Smith, Director of the American Institute of Biological Sciences Interdisciplinary Conference Program, in an April 1961 article in the AIBS Bulletin. Fortunately, techniques to gather knowledge from an overabundance of electronic information (e.g., [[data fusion]] may help in [[data mining]]) have existed since the 1970s.
-==Use of the term "Information exlosion"==
+==Information overload==
-''The Online Oxford English Dictionary'' indicates use of the phrase in a March 1964 ''New Statesman'' article. ''The New York Times'' first used the phrase in its editorial content in an article by Walter Sullivan in June 7, 1964 in which he described the phrase as “much discussed.” The earliest use of the phrase seems to have been in an IBM advertising supplement to the ''New York Times'' published on April 30, 1961 and by Frank Fremont-Smith, Director of the American Institute of Biological Sciences Interdisciplinary Conference Program, in an April 1961 article in the AIBS Bulletin. Fortunately, techniques to gather knowledge from an overabundance of electronic information (e.g., [[data fusion]] may help in [[data mining]]) have existed since the 1970s.
+==="Information overload" by Alvin Toffler===
+In ''Future Shock'' published in 1970, a sociologist and futurologist [[Alvin Toffler]] describes the overwhelming flood of information and labeled it as an "information overload." Toffler argues that society is undergoing an enormous structural change, a revolution from an [[industrial society]] to a "[[super-industrial society]]." This change will overwhelm people because the accelerated rate of technological and social change will leave them disconnected and cause "shattering stress and disorientation"&mdash;future shocked. Toffler states that the majority of social problems were symptoms of the '''future shock'''. In his discussion of the components of such shock, he also coined the term "[[information overload]]."
+His analysis of that phenomenon is continued in his later publications, especially ''[[The Third Wave (book)|The Third Wave]]'' and ''[[Powershift (book)|Powershift]]''.
-==Information overload==
 ===General Causes===
 The general causes of information overload include:
-* A rapidly increasing rate of '''new information''' being produced
+* A rapid increase in the production rate of '''new information'''
 * The '''ease of duplication and transmission''' of data across the Internet
 * An '''increase in the available channels''' of incoming information (e.g. telephone, [[e-mail]], [[instant messaging]], [[rss]])
-* Large amounts of '''historical information''' to dig through
+* Large amounts of '''historical information'''
 * '''Contradictions and inaccuracies''' in available information
 * A low '''[[signal-to-noise ratio]]''' (informally, the ratio of useful information to false or irrelevant data)
 * A '''lack of a method for comparing and processing''' different kinds of information
-'''E-mail''' remains a major source of information overload, as people struggle to keep up with the rate of incoming messages. As well as filtering out unsolicited commercial messages ([[E-mail spam|spam]]), users also have to contend with the growing use of e-mail [[attachments]] in the form of lengthy reports, presentations and media files.
+'''E-mail''' remains a major contributor to this information overload, as people struggle to keep up with the rate of incoming messages. As well as filtering out unsolicited commercial messages ([[E-mail spam|spam]]), users also have to contend with the growing use of e-mail [[attachments]] in the form of lengthy reports, presentations and media files.
-In the article "Overcoming Information Overload," Richard E. Meyer contrasted e-mail to traditional mail, and points out the increase of its amount and expected speed, and the degree of complexity in the information management.
+In the article "Overcoming Information Overload," Richard E. Meyer contrasted e-mail to traditional mail, and points out the increase of its amount and expected speed, and complexity:
-<blockquote>The fundamental shift from "snail mail" to e-mail, a technology intended to ease user and management burden, is having quite the opposite effect today as senior executives struggle to gain visibility into and control over the process. It is not unusual to hear of people responding to and managing 150 e-mails daily. During renewal season, an underwriter can easily receive up to 400 e-mails daily. If this were not enough, the pace and speed of doing business has increased tenfold.<ref>Meyer, Richard E. April 2005. "Overcoming Information Overload." ''Best's Review''. 105, no. 12: 101-3.</ref></blockquote>
+<blockquote>The fundamental shift from "snail mail" to e-mail, a technology intended to ease user and management burden, is having quite the opposite effect today as senior executives struggle to gain visibility into and control over the process. It is not unusual to hear of people responding to and managing 150 e-mails daily. During renewal season, an underwriter can easily receive up to 400 e-mails daily. If this were not enough, the pace and speed of doing business has increased tenfold.<ref name=meyer>Richard E. Meyer, April 2005, "Overcoming Information Overload," ''Best's Review'' 105, no. 12: 101-3.</ref></blockquote>
-<blockquote>With each application creating its own separate location to file information, and each networked system representing a boundary between pieces of information, users are forced to navigate through complex folder structures to file or retrieve their information. The situation is exacerbated for businesses trying to manage information across work groups or spread over geographic locations, where the folder structures become more and more complex. This makes it practically impossible to provide users with uniform access to complete and accurate information in real-time.<ref>Ibid.</ref>
+<blockquote>With each application creating its own separate location to file information, and each networked system representing a boundary between pieces of information, users are forced to navigate through complex folder structures to file or retrieve their information. The situation is exacerbated for businesses trying to manage information across work groups or spread over geographic locations, where the folder structures become more and more complex. This makes it practically impossible to provide users with uniform access to complete and accurate information in real-time.<ref name=meyer/>
 </blockquote>
-A December 2007 ''New York Times'' blog post described E-mail as "a $650 Billion Drag on the Economy"<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/20/is-information-overload-a-650-billion-drag-on-the-economy|title= Is Information Overload a $650 Billion Drag on the Economy?| date=2007-12-20| publisher= ''New York Times''}}</ref>, and the ''New York Times'' reported in April 2008 that "E-MAIL has become the bane of some people’s professional lives" due to information overload, yet "none of [the current wave of high-profile Internet startups focused on email] really eliminates the problem of e-mail overload because none helps us prepare replies".<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/20/technology/20digi.html?_r=2&oref=slogin&oref=slogin|title= Struggling to Evade the E-Mail Tsunami| date=2008-04-20| publisher= New York Times}}</ref>
+A December 2007 ''New York Times'' blog post described E-mail as "a $650 Billion Drag on the Economy,"<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/20/is-information-overload-a-650-billion-drag-on-the-economy|title= Is Information Overload a $650 Billion Drag on the Economy?| date=2007-12-20| publisher= ''New York Times''}} Retrieved May 27, 2008.</ref> and the ''New York Times'' reported in April 2008 that "E-MAIL has become the bane of some people’s professional lives" due to information overload, yet "none of [the current wave of high-profile Internet startups focused on email] really eliminates the problem of e-mail overload because none helps us prepare replies".<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/20/technology/20digi.html?_r=2&oref=slogin&oref=slogin|title= Struggling to Evade the E-Mail Tsunami| date=2008-04-20| publisher= New York Times}} Retrieved May 27, 2008.</ref>
-Technology investors reflect similar concerns.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.foundrygroup.com/blog/archives/2008/04/did-darwin-skip-over-email.php|title= Did Darwin Skip Over Email?| date=2008-04-28| publisher= Foundry Group}}</ref>
+Technology investors reflect similar concerns.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.foundrygroup.com/blog/archives/2008/04/did-darwin-skip-over-email.php|title= Did Darwin Skip Over Email?| date=2008-04-28| publisher= Foundry Group}} Retrieved May 27, 2008.</ref>
 In addition to e-mail, the [[World Wide Web]] has provided access to billions of pages of information. In many offices, workers are given unrestricted access to the Web, allowing them to manage their own research. The use of [[search engine]]s helps users to find information quickly. However, information published online may not always be reliable, due to the lack of authority-approval or a review process before publication. This results in people having to cross-check what they read before using it for decision-making, which takes up more time.
@@ Line 35: / Line 40: @@
 As people are faced with growing levels of information overload, the inability to make clear and accurate decisions can increase their [[stress]] levels.
-Part of the problem of information overload can be traced to '''interruptions''' in the workplace. Interruptions include incoming [[e-mail]] messages, phone calls and [[instant messaging]] - all of which break mental focus, and redirect it to the source of the interruption. The person has to deal with the interruption, then redirect their attention back to the original task.
+Part of the problem of information overload can be traced to '''interruptions''' in the workplace. Interruptions include incoming [[e-mail]] messages, phone calls and [[instant messaging]]&mdash;all of which break mental focus and redirect it to the source of the interruption. The person has to deal with the interruption, then redirect their attention back to the original task.
-In 2005, research firm "[http://www.basex.com Basex]" calculated "interruptions now consume an average of 2.1 hours a day, or 28% of the workday."<ref>CLAUDIA WALLIS AND SONJA STEPTOE. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1147136-2,00.html Help! I've Lost My Focus], ''Time'', Sunday, Jan. 08, 2006. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
+In 2005, research firm "[http://www.basex.com Basex]" calculated "interruptions now consume an average of 2.1 hours a day, or 28 percent of the workday."<ref>Claudia Wallis And Sonja Steptoe, [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1147136-2,00.html Help! I've Lost My Focus], ''Time'', Sunday, Jan. 08, 2006. Retrieved May 19, 2008.</ref> including the time of recovery. It estimates the cost of unnecessary interruptions and related recovery time at "[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1147136-2,00.html $588 billion]" per annum in the U.S. alone if it is calculated at $21 per hour rate for average "knowledge workers." That figure was updated to "[http://www.businessweek.com/careers/content/jul2007/ca20070719_880333.htm $650 billion]" in early 2007.
-</ref> including the time of recovery. It estimates the cost of unnecessary interruptions and related recovery time at "[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1147136-2,00.html $588 billion]" per annum in the U.S. alone if it is calculated at $21 per hour rate for average "knowledge workers." That figure was updated to "[http://www.businessweek.com/careers/content/jul2007/ca20070719_880333.htm $650 billion]" in early 2007.
 ===Response of Business and Government===
 Many academics, corporate decision-makers, and federal policy-makers recognize the magnitude and growing impact of this phenomenon.
-Recent research suggests that an "[[attention economy]]" of sorts will naturally emerge from information overload, allowing Internet users greater control over their online experience with particular regard to communication mediums such as e-mail and instant messaging. This could involve some sort of cost being attached to e-mail messages. For example, managers charging a small fee for every e-mail received - e.g. $5.00 - which the sender must pay from their budget. The aim of such charging is to force the sender to consider the necessity of the interruption.
+Recent research suggests that an "[[attention economy]]" of sorts will naturally emerge from information overload, allowing Internet users greater control over their online experience with particular regard to communication mediums such as e-mail and instant messaging. This could involve some sort of cost being attached to e-mail messages. For example, managers charging a small fee for every e-mail received (e.g. $5.00) which the sender must pay from their budget. The aim of such charging is to force the sender to consider the necessity of the interruption.
 ===Related Terms===
@@ Line 49: / Line 53: @@
 A similar term "'''information pollution'''" was coined by Jakob Nielsen. The term "interruption overload" has begun to appear in newspapers such as the [[Financial Times]], which reads:
-<blockquote>Not long ago, information overload was the bane of office life - a deluge of data inundating our workstations and destroying our collective productivity. Then we discovered that so much information on the internet was rubbish and that we could safely ignore any e-mail addressed to more than three people. Now, though, there is a new workplace affliction: interruption overload.<ref>Rhymer Rigby. [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/d0f71fb6-3243-11db-ab06-0000779e2340,dwp_uuid=4e612cca-6707-11da-a650-0000779e2340,print=yes.html  Warning: interruption overload], ''Financial Times'', August 23 2006 03:00. Retrieved May 20, 2008.</ref></blockquote>
+<blockquote>Not long ago, information overload was the bane of office life - a deluge of data inundating our workstations and destroying our collective productivity. Then we discovered that so much information on the internet was rubbish and that we could safely ignore any e-mail addressed to more than three people. Now, though, there is a new workplace affliction: interruption overload.<ref name=rigby>Rhymer Rigby, [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/d0f71fb6-3243-11db-ab06-0000779e2340,dwp_uuid=4e612cca-6707-11da-a650-0000779e2340,print=yes.html Warning: interruption overload], ''Financial Times'', August 23, 2006. Retrieved May 20, 2008.</ref></blockquote>
-<blockquote>People used to be able to interrupt you at work only by phoning or walking into your office. Now they can do so by e-mail, instant messaging, mobile phones (with voice calls and text messages) and BlackBerries or personal digital assistants.<ref>Ibid.</ref></blockquote>
+<blockquote>People used to be able to interrupt you at work only by phoning or walking into your office. Now they can do so by e-mail, instant messaging, mobile phones (with voice calls and text messages) and BlackBerries or personal digital assistants.<ref name=rigby/></blockquote>
 ==Web Servers==
-As of August 2005, there were over 70 million [[web server]]s. <ref>[http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/ Hobbes' Internet Timeline v.8.2], Zakon Group LLC, OpenConf. Retrieved May 20, 2008.<br/></ref>
+As of August 2005, there were over 70 million [[web server]]s.<ref>[http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/ Hobbes' Internet Timeline v.8.2], Zakon Group LLC, OpenConf. Retrieved May 20, 2008.<br/></ref>
-As of September 2007, there were over 135 million web servers. <ref>[http://news.netcraft.com/archives/web_server_survey.html April 2008 Web Server Survey], Netcraft Ltd. Retrieved May 20, 2008.</ref>
+As of September 2007, there were over 135 million web servers.<ref>[http://news.netcraft.com/archives/web_server_survey.html April 2008 Web Server Survey], Netcraft Ltd. Retrieved May 20, 2008.</ref>
 ==Blogs==
-According to [[Technorati]], the number of [[blogs]] doubles about every 6 months with a total of 35.3 million blogs as of April 2006. <ref>[http://www.sifry.com/alerts/archives/000432.html State of the Blogosphere, April 2006 Part 1: On Blogosphere Growth], Sifry's Alerts, April 17, 2006. Archived page. Retrieved May 20, 2008.</ref>
+According to Technorati, the number of [[blogs]] doubles about every six months with a total of 35.3 million blogs as of April 2006.<ref>State of the Blogosphere, April 2006 Part 1: On Blogosphere Growth, Sifry's Alerts, April 17, 2006. Archived page.</ref>
-==See also==
-[[Metcalfe's law]]
-*[[Information explosion]]
-*[[Glass cockpit]]
 ==Notes==
 <references/>
 ==References==
-*2005. "Technology - Overcoming Information Overload - In the Cyber Soup of Today's Electronic Information, Insurers Need a Real-Time Way to Access Related Facts in E-Mails, Documents, Spreadsheets and More". ''Best's Review.'' 105, no. 12: 101.
+*2005. "Technology - Overcoming Information Overload - In the Cyber Soup of Today's Electronic Information, Insurers Need a Real-Time Way to Access Related Facts in E-Mails, Documents, Spreadsheets and More." ''Best's Review.'' 105, no. 12: 101.
-*Chen, Chun-Ying, 1969-. Managing Perceptions of Information Overload in Computer-Mediated Communication. College Station, Tex: Texas A&M University, 2005. <http://hdl.handle.net/1969/1370>. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
+*Chen, Chun-Ying, 1969. Managing Perceptions of Information Overload in Computer-Mediated Communication. College Station, Tex: Texas A&M University, 2005. [http://hdl.handle.net/1969/1370 Article] Retrieved May 20, 2008.
-*Collie, D. 2005. "Tame Information Overload". ''Business Credit'' : Publication of National Association of Credit Management. 107, no. 3: 36-37.
+*Collie, D. 2005. "Tame Information Overload." ''Business Credit'': Publication of National Association of Credit Management. 107, no. 3: 36-37.
-*Cotton, Anthony J. "Information Technology - Information Overload for Strategic Leaders." Ft. Belvoir: Defense Technical Information Center, 2005. <http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA431929>. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
+*Cotton, Anthony J. "Information Technology - Information Overload for Strategic Leaders." Ft. Belvoir: Defense Technical Information Center, 2005. [http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA431929 Article] Retrieved May 20, 2008.
-*Morville, Peter. ''Ambient Findability.'' Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly, 2005. ISBN:0596007655 9780596007652
+*Morville, Peter. ''Ambient Findability.'' Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly, 2005. ISBN 0596007655
-*Schwartz, Leonard. 2005. "New Technologies and Information Overload". CMAJ : ''Canadian Medical Association Journal'' = ''Journal De L'Association Medicale Canadienne''. 173, no. 11: 1366.
+*Schwartz, Leonard. 2005. "New Technologies and Information Overload." CMAJ: ''Canadian Medical Association Journal'' = ''Journal De L'Association Medicale Canadienne''. 173, no. 11: 1366.
 ==External links==
-All links retrieved May 20, 2008.
+All links retrieved March 3, 2018.
-*Latanya Sweeney. [http://privacy.cs.cmu.edu/people/sweeney/explosion.html Information Explosion]
-*DAVID A. BRAY. [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=991165 Conceptualizing Information Systems and Cognitive Sustainability in 21st Century 'Attention' Economies (Includes Syllabus)], Emory University - Department of Decision & Information Analysis.
+*David A. Bray. [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=991165 Conceptualizing Information Systems and Cognitive Sustainability in 21st Century 'Attention' Economies (Includes Syllabus)], Emory University - Department of Decision & Information Analysis.
-*Peter Lyman and Hal R. Varian. [http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/research/projects/how-much-info-2003/ How Much Information? 2003]. This study was produced by faculty and students at the School of Information Management and Systems at the University of California at Berkeley.
+*Peter Lyman and Hal R. Varian. [http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/research/projects/how-much-info-2003/ How Much Information? 2003] This study was produced by faculty and students at the School of Information Management and Systems at the University of California at Berkeley.
 * [http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20030811.html Information Pollution], Jakob Nielsen's Alertbox, August 11, 2003.
-* [http://www.infogineering.net/articles/understanding-information-overload.htm Understanding Information Overload], Infogineering.
+*Kimble, P. Hildreth and D. Grimshaw. [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=991165 Conceptualizing Information Systems and Cognitive Sustainability in 21st Century 'Attention' Economies (Includes Syllabus)], - The role of contextual clues in the creation of Information Overload. Matching Technology with Organisational Needs, Proceedings of 3rd UKAIS Conference, April 1998, Lincoln University, McGraw Hill, pp. 405 - 412. ISBN 0077094549
-*KIMBLE, P. HILDRETH & D. GRIMSHAW. [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=991165 Conceptualizing Information Systems and Cognitive Sustainability in 21st Century 'Attention' Economies (Includes Syllabus)],  - The role of contextual clues in the creation of Information Overload. Matching Technology with Organisational Needs, Proceedings of 3rd UKAIS Conference, April 1998, Lincoln University, McGraw Hill, pp. 405 - 412. ISBN 0077094549.
+*Stever Robbins. [http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item.jhtml?id=4438&t=srobbins Tips for Mastering E-mail Overload], Harvard Business School, Working Knowledge for Business Leaders, 10/25/2004.
-*Chris Kimble, David J. Grimshaw, Paul M. Hildreth. [http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~kimble/research/PAPER200.pdf The Role of Contextual Clues in the Creation of Information Overload (PDF)], MIS Research Group, Dept. Computer Science, University of York & School
-of Management, Cranfield University.
-*Carlson, Christopher N. [http://eprints.rclis.org/archive/00002248/ Information overload, retrieval strategies and Internet user empowerment,] Proceedings The Good, the Bad and the Irrelevant (COST 269) 1(1), pp. 169-173, Helsinki (Finland). E-Prints in Library and Information Science.
-*Martin J. Eppler, Jeanne Mengis.  [http://www.bul.unisi.ch/cerca/bul/pubblicazioni/com/pdf/wpca0301.pdf A Literature Review on Information Overload Studies in Marketing, Organization, MIS, Accounting and related disciplines (PDF)], Paper # 1/2003, September 2003.
-*Stever Robbins. [http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item.jhtml?id=4438&t=srobbins Tips for Mastering E-mail Overload], Harvard Business School, Working Knowledge for Business Leaders, 10/25/2004
-*Richard A. Hudiburg. [http://www2.una.edu/psychology/alatalk.htm Assessing and Managing Technostress], A talk given by Richard A. Hudiburg, Ph.D. at the session "Collaborative Solutions to Technostress: Librarians Lead the Way." Program sponored by the Association of College & Research Libraries Instructional Section at the 115th Annual Meeting of the American Library Association, July 8, 1996, New York, New York.
-*Edward Teach. [http://www.cfo.com/article.cfm/9389205/c_9394789.html Tangled Up in Tasks], CFO Magazine, July 1, 2007
 * F. Heylighen. [http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/CHINNEG.html Change and Information Overload: negative effects], Feb 19, 1999
-* [http://www.managingio.com Information Overload blog]
 [[Category:Library and information science]]
-{{credits|Information_explosion|200569013|Information_overload|210765700|Signal-to-noise_ratio|212291408}}
+{{credits|Information_explosion|200569013|Information_overload|210765700|Signal-to-noise_ratio|212291408|Future_Shock|208771481}}