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| − | The '''Henotikon''' (the "act of union") was issued by [[Byzantine emperor]] [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]] in 482, in an unsuccessful attempt to reconcile the differences between the supporters of the [[Council of Chalcedon]] and the [[monophysitism|monophysites]]. It was followed by the [[Acacian schism]].
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| − | In 482 the [[Greek Church of Alexandria]] passed to [[Peter III of Alexandria|Peter III]], who proved to be a monophysite, despite the condemnation of this [[Christology|christological opinion]] at the [[Council of Chalcedon]]. The [[Patriarch of Constantinople]], [[Acacius of Constantinople|Acacius]], devised an eirenic formula of unity called the ''Henotikon'', which Zeno promulgated without the approval of the [[Bishop of Rome]] or of a Synod of bishops. By this act, Zeno hoped to placate the increasingly monophysite provinces of [[Egypt]], [[Palestine]] and [[Syria]], which were under increasing attacks by the [[Persians|Persian]] [[Sassanid dynasty]].
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| − | The items the ''Henotikon'' endorsed included:
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| − | *the condemnations of [[Eutyches]] and [[Nestorius]] made at [[Council of Chalcedon|Chalcedon]];
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| − | *an explicit approval of the twelve anathemas of [[Cyril of Alexandria]]; and
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| − | *avoiding any statement whether [[Jesus|Christ]] had one or two natures, in an attempt to appease both monophysite and [[Orthodox Christianity|Orthodox]] Christians.
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| − | This act failed to satisfy either side. All church leaders took offense at the Emperor's open dictate of church policy, although the Patriarchs of Antioch and Alexandria were pressured into subscribing to the ''Henotikon''. After two years of prevarication and temporializing by Acacius, [[Pope Felix III|Pope Felix III of Rome]] condemned the act and excommunicated Acacius (484), although this was largely ignored in Constantinople, even after the death of Acacius in 489.
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| − | Zeno died in 491. His successor [[Roman Emperor Anastasius I|Anastasius I]] was sympathetic to the monophysites, but he accepted the ''Henotikon''. However, Anastasius was unpopular because of his monophysite beliefs, and [[Vitalian (rebel)|Vitalian]], a Chalcedonian general, attempted to overthrow him in 514. Anastasius then attempted to heal the schism with [[Pope Hormisdas]], but this failed when Anastasius refused to recognize the excommunication of the now deceased Acacius. General Vitalian tried to overthrow the emperor for a second time, but he was defeated by loyal officers.
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| − | The schism caused by the ''Henotikon'' was officially settled in 519 when Emperor [[Justin I]] recognized the excommunication of Acacius and reunited the churches. However, the [[Patriarch of Alexandria|Patriarchs of Alexandria]], [[List of Patriarchs of Antioch|Antioch]], and [[Patriarch of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] now embraced [[Miaphysitism]] (later to be known as the [[Oriental Orthodox]] Churches). In spite of the fact that the churches of the East (later to be known as the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]) and West (later to be known as the [[Roman Catholic Church]]) were now reunited, in practise they were already diverging, and continued to separate further over the next 500 years.
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | *[[Christology]]
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| − | *[[Hypostatic union]]
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| − | *[[Miaphysitism]]
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| − | ==References==
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| − | * Cameron, Averil, Bryan Ward-Perkins, and Michael Whitby. ''Late Antiquity'', 2000. ISBN 9780521325912
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| − | * Bury, John B. ''History of the Later Roman Empire'', 1958. ISBN 9780486203980
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| − | * Richards, Jeffrey, ''The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476-752'', 1979. ISBN 9780710000989
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07218b.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Henoticon]
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| − | * [[Edward Walford]], translator, ''The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius: A History of the Church from AD 431 to AD 594'', 1846. Reprinted 2008. Evolution Publishing, ISBN 978-1-889758-88-6. [http://www.evolpub.com/CRE/CREseries.html#CRE5]—contains a complete English translation of the Henotikon.
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| − | [[Category:philosophy and religion]]
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| − | [[Category:religion]]
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| − | [[Category:Christianity]]
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| − | {{credit|258866857}}
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