Harriet Tubman
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Harriet Tubman (c. 1822–March 10, 1913), also known as "Black Moses, "Grandma Moses," or "Moses of Her People," was an abolitionist. As a self-freed slave, she worked as a lumberjack, laundress, nurse, and cook. As an abolitionist, she acted as intelligence gatherer, refugee organizer, raid leader, nurse, and fundraiser, all as part of the qwest for liberation from slavery and racism.
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Early life
Tubman was born into slavery in Dorchester County, Maryland. Extensive research now reveals that Harriet Tubman was born in late February 1820, in an area south of Madison, Maryland called Peter's Neck. Born Araminta Ross, she was the fifth of nine children, four boys and five girls, of Ben and Harriet Greene Ross. She rarely lived with her owner, Edward Brodess, but from the age of six was frequently hired out to other masters. She endured cruel treatment from most slave owners, including an incident where an overseer who she had prevented from capturing a runaway slave hurled a two-pound (1 kg) weight at her, striking her head. Harriet was only 12 years old at the time. As a result of the severe blow, she suffered from narcolepsy for the rest of her life. During this period Edward Brodess sold three of Harriet's sisters, Linah, Soph, and Mariah Ritty. When she was a young adult she took the name Harriet, in honor of her mother. Around 1844, she married John Tubman, a free black. He lived in Philadelphia, where Harriet emigrated when she freed herself.
Abolition
Edward Brodess died in early March 1849, leaving behind his wife, Eliza Brodess, and eight children. To pay her dead husband's mounting debts and to save her small farm from seizure, Eliza decided to sell some of the family's slaves. Fearing sale into the Deep South, Tubman took her emancipation and liberation into her own hands. Sometime in the fall of 1849 she escaped northward, leaving behind her free husband who was too afraid to follow. On the way she was assisted by sympathetic Quakers and other members of the Abolitionist movement, both black and white, who were instrumental in maintaining the Underground Railroad.
She was very close to John Brown, whom she considered as kindred spirits, she was called most fondly by John Brown, with great respect and affection, General Tubman. He in fact considered her "one of the best and bravest persons on the Continent".
They worked together in the Underground Railroad. Harriet Tubman would have been at Harper's Ferry had she not been ill. It was with great pride that John Brown spoke of his friendship and genuine admiration for Harriet Tubman. Her courage, faith, determination, to free as many as possible from shackles and suffering of slavery, were an inspiration to all whom she came into contact with. She, like John Brown, both believed they received the call to work for liberation of slaves as divine mission they considered, from God.
Without a doubt, that was what inspired Frederick Douglass to write of the "General",
" the midnite sky & the
silent stars have been the witnesses of your devotion to freedom & of your heroism. Except for
John Brown, of sacred memory, I know of no one who has willingly encountered more perils & hardships to serve our enslaved people than you have. Much that you have done would seem improbable to those who do not know you as I know you. It is to me a great pleasure & a great priviledge to bear testimony to your character & your works."
Called "Moses" by those she helped escape on the Underground Railroad, Tubman made 19 trips to Maryland to help other slaves escape. According to her estimates and those of her close associates, Tubman personally guided more than 300 slaves to freedom in about 19 expeditions. She was never captured and, in her own words, "never lost a passenger." She also provided detailed instructions to many more who found their way to freedom on their own. Her owner, Eliza Brodess, posted a $100 reward for her return, but no one ever knew that it was Harriet Tubman who was responsible for rescuing so many slaves from her old neighborhood in Maryland.
After the American Civil War, it was reported that there had been a $40,000 reward. She was successful in bringing away her parents and her four brothers; Ben, Robert, Henry, and Moses—but failed to rescue her sister Rachel, and Rachel's two children, Ben and Angerine. Rachel died in 1859 before Harriet could rescue her.
During the Civil War, in addition to working as a cook and a nurse, she served as a spy for the North. Again she was never captured, and she guided hundreds of people trapped in slavery into Union camps. In 1863, Tubman led a raid at Combahee River Ferry in Colleton County, South Carolina, allowing hundreds of slaves to run to their freedom. This was the first military operation in U.S. history planned and executed by a woman. Tubman, in disguise, had visited plantations in advance of the raid and instructed slaves to prepare to run in to the river where Union ships would be waiting for them. Union troops exchanged fire with Confederate troops. In this incident there were casualties on both sides.
Works
| * "I can't die but once." —Harriet Tubman |
Tubman's success on the Underground Railroad was due in no small part to her intelligence,determination, daring, and ruthlessness. She followed well developed plans for her expeditions. She relied upon the closely knit black community in Maryland to help her bring away family and friends. She was careful not to meet her charges near their owner's plantations or property. She sent messages so they could meet at another secret location. Tubman was also well versed in disguises. She once took the precaution of carrying two chickens with her. When she felt in danger because she recognized a former master, she released the chickens and chased them to recapture them. This amused the master, who never realized the ineffectual chicken chaser was, in fact, a determined slave stealer.
Once at a train station, Tubman found that slave-catchers were watching the trains heading north in hopes of capturing her and her charges. Without hesitation, she had her group board a southbound train, successfully gambling that a retreat south would not be anticipated by her pursuers. She later resumed her planned route at a safer location.
Tubman often timed her extractions for Saturday, which gave her the maximum amount of time to move her charges north before the slave escape was advertised in the newspapers. In addition, Tubman had a strict policy that, while any slave could turn down the risk of going north, anyone who did decide to go north but then wanted to turn back halfway would be shot dead to prevent betrayal of the group and network. Fortunately, Tubman apparently never had to resort to such measures.
Post-Civil War life
Harriet Tubman worked her entire life devoted to human rights. With Sarah Bradford acting as her biographer and transcribing her stories, she was able to have an exaggerated story of her life published in 1869 as Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman. This was of considerable help to her financial state, she was not awarded a government pension for her military service until some 30 years after the war. That same year she married Nelson Davis, another Civil War veteran. They lived together in the home she purchased in Auburn, New York, from her friend, United States Secretary of State William H. Seward. She was surrounded by family and friends who chose to settle near her after the Civil War.
Eventually, because of arthritis and frail health, Tubman moved into a home for sick and aged Black Americans that she had helped found. It was built on land which she had purchased, abutting her own property in Auburn. She told stories of her adventures until her death on March 10, 1913. One such interview in 1912, she declared, that John Brown had been one of her dearest friends. She was given a full military burial. In her honor, a memorial plaque was placed on the Cayuga County, New York| Courthouse in Auburn. Today, Harriet Tubman is honored every March 10, the day of her death.
In 1944, a United States Liberty ship named the SS Harriet Tubman was launched. the ship served in the United States Merchant Marine until it was scrapped in 1972.
Quotations
- "If I could have convinced more slaves that they were slaves, I could have freed thousands more."
- " I had reasoned this out in my mind; there was one of two things I had a right
to, liberty or death; if I could not have one, I would have the other."
- " Now do you suppose He wanted me to do this just for a day, or a week?
- " I looked at my hands to see if I was the same person now that I was free. there was such a glory over everything; the sun came like gold thru the trees, and over the fields, and I felt like I was in Heaven."
- " But to this solemn resolution I came I was free, and they should be free also; I would make a home for them in the North, & the Lord helping me, I would bring them all there."
- " I am sitting under the old roof 12 feet from the spot where I suffered all the crushing weight of slavery. thank God the bitter cup is drained of its last dreg. there is no more need of hiding places to conceal slave Mothers. yet it was little to purchase the blessings of freedom. I could have worn this poor life out there to save my Children from the misery and
degradation of Slavery."
Note: it was H. Tubman's way of writing unique to her, to use small letters at the beginning of a sentence.
See also
- List of African-American abolitionists
- Slave narrative
- African American literature
- Underground Railroad
External links
- Full text of Jailbreak Out Of History, a re-biography of Harriet Tubman, by Butch Lee
- Full text of Harriet, The Moses of Her People, from Project Gutenberg
- Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman fulltext
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
"Tubman, Harriet." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition. 22 Aug. 2006
http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-9073673
http://www.nyhistory.com/harriettubman/life.htm 23 Aug. 2006
http://www.graceproducts.com/tubman/life.html 22 Aug. 2006
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAStubman.htm 23 Aug.2006
http://www.lkwdpl.org/wihohio/tubm-har.htm 25 Aug. 2006
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h2925t.html 23 Aug. 2006
- Humez, Jean. Harriet Tubman: The Life and Life Stories. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 2003
- Larson, Kate Clifford. Bound For the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman, Portrait of an American Hero. New York: Ballantine Books, 2004.
- Work uncovers site where raid freed 700 slaves. Retrieved December 1, 2005.
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