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| − | {{Infobox Scientist
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| − | |name = Hideyo Noguchi
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| − | |image =Noguchi Hideyo.jpg
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| − | |caption = Hideyo Noguchi wit signature
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| − | |birth_date = {{birth date|1876|11|24}}
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| − | |birth_place = [[Inawashiro, Fukushima|Inawashiro]], [[Fukushima prefecture]]
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| − | |death_date = {{Death date and age|1928|05|21|1876|11|24}}
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| − | |death_place =
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| − | |residence = |citizenship =
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| − | |nationality = [[Japan]]
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| − | |ethnicity =
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| − | |field = [[bacteriology]]
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| − | |known_for = [[syphilis]]<br/>[[Treponema pallidum]]
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| − | |author_abbrev_bot =|author_abbrev_zoo =
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| − | |influences =
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| − | |prizes =
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| − | |religion = |footnotes = |signature =
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| − | {{nihongo|'''Hideyo Noguchi'''|野口 英世|''Noguchi Hideyo''|extra=November 24, 1876 – May 21, 1928}}, also known as {{nihongo|Seisaku Noguchi|野口清作|''Noguchi Seisaku''}}, was a prominent Japanese [[bacteriologist]] who discovered the agent for [[syphilis]] in 1911.
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| − | Noguchi was born into poverty and became handicapped when, at the age of one, he severely burned his left hand. Noguchi rose above his situation and with the help of his mother and teachers became a medical doctor. In 1900, he came to the [[U.S.]] and worked at the University of Pennsylvania, and later at the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research. Noguchi traveled extensively in [[Central America]] and [[South America]] to do research for a vaccine for yellow fever and to research Oroya fever, poliomyelitis and trachoma. In 1928, he traveled to [[Africa]] to confirm his findings. Noguchi, however, was infected with yellow fever and died in the same year.
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| − | Noguchi received a number of awards during his lifetime and after his death. The Japanese government established the Hideyo Noguchi African Prize in 2006 and the award has been given every five years to individuals who made notable medical contributions in Africa.
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| − | ==Early life==
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| − | Noguchi Hideyo was born as the eldest son of Sayosuke Noguchi (野口佐代助) (father) and Shika (mother), in [[Inawashiro, Fukushima|Inawashiro]], [[Fukushima prefecture]] on November 9, 1876. His youth name is Seisaku (清作). The Noguchi family were poor peasants for generations. When he was one and a half years old he fell into a fireplace and suffered a burn injury on his left hand. There was no doctor in the small village, but one of the men examined the boy. "The fingers of the left hand are mostly gone," he said, "and the left arm and the left foot and the right hand are burned; I know not how badly." Due to his injury to his left hand, he could not expect to become a peasant.<ref>[http://www.ifsa.jp/kiji-sekai-noguchi.htm Noguchi Hideyo] (Japanese), IFSA. Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref>
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| − | Shika, Noguchi's mother, had strong faith in [[Kwannon]] [[Buddhism]]. It is said that she prayed day and night to ask Buddha to save her son. While she continued to pray, she became determined to give her son an education so that he can find his way in spite of his physical handicap. For Noguchi's family as a poor peasant, it looked impossible to send him to school. Shika did additional physical labor to raise extra funds.
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| − | Sakae Kobayashi (小林栄), a teacher at the Inawashiro elementary school, financially supported the family, which made it possible for Noguchi to enter the elementary school in 1889. He was smart and teachers soon recognized his abilities. Thanks to generous contributions from his teacher Kobayashi and his friends, he was able to receive surgery, from Kanae Watanabe, on his badly burned left hand and he recovered about 70% mobility and functionality.
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| − | Noguchi decided to become a doctor to help those in need. He often cited the words, "[[Napoleon]] did not sleep more than three hours" and practiced it to save time for studies. When he left his hometown for Tokyo to study medical science, he left the words, "I will never set foot on the soil of my hometown until I accomplish my will."
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| − | He apprenticed himself to {{nihongo|Dr. Kanae Watanabe|渡部鼎|''Watanabe Kanae''}}, the same doctor who had performed the surgery on his hand. He passed the examinations to practice medicine when he was twenty years old in 1896. He showed signs of great talent and was supported in his studies by Dr. [[Morinosuke Chiwaki]].
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| − | In 1898, he changed his first name to Hideyo after reading a fictional novel about a man who had the similar name - Nonoguchi Seisaku (野々口精作) - as him. The character in the novel was intelligent like Noguchi, but became lazy and ruined his life. Noguchi found the similar shortcomings in the character of the novel and changed his name from Seisaku to Hideyo (英世) to make a new start of life.
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| − | ==Career==
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| − | [[Image:Noguchi_Hideyo.png|right|thumb|240px|thumb|Hideyo Noguchi and his mother Shika]]
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| − | In 1898, Noguchi became an assistant to [[Shibasaburo Kitazato]] at his research institute of infectious disease. He met Dr. Simon Flexner at the institute. Due to his excellent work, Noguchi was dispatched to [[China]] as a member of international pest prevention committee.
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| − | In 1900 Noguchi moved to the [[United States]], where he obtained a job as a research assistant with Dr. [[Simon Flexner]] at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] and later at the [[Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research]]. He thrived in this environment.<ref>Flexner, James Thomas. (1996). [http://books.google.com/books?id=zHUQdmAlX-4C&pg=PA51&dq=hideyo+noguchi&lr=&client=firefox-a&sig=A-TRnP-lyJslsJauKPsRlrJ_Lmw#PPA51,M1 ''Maverick's Progress,'' pp. 51]-52. Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref> At this time his work concerned [[poisonous snakes]]. In part, his move was motivated by difficulties in obtaining a medical position in Japan, as prospective employers were concerned about the impact the hand deformity would have on potential patients. In a research setting, this handicap became a non-issue. He and his peers learned from their work and from each other. In this period, a fellow research assistant in Flexner's lab was Frenchman [[Alexis Carrel]], who would go on to win a [[Nobel Prize]] in 1912;<ref>Gray, Christopher. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E6D81739F936A15751C0A9679C8B63&scp=1&sq=hideyo+noguchi&st=nyt " Streetscapes/Rockefeller University, 62nd to 68th Streets Along the East River; From a Child's Death Came a Medical Institute's Birth,"] ''New York Times.'' February 25, 2001. Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref> and Noguchi's work would later attract the Prize committee's scrutiny.<ref>Japanese Government Internet TV: [http://nettv.gov-online.go.jp/eng/prg/prg1143.html "Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize," streaming video 2007/04/26] Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref> The Nobel Foundation archives have been only recently opened for public inspection; and what was once only speculation is now confirmed. He was nominated in 1913, 1914, 1915, 1920, 1921, 1924, 1925, 1926, and 1927.
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| − | While working at the [[Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research]] in 1913, he demonstrated the presence of ''[[Treponema pallidum]]'' (syphilitic spirochete) in the brain of a progressive paralysis patient, proving that the spirochete was the cause of the disease. Dr. Noguchi's name is remembered in the binomial attached to another spirochete, ''Leptospira noguchii''.<ref>Dixon, Bernard. [http://www.asm.org/microbe/index.asp?bid=27061 "Fame, Failure, and Yellowjack,"] ''Microbe Magazine'' ([[American Society for Microbiology]]). May 2004. Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref>
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| − | Noguchi worked so tirelessly, fellow researchers whispered, "when do the Japanese sleep?"<ref>[http://www.city.aizuwakamatsu.fukushima.jp/j/rekishi/noguchi/sekai.htm 野口英世年表] (Noguchi Hideyo choronology), Aizuwakamatsu city official site. Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref>
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| − | In 1918, Noguchi traveled extensively in [[Central America]] and [[South America]] to do research for a [[vaccine]] for [[yellow fever]], and to research [[Oroya fever]], [[poliomyelitis]] and [[trachoma]]. While in [[Ecuador]], he received a commission as a [[colonel]] in the Ecuadoran Army.
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| − | In 1928, Noguchi traveled to [[Africa]] to confirm his findings. The purpose of this field work was to test the hypothesis that yellow fever was caused by [[spirochaete]] [[bacteria]] instead of a [[virus]]. While working in [[Accra]], [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] (modern-day [[Ghana]]) he was struck down by the yellow fever virus, his last words being ''"I don't understand."''<ref>BBC/H2g2: [http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A1132138 Yellow Fever blurb.] Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref>
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| − | ==Honors during Noguchi's lifetime==
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| − | [[Image:Statue of Hideyo Noguchi.jpg|thumb|200px|Statue of Hideyo Noguchi in [[Ueno Park]]]]
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| − | Noguchi was honored with both Japanese and foreign decorations. He received honorary degrees from a number of universities.
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| − | He was discretely self-effacing in his public life, and he often referred to himself with naive objectiveness, as "funny Noguchi;" but those who knew him well reported that he "gloated in honors."<ref name="t1931">[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,741726,00.html "'Funny Noguchi,'] ''Time.'' May 18, 1931. Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref> When Noguchi was awarded an honorary doctorate at Yale, [[William Lyon Phelps]] observed that the Kings of Spain, Denmark and Sweden had conferred awards, but "perhaps he appreciates even more than royal honors the admiration and the gratitude of the people."<ref name="nyt1921">[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9804E5D61631EF33A25750C2A9609C946095D6CF "Angll Inaugurated at Yale Graduation; New President Takes Office Before a Distinguished Audience of University Men;784 Degrees are given; Mme. Curie, Sir Robert Jones,Archibald Marshall, J.W. Davis and Others Honored,"] ''New York Times.'' June 23, 1921. Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref>
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| − | * [[Kyoto Imperial University]] - [[Doctor of Medicine]], 1909.<ref>Kita, Atsushi. (2005). ''Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery,'' p. 169.</ref>
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| − | * [[Order of Dannebrog]], 1913 ([[Denmark]]).<ref>Kita, p. 181.</ref>
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| − | * [[Order of Isabella the Catholic]], 1913 ([[Spain]]).<ref>Kita, p. 177; </ref>
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| − | * [[Order of the Polar Star]], 1914 ([[Sweden]]).<ref name="k182">Kita, p. 182.</ref>
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| − | * [[Tokyo Imperial University]] - [[Doctor of Science]], 1914.<ref name="k182">[see above]</ref>
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| − | * [[Order of the Rising Sun]], 4th class—1915.
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| − | * [[Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy|Imperial Award]], [[Japan Academy|Imperial Academy]] (Japan) - 1915.<ref>Kita, p. 186.</ref>
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| − | * [[University of Quito]], 1919 - ([[Ecuador]]).<ref name="jmofa2">Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. [http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/latin_e/episode.html#Hideyo Noguchi & Latin America] Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref>
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| − | * [[University of Guayaquil]], 1919 - [[Ecuador]].<ref name="jmofa2">[see above]</ref>
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| − | * [[Yale University]], 1921 - ([[US]]).<ref name="nyt1921">[see above]</ref>
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| − | ==Legacy==
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| − | ===Posthumous honors===
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| − | In 1928, the Japanese government awarded Noguchi the Order of the Rising Sun second class.
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| − | [[Image:Hideyo Noguchi Grave 1024.jpg|thumb|The grave of Hideyo Noguchi in [[Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx|Woodlawn Cemetery]]]]In 1979, the Noguchi Memorial Institute of Medical Research (NMIMR) was founded with funds donated by the Japanese government.<ref>UNiversity of Pennsylvania: [http://www.med.upenn.edu/globalhealth/UPENNSOMGlobalHealthPrograms—InternationalOpportunitiesforStudents.shtml Global Health Project] Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref> The Institute is located at the [[University of Ghana]] in Legon, a suburb north of [[Accra]].<ref>University of Ghana: [http://ffhtechnical.org/partners/collaborating-organizations/university-of-ghana-noguchi-memorial-institute-for-medical-research Noguchi Institute (NMIMR).] Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref> After his death, Noguchi's body was returned to the United States; but the mere existence of the NMIMR is arguably a more fitting memorial than the modest marker in New York City's Woodlawn Cemetery.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE3D71E31F932A3575AC0A961958260&scp=3&sq=hideyo+noguchi&st=nyt " A Place for All Eternity In Their Adopted Land,"] ''New York Times.'' September 1, 1997. Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref>
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| − | Dr. Noguchi's portrait has been printed on Japanese 1000 [[yen]] [[Banknotes of the Japanese yen|banknotes]] since 2004.<ref>Bank of Japan: [http://www.boj.or.jp/en/type/list/yuko/data/money01.pdf Valid Bank of Japan Notes, as of August 2004;] Brook, James. [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/02/business/worldbusiness/02notes.html?scp=2&sq=hideyo+noguchi&st=nyt "Japan Issues New Currency to Foil Forgers,"] ''New York Times.'' November 2, 2004. Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref> In addition, the house where he was born and raised is preserved and is part of a museum to his life and its achievements.
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| − | ===Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize===
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| − | The Japanese Government established the [[Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize]] in July 2006 as a new international medical research and services award to mark the official visit of Prime Minister [[Junichiro Koizumi]] to Africa in May 2006 and the 80th anniversary of Dr. Noguchi’s death.<ref>Japan Science and Technology Agency: [http://sciencelinks.jp/content/blogcategory/30/246/ " Comemorative Lecture: The First Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize,"] Science Links Japan web site. Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref> The Prize aims to honor individuals with outstanding achievements in combating various infectious diseases in Africa or in establishing innovative medical service systems.<ref>Rockefeller Foundation: [http://www.rockfound.org/about_us/news/2006/072506noguchi.shtml Noguchi Prize, history]. Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref> The presentation ceremony and laureate lectures coincided with the Fourth [[Tokyo International Conference on African Development]] ([[TICAD]]) in late April 2008.<ref>Japan, Cabinet Office: [http://www.cao.go.jp/noguchisho/keii-e.html Noguchi Prize, chronology]. Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref> In 2008, the conference venue was moved from [[Tokyo]] to [[Yokohama]] as another way of honoring the man after whom the prize was named. In 1899, Dr. Noguchi worked at the Yokohama Port Quarantine Office as an assistant quarantine doctor.<ref>Hideyo Noguchi Memorial Museum: [http://www.town.inawashiro.fukushima.jp/eng/main_eng_noguchi.html Noguchi, life events]. Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref>
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| − | The first awards of this international prize—consisting of a citation, a medal and an honorarium of 100 million yen (US$843,668) are only intended to be the first in a continuing series; and subsequently the Prize is expected to be awarded every five years.<ref>World Health Organization: [http://www.afro.who.int/press/2007/pr20070430.html Noguchi Prize, WHO/AFRO involved]. Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref> The prize as been made possible through a combination of government funding and private donations.<ref>[http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/20080330TDY03103.htm "Noguchi Africa Prize short by 70% of fund target,"] ''Yomiuri Shimbun'' (Tokyo). March 30, 2008. Retrieved January 5, 2009.</ref>
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | *[[syphilis]]
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| − | *[[yellow fever]]
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| − | ==Notes==
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| − | {{reflist|2}}
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| − | ==References==
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| − | '''Selected works by Noguchi'''
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| − | * 1904: [http://books.google.com/books?id=diz1IVBy8_UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=hideyo+noguchi&lr=&client=firefox-a#PPT4,M1 ''The Action of Snake Venom Upon Cold-blooded Animals.''], Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
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| − | * 1909: [http://books.google.com/books?id=-QcDAAAAIAAJ&q=hideyo+noguchi&dq=hideyo+noguchi&lr=&client=firefox-a&pgis=1 ''Snake Venoms: An Investigation of Venomous Snakes with Special Reference to the Phenomena of Their Venoms.''], Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
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| − | * 1911: [http://books.google.com/books?id=cs0KC_8dqsIC&dq=hideyo+noguchi&lr=&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 ''Serum Diagnosis of Syphilis and the Butyric Acid Test for Syphilis.''], Philadelphia: [[Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|J. B. Lippincott]]. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
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| − | * 1923: [http://books.google.com/books?id=ZFQlGQAACAAJ&dq=hideyo+noguchi&lr=&client=firefox-a ''Laboratory Diagnosis of Syphilis: A Manual for Students and Physicians.''], New York: [[Harper & Brothers|P. B. Hoeber]]. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
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| − | '''Secondary sources'''
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| − | *Badaro, Roberto.1998. "To Honor Hideyo Noguchi: 1876-1928". ''Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases''. 2, no. 3: 164-8.
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| − | *Beard, Annie E. S. ''Our Foreign-Born Citizens.'' New York: Crowell, 1968.
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| − | *Clark, Paul F. ''Hideyo Noguchi, 1876-1928''. 1959.
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| − | *D'Amelio, Dan, and Fred Banbery. ''Taller Than Bandai Mountain; The Story of Hideyo Noguchi.'' New York: Viking Press, 1968.
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| − | *Dixon, Bernard. [http://www.asm.org/microbe/index.asp?bid=27061 "Fame, Failure, and Yellowjack,"] Microbe Magazine (American Society for Microbiology). Retrieved January 5, 2009.
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| − | *Eckstein, Gustav. ''Noguchi''. New York: Harper & brothers, 1931.
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| − | *Flexner, Simon.Hideyo Noguchi. Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 1930.
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| − | *''Hideyo Noguchi.'' Tokyo: The Doctor Noguchi Memorial Association, 1983.
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| − | *Kita, Atsushi. ''Dr. Noguchi's journey: a life of medical search and discovery.'' Tokyo: Kodansha International, 2005. ISBN 9784770023551
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| − | *Plesset, Isabel Rosanoff. ''Noguchi and His Patrons''. Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1980. ISBN 9780838623473
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| − | *Smith, Theobald, and William Henry Welch. ''Memorial Addresses: Hideyo Noguchi, 1876-1928.'' S.l: s.n.], 1929.
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| − | *Tōkyō Shika Daigaku. ''Hideyo Noguchi His Life and Work.'' Tokyo, Japan: Tokyo Dental College, 1928.
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| − | *University of Cincinnati. ''Hideyo Noguchi Memorial Number.'' 1929.
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| − | *Watts G. 2008. "Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize. Tightening the Net Around Malaria". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 337.
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | All links are retrieved January 5, 2009.
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| − | * Japanese Government Internet TV: [http://nettv.gov-online.go.jp/eng/prg/prg1143.html streaming video, "Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize," 2007/04/26 (5 mins.)]
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| − | * Fukushima Prefecture: [http://www.pref.fukushima.jp/list_e/ym961_le.html "The Dreamer, Hideyo Noguchi," slide show]
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| − | * [[Cabinet Office (Japan)|Cabinet Office]], [[Government of Japan]]: [http://www.cao.go.jp/noguchisho/index-e.html Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize]
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| − | * Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS): [http://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-noguchiafrica/index.html Purpose and Description of the Noguchi Prize]
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| − | * [[National Diet Library]]: [http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/312.html?c=26 NDL portrait]
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| − | [[Category:Life sciences]]
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| − | [[Category:Medical science]]
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| − | [[Category:Biography]]
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| − | {{credits|Hideyo_Noguchi|261467566}}
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