Difference between revisions of "Cheoljong of Joseon" - New World Encyclopedia
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==Background== | ==Background== | ||
− | When Cheoljong came to the throne in 1849, the social and political climate in Korea were poor. Since the beginning of the nineteenth century, power had been siphoned from the seated monarchs, particularly by the influential Andong Kims, a clan of nobles that had produced several queens in the preceding centuries, and subsequently maneuvered themselves into a position of considerable power, taking advantage of the deterioration in the royal line of the Joseon dynasty, which had been in power more than 450 years, since 1392. | + | When Cheoljong came to the throne in 1849, the social and political climate in Korea were poor. Since the beginning of the nineteenth century, power had been siphoned from the seated monarchs by various factions of the nobility, particularly by the influential Andong Kims, a clan of nobles that had produced several queens in the preceding centuries, and subsequently maneuvered themselves into a position of considerable power, taking advantage of the deterioration in the royal line of the Joseon dynasty, which had been in power more than 450 years, since 1392. |
The social stagnation that resulted from the ineffective governance was a breeding ground for unrest. Corruption and embezzlement from the treasury and its inevitable exploitation were taken to extreme levels, reaching staggering proportions. To make things worse, the debilitating effects of one rebellion after another were accompanied by natural disasters. Indeed it was one of the most gloomy periods in the country’s history.<ref name=minskorea>http://www.gkn-la.net/history_resources/queen_min_tmsimbirtseva_1996.htm</ref> | The social stagnation that resulted from the ineffective governance was a breeding ground for unrest. Corruption and embezzlement from the treasury and its inevitable exploitation were taken to extreme levels, reaching staggering proportions. To make things worse, the debilitating effects of one rebellion after another were accompanied by natural disasters. Indeed it was one of the most gloomy periods in the country’s history.<ref name=minskorea>http://www.gkn-la.net/history_resources/queen_min_tmsimbirtseva_1996.htm</ref> | ||
− | Largely unconcerned with the welfare of the nation as a whole, the primrary goal of the Andong Kim clan was preserving their sphere of influence. Their fierce campaign to dominate the royal house had led to a situation in which almost all of the representatives of the royal family fled from Seoul. When the royal family produced intelligent and appropriate candidates for the accession, they were either accused of treason and executed or sent into exile, so when [[Heonjong_of_Joseon|Heonjong]] died, leaving no son, | + | Largely unconcerned with the welfare of the nation as a whole, the primrary goal of the Andong Kim clan was preserving their sphere of influence. Their fierce campaign to dominate the royal house had led to a situation in which almost all of the representatives of the royal family fled from Seoul. When the royal family produced intelligent and appropriate candidates for the accession, they were either accused of treason and executed or sent into exile, so when [[Heonjong_of_Joseon|Heonjong]] died, leaving no son, it was difficult to find a candidate who could succeed to the throne.<ref name=minskorea/> |
==Life== | ==Life== | ||
− | + | Finally the choice settled on Cheoljong. Although the previous succession in the Joseon Dynasty had been primarily from father to son, and on occasion, brothers, grandsons, uncles or nephews, it was necessary to search much further back the royal bloodline to find Cheoljong. He was the grand-nephew of King Jeongjo, Joseon's 22nd King, and the great-great-grandson of King Yeongjo, the 21st Joseon king. | |
− | + | Cheoljong's father, Grand Prince Jeonggye, had been one of three sons born to Prince Eunyeon, the younger brother of King Jeongjo. Jeonggye's two brothers were both killed in a political rebellion, leaving only Grand Prince Jeongye. Jeonggye also had three sons, of whom the eldest was implicated and killed in a power struggle, and the second died of disease, leaving only the third son, Cheoljong. | |
− | + | After a long search, the royal envoys found the future Cheoljong on Ganghwa Island where his family had fled to hide from oppression. When the envoys (dispatched for finding the future king) arrived on Ganghwa Island, they found the remaining clan of the Yi's, the Joseon royal family, barely surviving in wretched poverty. | |
+ | Though from the start of the Joseon Dynasty Korean kings had given top priority to the education of their sons, the situation of the royal family was now so bad that at the age of 18, Cheoljong was not yet able to read, and could not decipher even a single word on the notice delivering congratulations to him on his elevation to the royal throne.<ref name=minskorea/> | ||
− | As part of the Andong | + | For the Andong Kims, Cheoljong's illiteracy was an asset. His lack of education made him manipulable and vulnerable to their control. Proof of this can be found in reports that even though Cheoljong ruled the country for 13 years, until his very last days he had not yet learned on how to move with dignity or on how to wear royal clothes, so that in even the most luxurious of robes he still looked like a fisherman.<ref name=minskorea/> |
+ | |||
+ | As part of the Andong Kims' manipulation of Cheoljong, in 1851, the clan arranged for Cheoljong to marry [[Queen Cheolin]], the daughter of clan member [[Kim Mun-geun]].<ref name=lee>Ki-baik Lee, ''A New History of Korea'' (Seoul: Ilchokak Publishers, 1984, ISBN 9788933702048, 247.</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Cheoljong's reign== | ||
+ | During the time of Cheoljong's reign, Christianity increased in influence both in Korea and in neighboring China. During most of the Joseon dynasty, Confucian ideals were given priority over Buddhist teachings and Christianity was discouraged. Under some Joseon rulers, Christians were persecuted and even killed. The Andong Kims, however, supported Christianity, and as a result, the number of Christians increased during Cheoljong's reign. At the same time, | ||
+ | |||
+ | the influence of the Andong Kims led to a | ||
==Death== | ==Death== | ||
− | He died at the age of 32 in January 1864 (by suspected foul play by the Andong Kim clan, the same clan which made him king), without a male heir. | + | He died at the age of 32 in January 1864 (by suspected foul play by the Andong Kim clan, the same clan which made him king), without a male heir qualified for the throne, as his only son was born to a lower ranked consort, and not to Queen Cheolin. Once again, it became necessary to search far back in the Yi lineage to find a candidate for the throne. |
==Family== | ==Family== | ||
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[[조선 정조|정조]]의 동생 [[은언군]]의 아들인 [[전계대원군]]과 용성부대부인 염씨 사이의 셋째 아들로 태어났다. 따라서, 철종은 [[사도세자]]의 증손자이며 영조의 고손자이다. 은언군에게는 본래 아들이 3명 있었는데 두 아들은 권력 투쟁에 희생되고 전계대원군만이 살아남았다. 전계대원군에게도 세 아들이 있었으나, 첫째 아들은 역모에 연루되어 죽고 둘째 아들은 병으로 죽어서 셋째 아들인 원범만이 고아로 살아남아 있었다. | [[조선 정조|정조]]의 동생 [[은언군]]의 아들인 [[전계대원군]]과 용성부대부인 염씨 사이의 셋째 아들로 태어났다. 따라서, 철종은 [[사도세자]]의 증손자이며 영조의 고손자이다. 은언군에게는 본래 아들이 3명 있었는데 두 아들은 권력 투쟁에 희생되고 전계대원군만이 살아남았다. 전계대원군에게도 세 아들이 있었으나, 첫째 아들은 역모에 연루되어 죽고 둘째 아들은 병으로 죽어서 셋째 아들인 원범만이 고아로 살아남아 있었다. | ||
− | + | ||
− | |||
[[조선 순조|순조]]의 아내인 [[순원왕후]]는 헌종이 후사 없이 승하하자 [[풍양 조씨]] 일파가 왕위를 내세우기 전에 [[안동 김씨]]가 권력을 유지해 나가기 위해 헌종의 재종숙되는 원범을 궁정으로 불러들여 덕완군에 책봉했으나 이것은 원범을 보위에 올리는데 절차중 하나에 불과했다. | [[조선 순조|순조]]의 아내인 [[순원왕후]]는 헌종이 후사 없이 승하하자 [[풍양 조씨]] 일파가 왕위를 내세우기 전에 [[안동 김씨]]가 권력을 유지해 나가기 위해 헌종의 재종숙되는 원범을 궁정으로 불러들여 덕완군에 책봉했으나 이것은 원범을 보위에 올리는데 절차중 하나에 불과했다. | ||
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*[[List of Korea-related topics]] | *[[List of Korea-related topics]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{List of Joseon Monarchs}} | ||
[[Category:History]] | [[Category:History]] | ||
[[Category:History of Korea]] | [[Category:History of Korea]] | ||
{{credits|Cheoljong_of_Joseon|257645601|조선_철종|2311810}} | {{credits|Cheoljong_of_Joseon|257645601|조선_철종|2311810}} |
Revision as of 09:16, 18 January 2009
Cheoljong of Joseon | ||||||||
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King Cheoljong (1831 - 1863 r. 1849-1863) was the 25th king of the Korean Joseon Dynasty.
Background
When Cheoljong came to the throne in 1849, the social and political climate in Korea were poor. Since the beginning of the nineteenth century, power had been siphoned from the seated monarchs by various factions of the nobility, particularly by the influential Andong Kims, a clan of nobles that had produced several queens in the preceding centuries, and subsequently maneuvered themselves into a position of considerable power, taking advantage of the deterioration in the royal line of the Joseon dynasty, which had been in power more than 450 years, since 1392.
The social stagnation that resulted from the ineffective governance was a breeding ground for unrest. Corruption and embezzlement from the treasury and its inevitable exploitation were taken to extreme levels, reaching staggering proportions. To make things worse, the debilitating effects of one rebellion after another were accompanied by natural disasters. Indeed it was one of the most gloomy periods in the country’s history.[1]
Largely unconcerned with the welfare of the nation as a whole, the primrary goal of the Andong Kim clan was preserving their sphere of influence. Their fierce campaign to dominate the royal house had led to a situation in which almost all of the representatives of the royal family fled from Seoul. When the royal family produced intelligent and appropriate candidates for the accession, they were either accused of treason and executed or sent into exile, so when Heonjong died, leaving no son, it was difficult to find a candidate who could succeed to the throne.[1]
Life
Finally the choice settled on Cheoljong. Although the previous succession in the Joseon Dynasty had been primarily from father to son, and on occasion, brothers, grandsons, uncles or nephews, it was necessary to search much further back the royal bloodline to find Cheoljong. He was the grand-nephew of King Jeongjo, Joseon's 22nd King, and the great-great-grandson of King Yeongjo, the 21st Joseon king.
Cheoljong's father, Grand Prince Jeonggye, had been one of three sons born to Prince Eunyeon, the younger brother of King Jeongjo. Jeonggye's two brothers were both killed in a political rebellion, leaving only Grand Prince Jeongye. Jeonggye also had three sons, of whom the eldest was implicated and killed in a power struggle, and the second died of disease, leaving only the third son, Cheoljong.
After a long search, the royal envoys found the future Cheoljong on Ganghwa Island where his family had fled to hide from oppression. When the envoys (dispatched for finding the future king) arrived on Ganghwa Island, they found the remaining clan of the Yi's, the Joseon royal family, barely surviving in wretched poverty. Though from the start of the Joseon Dynasty Korean kings had given top priority to the education of their sons, the situation of the royal family was now so bad that at the age of 18, Cheoljong was not yet able to read, and could not decipher even a single word on the notice delivering congratulations to him on his elevation to the royal throne.[1]
For the Andong Kims, Cheoljong's illiteracy was an asset. His lack of education made him manipulable and vulnerable to their control. Proof of this can be found in reports that even though Cheoljong ruled the country for 13 years, until his very last days he had not yet learned on how to move with dignity or on how to wear royal clothes, so that in even the most luxurious of robes he still looked like a fisherman.[1]
As part of the Andong Kims' manipulation of Cheoljong, in 1851, the clan arranged for Cheoljong to marry Queen Cheolin, the daughter of clan member Kim Mun-geun.[2]
Cheoljong's reign
During the time of Cheoljong's reign, Christianity increased in influence both in Korea and in neighboring China. During most of the Joseon dynasty, Confucian ideals were given priority over Buddhist teachings and Christianity was discouraged. Under some Joseon rulers, Christians were persecuted and even killed. The Andong Kims, however, supported Christianity, and as a result, the number of Christians increased during Cheoljong's reign. At the same time,
the influence of the Andong Kims led to a
Death
He died at the age of 32 in January 1864 (by suspected foul play by the Andong Kim clan, the same clan which made him king), without a male heir qualified for the throne, as his only son was born to a lower ranked consort, and not to Queen Cheolin. Once again, it became necessary to search far back in the Yi lineage to find a candidate for the throne.
Family
- Father: Jeongye, Prince of the Great Court (전계대원군, 1785-1841)
- Mother: Yongseong, Princess Consort of the Prince of the Great Court, of the Yeom clan (용성부대부인 염씨)
- Consorts
- Queen Cheolin of the Andong Kim clan (철인왕후 김씨, 1837-1878)[3]
- Park Gwi-in (귀인 박씨)
- Jo Gwi-in (귀인 조씨)
- Lee Gwi-in (귀인 이씨)
- Bang Suk-ui (숙의 방씨)
- Beom Suk-ui (숙의 범씨)
- Palace Lady Kim (궁인 김씨)
- Palace Lady Park (궁인 박씨)
- Issue:
- A Son of Lee Gwi-in[4]
- 2 Daughters of Lee Gwi-in[5]
- Princess Yeonghye (영혜옹주, 1859-July 04, 1872), Only Daughter of Beom Suk-ui.
Hanja name
The King's name in Hanja is 李昪. In Korean, it is Yi Byeon. However, in most Chinese materials, his name is often misrepresented as 李昇, which is pronounced as Yi Seong. This is a very serious yet very popular error, as the character 昪 is a very rare word. 昇, however, is a very common one. Therefore, we need to take care when searching.
Titles
- Lord Wonbeom, the 3rd Son of Prince Jeongye (great-grandson[6]of King Yeongjo) (1725-1776).
- His Highness the Prince Deogwan of Korea, the heir presumptive to the throne (1849 - 1850).
- His Majesty the King of Korea (1850 - 1863)
His full posthumous name
- King Cheoljong Huiyun Jeonggeuk Sudeok Sunseong Heummyung Gwangdo Donwon Changhwa Munhyeon Museong Heonin Yeonghyo the Great of Korea
- 철종희윤정극수덕순성흠명광도돈원창화문현무성헌인영효대왕
- 哲宗熙倫正極粹德純聖欽命光道敦元彰化文顯武成獻仁英孝大王
Preceded by: Heonjong |
Rulers of Korea (Joseon Dynasty) 1849–1863 |
Succeeded by: Gojong |
Template:왕 정보 철종(哲宗, 1831년~1863년)은 조선의 제25대 임금이다. 초명은 원범(元範), 휘는 변(昪), 자는 도승(道升), 호는 대용재(大勇齋), 정식 칭호는 철종희윤정극수덕순성흠명광도돈원창화문현무성헌인영효대왕.[7] 1897년 고종이 대한제국을 창업하고 나서 철종장황제(哲宗章皇帝)로 추존하였다. 오늘날 철종은 세도 정치에 희생된 불행했던 군주로 평가받고 있다. Cheoljong was the 25th Joseon king. His cho (original?) name was Wonbeom. His hwi was Byeon. His ja was Doseung, and his ho was Daeyongjae. His full posthumous name is ....
생애 life
정조의 동생 은언군의 아들인 전계대원군과 용성부대부인 염씨 사이의 셋째 아들로 태어났다. 따라서, 철종은 사도세자의 증손자이며 영조의 고손자이다. 은언군에게는 본래 아들이 3명 있었는데 두 아들은 권력 투쟁에 희생되고 전계대원군만이 살아남았다. 전계대원군에게도 세 아들이 있었으나, 첫째 아들은 역모에 연루되어 죽고 둘째 아들은 병으로 죽어서 셋째 아들인 원범만이 고아로 살아남아 있었다.
순조의 아내인 순원왕후는 헌종이 후사 없이 승하하자 풍양 조씨 일파가 왕위를 내세우기 전에 안동 김씨가 권력을 유지해 나가기 위해 헌종의 재종숙되는 원범을 궁정으로 불러들여 덕완군에 책봉했으나 이것은 원범을 보위에 올리는데 절차중 하나에 불과했다.
King Sunjo's wife Empress Sunwon
1849년 음력 6월 9일, 덕완군은 창덕궁에서 19살의 나이로 조선의 임금으로 즉위했다. 대왕대비가 된 순원왕후는 철종이 정치에 대해 배운 것이 없고 나이가 어리다는 이유로 수렴청정을 했다. 철종은 3년이 지난 후 직접 통치를 했지만 모든 권력은 세도정치 세력인 안동 김씨에 의해 조정되고 있었다.
철종은 안동김씨에 의해 제한된 권력을 가진 군주였으나, 민심을 보살피고 천주교에 대해서 관대하게 대했다. 그러나 당시 전국은 안동 김씨 일파의 권력 남용으로 탐관오리가 득실거렸을 뿐만 아니라 삼정(전정, 군정, 환곡)이 문란해지고 홍수와 가뭄, 화재 등 재앙이 끊이지 않아 민중들은 극심한 굶주림에 시달려야 했다. 이 때문에 전국적으로 민중 반란이 일어났지만 조정에서는 반란이 일어나는 근본적인 이유가 무엇인지 알려고도 하지 않았다. 철종 역시 안동 김씨의 세력을 누를 만한 힘이 없었기 때문에 그들에게 대항하지 못하였다. 그래서 최제우가 모든 사람이 한울님이라고 외치면서 주창한 동학 사상이 고통에서 허덕이는 민중들에게 빠르고도 깊숙하게 파고 들어가고 있었다. 그뿐만 아니라 그리스도 앞에서의 평등을 말하는 천주교도 일반 민중은 물론 양반층에까지 확대되어 갔으며, 심지어는 궁녀들중에서도 천주교 신자들이 있었다.
하지만 자신의 권력을 지지해줄 남인들이 집권층인 노론벽파의 천주교 탄압으로 숙청당하고, 그 자신도 안동 김씨의 세도 정치 속에서 자신의 뜻을 마음대로 펼 수 없다는 것을 깨달은 철종은 주색(酒色)을 가까이 하여 건강이 점점 나빠지다가 1863년 음력 8월에 재위 14년 만에 33살의 나이로 후사도 없이 승하하였다.
그가 편전에서 유일하게 정사에 관한 말을 한 것은 삼정의 폐단을 뿌리뽑아야 한다는 말뿐이였으나 이미 뿌리를 내린 삼정은 거둘 수 없었고 많은 자들에게 묵살되었다고 한다. 능은 예릉이다.
철종의 치세 당시 태평천국(1851년~1864년) 운동으로 동아시아의 정세가 소란한 중에 서구 열강의 개항 압력이 그 징후를 보였다.
가족 관계
- 철인왕후(哲仁王后) 김씨(1837년 - 1878년)
- 귀인 박씨
- 귀인 조씨
- 귀인 이씨(貴人 李氏)
- 女 - 1858년 음력 10월 13일 출생
- 男 - 1862년 윤달 8월 8일 출생
- 女
- 숙의 방씨
- 숙의 범씨
- 영혜옹주(永惠翁主) - 1859년 출생하여, 혼인 후 3개월 만에 사망
- 반남 박씨(潘南 朴氏) 박영효(1861년 ~ 1939년) 와 혼인
- 영혜옹주(永惠翁主) - 1859년 출생하여, 혼인 후 3개월 만에 사망
- 궁인 김씨
- 궁인 박씨
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 http://www.gkn-la.net/history_resources/queen_min_tmsimbirtseva_1996.htm
- ↑ Ki-baik Lee, A New History of Korea (Seoul: Ilchokak Publishers, 1984, ISBN 9788933702048, 247.
- ↑ Daughter of Kim Mun-geun (김문근) and Lady Min
- ↑ Born on August 08, 1862
- ↑ The first one was born on December 13, 1858
- ↑ Prince Jeongye was the son of Prince Euneon, who was the son of Prince Sado, who was the son of Yeongjo
- ↑ 한자로는 哲宗熙倫正極粹德純聖欽命光道敦元彰化文顯武成獻仁英孝大王이다.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Byeon Tae-seop (변태섭) (1999). 韓國史通論 (Hanguksa tongnon) (Outline of Korean history), 4th ed.. ISBN 89-445-9101-6.
- Cummings, Bruce. (1997). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York. ISBN 0-393-04011-9
See also
- List of Rulers of Korea
- Joseon Dynasty politics
- Joseon Dynasty
- History of Korea
- List of Korea-related topics
Monarchs of Joseon and The Korean Empire |
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Joseon: Emperor Taejo | King Jeongjong | King Taejong | King Sejong the Great | King Munjong | King Danjong King Sejo | King Yejong | King Seongjong | Yeonsangun | King Jungjong | King Injong | King Myeongjong King Seonjo | Gwanghaegun | King Injo | King Hyojong | King Hyeonjong | King Sukjong King Gyeongjong | King Yeongjo | King Jeongjo | King Sunjo | King Heonjong | King Cheoljong
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