Harmonium
HARMONIUM
The harmonium is a type of reed organ in which air is forced by voluntary means over a set of free floating reeds by bellows. Its free-floating reeds are placed in slits in a windchest, whose valves are directly activated by the keys from a traditional organ-like keyboard via a set of pushrods and/or pull rods. The typical harmonium will have one keyboard, but larger models with two or even three keyboards were also built.
While many of the larger European harmoniums had two manuals, the addition of an independent pedal division with a full pedal keyboard were more common in American and British models of such size. Its bellows were operated at first by a single foot lever, but in larger models by two foot treadles (similar to those of a sewing machine) in front of the bottom of the instrument, which had to be pumped by the player’s feet. The larger organs were typically meant for churches and their much larger bellows needed to be pumped via a lever on the side by a helper. Variations in tone are produced by stops that control different sets of reeds or vary the manner in which the air acts upon them. Couplers add the upper or lower octave of each tone played.
Harmoniums are of two different operating types: at first wind pressure was used to sound the reeds; later came the so-called wind suction system made popular worldwide by American reed organ makers. While the wind pressured organs were louder and thus better suited for small churches, chapels, salons, and concert halls, the suction systems were easier to build, produced a softer tone and were more suitable for use in homes.
The suction type instruments developed in the United States do not have the same dynamic range as a pressure type harmonium. It is harder to affect the wind pressure with this approach. Their sound characteristic is also quite different and sound less like a real organ as does the Débain type.
Débain’s Patent
An Organino, made by the Parisian François-Alexandre Débain (1809-1877) had two notes an octave apart on each key (like 8’ and 4’ pipe organ stop pitches), and when Debain put 4 stops on one keyboard he called it a harmonium. The various sized tone channels produced different tone qualities. This was a totally new approach that would revolutionize the reed organ industry that would blossom for more than a hundred years. He got a patent on his invention as well as on the name “harmonium” on August 9, 1840. His instrument had free-floating reeds, and two foot treads with which to control the wind pressure.
Other Parisian builders immediately recognized the importance of his innovations and copied both his trademark and improvements. Debain spent much of his time unsuccessfully trying to assert his right of ownership. Possessing a velvety, dark timbre very much to Romantic tastes, his instruments are historically significant.
In this way, Debain, in a way, put the harmonium officially on the musical world’s map, and gave it a name that was consequently used throughout Europe and Japan.
The suction system, which ultimately became extremely popular in the United States and whose approach was then consequently copied by European and Japanese builders, was apparently invented by a workman in the Débain shop around 1835.
The Netherlands
In the Netherlands, where the singing of the Genevan Psalter had been ingrained into Protestant church culture since the 16th century, the harmonium was widely embraced in the homes, and soon received the nickname” Psalmenpomp” or “Psalm Pump”, as the bellows of all harmoniums have to be operated by the pumping action of the feet. For this reason these organs were also called “trap orgels” the word “trap” meaning “step” or “tread”.
One the great promoters of the harmonium in Holland was Johannes de Heer (1866-1961), who became a publisher of harmonium music and a dealer of the instruments (many imported from the United States). In a 1920 advertisement the firm promoted the Harmonium as a way for families to keep together and prevent youth from seeking worldly pleasures in the outside world. A home organ promotes Calvinism, Christian education and Christian family unity. It told people that it was their earnest duty to apply the means available to them, such as acquiring such an organ.
In the first half of the 20th century, thousands of harmoniums found their way into Dutch homes, chapels, Sunday school and catechisms school classrooms. Johannes de Heer published an English hymnal with Dutch texts, which became very popular next to the Genevan Psalter. Johannes Worp, organist of the Martinikerk of Groningen, became extremely popular in Calvinist circles for his harmonizations of Psalms and Hymns, suitable for playing on home and church organs. Many harmonium sheet music books were published, both of arranged secular and religious music.
Holland did have its own harmonium builders: Steinmann & Vierdaags in Enschede, and J. Van der Tak of Rotterdam. The latter firm revealed to the public in 1896 that they finished their 10,000th harmonium. This firm was started in 1859, and thus had been producing organs at a rate of around 1 per day. In 1884, they started to make American type suction organs under the name of American Organ Co.
The Mason & Hamlin Story
In 1854, Henry Mason and Emmons Hamlin founded the Mason & Hamlin Company in Boston, Massachusetts. Henry Mason came from a musical family. His father was the famous composer and educator Lowell Mason, a visionary who was the first to bring music into the public schools of America. As a publisher of hymns, he became known as the “father of American church music.” Emmons Hamlin was not a musician, but a brilliant mechanic and inventor. While working at the melodeon factory of George A. Prince in Buffalo, Hamlin invented a way to voice organ reeds, so that they could imitate the sound of a clarinet, violin or other musical instruments.
Thus, having developed his discovery to perfection, he and Henry Mason formed their own company for the purpose of manufacturing a new musical instrument they called the “organ harmonium.”
The beginning combination of limited production and capital but great attention to detail paid off, and the first instruments proved to be very successful. Thus the partners were well on their way to becoming major players in the field.
From the organ harmonium, the company graduated to the American Cabinet Organ, a product that would earn Mason & Hamlin 1st prize at the Paris Exhibition of 1867. The fact that a small American company won the top prize over its much larger, more established European competitors astounded the music world. The fact that they continued to win year after year was even more astounding. It wasn’t long before Mason & Hamlin had established a worldwide reputation for excellence. Many European firms then started to copy the Mason and Hamlin way of making such reed organs.
Development in Europe
Based on the success of the Mason & Hamlin “organ harmonium” at the Parisian Exhibition, many European builders of reed organs, as well as totally new firms appearing on the scene, started to build the American type of suction reed organ, as it had become THE competitor to the wind pressurized harmonium. The Europeans did not adopt the American name “reed organ” but kept the simple name of “harmonium.”
The Indian Harmonium
The first Indian harmonium was apparently built by Dwarkin, who established a workshop in 1875.
The most widely-known and used free-reed aerophone in India is the harmonium and had been imported from the West. No foreign instrument, however, has caused such a commotion as the harmonium and none is used so extensively, be it in classical, light, film or folk music. It is probably the most commonly used instrument in northern India.
The harmonium was brought to India either by Western traders or by religious missionaries and musicians in the late nineteenth century. Most probably it was first introduced to Indian music in Calcutta, and from there it spread all over the country.
The Indian harmonium is not the heavy and big pedal instrument of Europe, but has been reduced to a small portable box, which is approximately two feet by one foot and about nine to ten inches high, the back of which opens to act as the bellows. On the top is a keyboard like that of a piano, but with a much smaller range, usually of about three octaves. It is played by the right hand, while the left works the bellows.
The harmonium is a keyboard instrument on which twelve semitones of the tempered scale are fixed once and for all in all the three octaves: mandra, madhya and tara. On keyboard instruments only straight notes can be played, grace notes and quarter-tones not being possible. There is no possibility of a slur, meend, or gamaka being played on the harmonium, which are the main essence of Hindustani music, and are essential to keep up the spirit of Hindustani ragadari system. However, it is possible to maintain the continuity of the music to some extent by a skilful handling of the bellows and finger pressure on the keys, but it cannot compete with the continuity of the human voice or the sarangi's sound.
Although roughly the Indian scale of music of twelve semitones is nearly the same as that in Western music, there are certain vital and perceptible differences between the two. The Indian concept of swara does not relate it to a specific pitch point, but to a pitch-range with variegated possibilities of shades and nuances. No keyboard instrument can respond to this concept of swara.
For these reasons, the harmonium was banned in music broadcasts over the National network from 1 March 1940. Some purists like Ameer Khan, Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Begum Akhtar, etc., went on to even favor the harmonium as an accompaniment as against the sarangi, because they found its notes were unsagging and constant. Its uncanny popularity, therefore, led AIR to seriously review the question of its use in broadcasts of classical and light music, and ultimately in October 1970, after an exile of over three decades, AIR had to issue a directive partially removing the ban on the harmonium in the broadcasts of classical and light classical music on the national network. Though the harmonium is not in vogue in the Carnatic music system today, its current version is capable of providing a whole range of tonal excellence very rare in other instruments. A top quality harmonium has two, three and even four sets of reeds. The instrument covers three to four octaves, encompassing sub-bass, bass, medium and female. The instrument is larger and has built-in gadgets to filter the air through two compartments. The merit of this arrangement is that when the air is blown into it, it does not strike the reeds aggressively. From the airtight compartments the wind emerges softly through the reeds when a key is pressed. In the olden days the instrument was equipped with only a single piece reed board. This made the sound strident and harsh. Present-day harmoniums have three reed boards joined together with the provision for air-release in a zigzag fashion, ensuring softness of tone and melody.
Waning of popularity
Although the harmonium was a popular instrument in the late-nineteenth and early twentieth century, its decline in popularity started gradually in the early 1900's, but far more rapidly after World War II.
According to Alfred Berner in 1950 (see The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians), this decline “was due to a change in musical taste. Music in the home as well as musical education in general turned increasingly away from the musical style of the 19th century.” The Organ Reform Movement, which affected the way pipe organs in churches were built and which heralded a return to the classical building techniques and stylistic approaches, mainly focused on the Baroque era (and therefore nicknamed called the Neo-baroque style) undoubtedly contributed to the demise of high romantic music in favor of earlier and more polyphonic. Berner further explains: “The harmonium and everything connected with it fell under the heading of 'kitsch.' Even in light music it was ousted by its more wieldy cousin, the accordion.” Also, the advent of the first electronic organs, which were easier to play (no pumping involved) as well the piano which became more and more affordable, replaced the harmonium. Only in conservative religious circles was it able to survive somewhat into the 1970s.
Ironically, just when the harmonium had reached its peak technically and musically in the early 20th century, it suddenly found itself obsolete due to changing tastes and new competing electronic technologies and affordable pianos.
By the 1950s, reed organ manufacture had stopped in Europe and the United States, and continued in minor ways in Japan until 2001. Only in India are the Indian Harmoniums still being made by several manufacturers.
Current Revival
Many harmoniums were destroyed, or lay rotting in garages, sheds, warehouses and attics. Yet, many have survived, including the larger ones with 2 manuals and pedal keyboard. Around the turn of the 20th century there has been a sudden revival of interest. People came to realize that not only were these marvelous pieces of furniture (which remains its saving grace in many homes where they are placed as a conversation piece, but not played upon), and that their musical features warranted further attention. The fanatic Organ Reform Movement, following by a flourishing Early Music Movement, which unjustly beguiled romantic music, in the late 1900s had been replaced by a more inclusive and embracing way of thinking, also because the vast heritage of 19th century church organs now begged for preservation, restoration and musical attention, which has given rise to a growing interest in romantic music, which in turn helped people turn back to the harmonium as well.
Not only have many harmonium museums been established in Europe and the United States, but e.g. in the Netherlands, and other European nations, harmonium concerts are becoming more and more common and professional restaurateurs make a living in bringing dilapidated instruments back to life.
A growing number of composers have written new music for the instrument, and even pop music bands include them in their concerts. Radio and TV broadcasts are not uncommon. CDs are being produced. The rise of harmonium clubs around the world (Europe, USA, and Japan) is on the rise. In many digital music samplers, the harmnionium/reed organ is included.
In this way the harmonium gets the attention it deserves: an instrument with its own character and music.
Harmonium Teaching Methods
Builders and educators worked together in the development of teaching methods. Many fundamental reed organ stops, such as Melodia and Diapason, found on American type organ were given numbers on their stop labels, and these numbers appeared in musical compositions, so that beginner players knew what the composer or arranger (lots of orchestral and oratorio music was actually arranged for the reed organ) had in mind.
Many Composers took the Harmonium seriously
Although lots of music was arranged for the reed organ, such as transcriptions of organ works, oratorios, popular music, and even some piano music, several composers wrote serious music for the harmonium/reed organ, which is still being played on pipe organs by organists today.
Known as a prolific composer for the pipe organ, the German organist-composer, Sigfrid Karg-Elert (1877-1933), is probably the most prolific writer for the reed organ, and wrote twenty-seven known opus works. Karg-Elert also compiled instructional manuals and registration rules for the harmonium, such as Das Harmonium und die Hausmusik (1906), and Die Kunst des Registrierens fur Harmonium (1911-14), on how to use the stops.
Karg-Elert was a great proponent of the so-called and popular Kunstharmonium (Art-Harmonium) developed by the French company Mustel in the last decades of the 19th century, and this insutrment had better musical capabilities than its American counterpart. Karg-Elert admired this instrument so much, since its complexity of manufacture offered him a highly variable tone-color palette with considerable means of mechanical expression. At the start of the 20th century, he therefore wrote many compositions for the instrument from short to full-scale Sonatas. His publisher, Simon of Berlin, who possessed a Kunstharmonium, encouraged him in this effort. To help promote the Mustel Kunstharmonium, Karg-Elert was often invited to give concert tours, both at home and abroad. His music became popular in England, the United States (where he gave concerts), and Australia. While largely forgotten after his death in 1933, at the end of the 20th and start of the 21st century, his music is enjoying renewed interest.
The following is a short list of the most important composers who have written for the harmonium, either in solo usage or in combination with other instruments (*): Jehan Alain, Cesar Franck, Sigfrid Karg-Elert (see below), *Gustav Mahler, *Antonin Dvorak, Alexandre Guilmant, Theodore Dubois, Léon Boëllman, Franz Liszt, *Max Reger, Charles-Marie Widor, *Camille Saint-Saens, *Gioacchino Rossini, Johannes Worp, Louis Vierne, *Richard Strauss, *Arnold Schonberg, *Dmitri Shostakovich, Percy Grainger, *Georges Bizet, Alexandre Dumont, Cor Kee, Louis J. A. Lefébure-Wely, Nicolas-Jacques Lemmens, Alphonse Mailly, *Johann Strauss, and Samuel Wesley.
Reed Organ Builders in Canada and the United Kingdom
Acadia Organ Co, Bridgetown, NS, fl 1878-82
C.W. & F.M. Andrus (Andrews?), Picton, Ont, fl 1857
Andrus Bros, London, Ont, ca 1859-74
Annapolis Organs, Annapolis, NS, fl 1880
John Bagnall &Co, Victoria, BC, 1863-85 (harmoniums by 1882)
Bell Organ and Piano Co (name changes), Guelph, Ont, 1864-1928
Daniel Bell Organ Co, Toronto, 1881-6
Berlin Organ Co, Berlin (Kitchener), Ont, fl 1880
G. Blatchford Organ Co, Galt, Ont, fl 1895; Elora, Ont, fl 1896
Abner Brown, Montreal, fl 1848-74
Canada Organ Co, London, Ont, ca 1865-?
Canada Organ Co, Toronto, 1875
Chute, Hall & Co, Yarmouth, NS, 1883-94
Compensating Pipe Organ Co, Toronto, fl 1900-10
Cornwall, Huntingdon, Que, before 1889-95 (see Pratte)
Cowley (or Conley?) Church Organ Co, Madoc, Ont, fl 1890
Dales & Dalton, Newmarket, Ont, fl 1870
R.H. Dalton, Toronto, 1869-82?
Darley and Robinson (see Dominion Organ and Piano Co)
W. Doherty & Co, Clinton, Ont, 1875-1920 (later owned by Sherlock-Manning Co)
Dominion Organ and Piano Co, Bowmanville, Ont, 1873-ca 1935
Eben-Ezer Organ Co, Clifford, Ont, 1935
Gates Organ and Piano Co, ca 1872-82 Malvern Square, NS; 1882-after 1885 Truro, NS
Goderich Organ Co, Goderich, Ont, fl 1890-1910
A.S. Hardy & Co, Guelph, Ont, fl 1874
John Jackson and Co, Guelph, Ont, fl 1872-3, 1880-3?
D.W. Karn Co, Woodstock, Ont, ca 1867-1924
J. & R. Kilgour, Hamilton, Ont, ca 1872-88 as dealers, 1888-99 as piano and organ company
McLeod, Wood & Co, Guelph, Ont, fl 1869-72; later R. McLeod & Co, London, Ont, fl 1874-5
Malhoit & Co, Simcoe, Ont, fl 1875
Charles Mee, Kingston, Ont, fl 1870
John M. Miller (later Miller & Karn and D.W. Karn), Woodstock, Ont, fl 1867
Mudge & Yarwood Manufacturing Co, Whitby, Ont, 1873-?
New Dominion Organ Co, Saint John, NB, fl 1875
William Norris, North York, Ont, fl 1867
Ontario Organ Co, Toronto, 1884
Oshawa Organ and Melodeon Manufacturing Co, 1871-3 (see Dominion Organ and Piano Co)
Pratte, Montreal, 1889-1926 (harmoniums built ca 1912)
Rappe & Co, Kingston, Ont, ca 1871-ca 1887
J. Reyner, Kingston, Ont, ca 1871-ca 1885
Sherlock-Manning Organ Co, London, Ont, later Clinton, Ont, 1902-78 (reed organs built 1902-1950s)
J. Slown, Owen Sound, Ont, fl 1871-89
David W. & Cornelius D. Smith, Brome, Que, 1875-?
Smith & Scribner, Chatham, Ont, fl 1864-5
Frank Stevenson, North York, Ont, fl 1867
Edward G. Thomas Organ Co, Woodstock, Ont, 1875-?
Bibliography
Christian Ahrens, Das Harmonium, 1996.
R.F. Gellermann, The American Reed Organ and the Harmonium, 1997.
R.F. Gellermann, The International Reed Organ Atlas, 1998.
Christian Ahrens en Jonas Braasch, “Christian Gottlieb Kratzenstein: de uitvinder van de orgelregisters met doorslaande tongen.” Het ORGEL 99 (2003), nr. 4, pp. 32-37.
Websites
http://www.karg-elert-archive.org.uk/
http://www.harmoniumvereniging.nl/
http://www.harmonium-museum.nl/
http://www.d1.dion.ne.jp/%7Eorgan/
http://home.epix.net/%7Ecshannon/
http://www.india-instruments.de/pages/glossar/g-harmonium.html#anfang
http://wnyheritagepress.org/features/melodeon.html
http://www.ksanti.net/free-reed/reviews/aboutr.html
http://www.ksanti.net/free-reed/reviews.html
http://www.ksanti.net/free-reed/main.html
http://www.reedorganclub.jp/roc/e/mainframe.e.htm
http://www5.ocn.ne.jp/~one-well/organ05.htm
http://chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/harmonium.html
http://www.bridgewater.edu/philo/philo96/knupp.html
http://www.harmoniummuseum.ch/harmoniummuseum/harmoniummuseum1.htm
http://www.reedsoc.org/Publications/publications.htm
http://www.karg-elert-archive.org.uk/page2.html
http://pipedreams.publicradio.org/listings/0408/
Adri de Groot 19:49, 10 December 2005 (UTC)
James Thornton & Co, Hamilton, Ont, fl 1871-89
Toronto Organ Co, Toronto, 1880
William Townsend, Toronto, fl late 1840s, Hamilton 1853-5
Uxbridge Organ Co, Uxbridge, Ont, fl 1872-1909
S.R. Warren and Son, Toronto, fl 1878-ca 1910
Elijah West, West Farnham, Que, fl 1860-75
Thomas W. White & Co, Hamilton, Ont, 1863-after 1869
R.S. Williams &Sons, Toronto, ca1854-ca 1952 (reed organs built in 19th century only)
Wilson & Co, Sherbrooke, Que
Wood, Powell & Co, Guelph, Ont, fl 1883-4
Woodstock Organ Factory, Woodstock, Ont, fl 1876 (see D.W. Karn)
Author Tim Classey, Helmut Kallmann
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