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| − | [[Image:Isidor von Sevilla.jpeg|right|thumb|Isidore of Seville, depicted with a book, common iconographical object for a doctor.]]
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| − | In [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]], a '''Doctor of the Church''' ([[Latin]] ''doctor'', teacher, from Latin ''docere'', to teach) is a saint from whose writings the whole Christian Church is held to have derived great advantage and to whom "eminent learning" and "great sanctity" have been attributed by a proclamation of a [[pope]] or of an [[ecumenical council]]. This honor is given rarely, only posthumously, and only after [[canonization]]. No ecumenical council has yet exercised the prerogative of proclaiming a Doctor of the Church.
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| − | [[Ambrose]], [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]], [[Saint Jerome|Jerome]], and [[Pope Gregory I]] were the original Doctors of the Church and were named in 1298. They are known collectively as the Great Doctors of the Western Church. The four Great Doctors of the Eastern Church, [[John Chrysostom]], [[Basil the Great]], [[Gregory of Nazianzus]], and [[Athanasius]] were recognized in 1568 by Pope St. Pius V. Although the revered Catalan philosopher Ramon Llull was dubbed "Doctor Illuminatus," he is not officially considered a Doctor of the Church.
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| − | The Doctors' works vary greatly in subject and form. Some, such as Pope Gregory I and Ambrose were prominent writers of letters and short treatises. [[Catherine of Siena]] and [[John of the Cross]] wrote mystical [[theology]]. Augustine and Robert Bellarmine defended the Church against [[heresy]]. Bede's ''Ecclesiastical History of the English People'' provides the best information on [[England]] in the early middle ages. Systematic theologians include the Scholastic philosophers [[Anselm of Canterbury|Anselm]], [[Albertus Magnus]], and [[Thomas Aquinas]].
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| − | ==Enumeration==
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| − | The Roman Catholic Church has to date named 33 Doctors of the Church. Of these, the 17 who died before the formal Eastern Schism in 1054 are also venerated by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]. Among these 33 are 25 from the West and eight from the East; three women; 18 bishops, 29 priests, one deacon, two nuns, one lay woman; 24 from Europe, three from Africa, six from Asia.
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| − | Until 1970, no woman had been named a Doctor of the Church, but since then three additions to the list have been women. In this regard, it is interesting to quote a line from the New Catholic Encyclopedia (1967), "...it would seem that no woman is likely to be named because of the link between this title and the teaching office, which is limited to males."
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| − | == List of Doctors of the Church ==
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| − | ! Name !! Born !! Died !! Promoted !! Ethnicity !! Post
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| − | || [[Pope Gregory I|St. Gregory the Great]] ||ca. 540 ||March 12, 604 || 1298 || Roman || [[Pope]]
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| − | || [[Ambrose|St. Ambrose]] || ca. 340 || April 4, 397 || 1298 || Roman || [[Bishop]] of Milan
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| − | || [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine]], ''Doctor Gratiae''* || November 13, 354 || August 28, 430 || 1298 || Numidian || [[Bishop]] of Hippo
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| − | || [[Saint Jerome|St. Jerome]] ||ca.347 ||September 30, 420 || 1298 || Dalmatian || priest, [[monk]]
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| − | || [[John Chrysostom|St. John Chrysostom]] ||347 ||407 || 1568 || Syrian || [[Patriarch of Constantinople|Archbishop of Constantinople]]
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| − | || [[Basil the Great|St. Basil]] ||330 ||January 1, 379 || 1568 || Cappadocian || [[Bishop]] of Caesarea
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| − | || [[Gregory Nazianzus|St. Gregory Nazianzus]] ||329 ||January 25, 389 || 1568 || Cappadocian || Archbishop of Constantinople
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| − | || [[Athanasius of Alexandria|St. Athanasius]] ||298 ||May 2, 373 || 1568 || [[Egypt]]ian || [[Patriarch of Alexandria]]
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| − | || [[Thomas Aquinas|St. Thomas Aquinas]], ''Doctor Angelicus, Doctor Communis'' || 1225 || March 7, 1274 || 1568 || Neapolitan || Priest, Theologian, [[Dominican Order|O.P.]]
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| − | || [[Bonaventure|St. Bonaventure]], ''Doctor Seraphicus'' ||1221 ||July 15, 1274 || 1588 || Latium || Cardinal Bishop of Albano, theologian, [[Franciscan|O.F.M.]]
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| − | || [[Anselm of Canterbury|St. Anselm]], ''Doctor Magnificus'' || 1033 or 1034 || April 21, 1109 || 1720 || Savoyard || [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]
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| − | || [[Isidore of Seville|St. Isidore]] || 560 || April 4, 636 || 1722 || Andalusian || [[Bishop]] of Seville
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| − | || [[Peter Chrysologus|St. Peter Chrysologus]] ||406 ||450 || 1729 || [[Italy|Italian]] || Archbishop of Ravenna
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| − | || [[Pope Leo I|St. Leo the Great]] ||400 ||November 10, 461 || 1754 || Roman || [[Pope]]
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| − | || [[Peter Damian|St. Peter Damian]] ||1007 ||February 21/22,1072 || 1828 || Ravenna || [[Cardinal Bishop of Ostia]], monk, [[Order of Saint Benedict|O.S.B.]]
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| − | || [[Bernard of Clairvaux|St. Bernard]], ''Doctor Mellifluus'' || 1090 || August 21, 1153 || 1830 || [[Burgundy|Burgundian]] || priest, [[Cistercians|O.Cist.]]
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| − | || [[Hilary of Poitiers|St. Hilary of Poitiers]] ||300 ||367 || 1851 || [[Gaul|Gaul]] || [[Bishop of Poitiers]]
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| − | || [[Alphonsus Liguori|St. Alphonsus Liguori]], ''Doctor Zelantissimus'' ||September 27, 1696 ||August 1, 1787 || 1871 || Kingdom of Naples || [[Bishop]] of Sant'Agata de' Goti], Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer
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| − | || [[Francis de Sales|St. Francis de Sales]] || August 21, 1567 || December 28, 1622 || 1877 || Savoyard || [[Bishop]] of [[Geneva]]
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| − | || [[Cyril of Alexandria|St. Cyril of Alexandria]], ''Doctor Incarnationis''* || 376 || June 27, 444 || 1883 || [[Egypt]]ian|| [[Patriarch of Alexandria]]
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| − | || [[Cyril of Jerusalem|St. Cyril of Jerusalem]] || 315 || 386 || 1883 || Jerusalem || Bishop of [[Jerusalem]]
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| − | || [[John of Damascus|St. John Damascene]] ||676 ||December 5, 749 || 1883 || Syrian || priest, [[monk]]
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| − | || [[Bede|St. Bede the Venerable]] ||672 ||May 27, 735 || 1899 || [[England|English]] || priest, [[monk]]
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| − | || [[Ephrem the Syrian|St. Ephrem]] ||306 ||373 || 1920 || Syrian || deacon
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| − | || [[Peter Canisius|St. Peter Canisius]] ||May 8, 1521 ||December 21, 1597 || 1925 || [[Netherlands|Dutch]] || priest, [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]]
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| − | || [[John of the Cross|St. John of the Cross]], ''Doctor Mysticus'' ||June 24, 1542 ||December 14, 1591 || 1926 || [[Spain|Spanish]] || priest, [[mysticism|mystic]], Discalced Carmelites (Founder)
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| − | || [[Robert Bellarmine|St. Robert Bellarmine]] ||October 4, 1542 ||September 17, 1621 || 1931 || [[Tuscany|Tuscan]] || [[Archbishop of Capua]], theologian, Society of Jesus
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| − | || [[Albertus Magnus|St. Albertus Magnus]], ''Doctor Universalis'' ||1193 ||November 15,1280 || 1931 || [[Germans|German]] || Bishop, Theologian, Dominican Order
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| − | || [[Anthony of Padua|St. Anthony of Padua and Lisbon]], ''Doctor Evangelicus'' ||August 15, 1195 ||June 13, 1231 || 1946 || [[Portugal|Portuguese]] || Priest, Franciscan
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| − | || [[Lawrence of Brindisi|St. Lawrence of Brindisi]], ''Doctor Apostolicus'' ||July 22, 1559 ||July 22, 1619 || 1959 || [[Kingdom of Naples|Neapolitan]] || Priest, Diplomat, Order of Friars Minor Capuchin
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| − | || [[Teresa of Avila|St. Teresa of Ávila]] ||March 28, 1515 ||October 4, 1582 || 1970 || [[Spain|Spanish]] || [[mysticism|Mystic]], [[Discalced Carmelites|O.C.D.]] (Founder)
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| − | || [[Catherine of Siena|St. Catherine of Siena]] ||March 25, 1347 ||April 29, 1380 || 1970 || [[Tuscany|Tuscan]] || [[mysticism|Mystic]], Dominican Order
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| − | || [[Thérèse of Lisieux|St. Thérèse of Lisieux]] ||January 2, 1873 ||September 30, 1897 || 1997 || [[France|French]] || Discalced Carmelites (Nun)
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| − | |}
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| − | <small>*''Also venerated by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]].''</small>
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| − | == See also ==
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| − | * [[Fathers of the Church]]
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| − | == External link ==
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| − | * [http://www.doctorsofthecatholicchurch.com/ Doctors of the Catholic Church] Retrieved November 13, 2007.
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| − | * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05075a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Doctor of the Church] Retrieved November 13, 2007.
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| − | [[Category: Philosophy and religion]]
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| − | [[Category: Religion]]
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| − | {{Credit|159879400}}
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