Charlie Parker

For other persons of the same name, see Charles Parker.

File:Charlie Parker.jpg

Charlie Parker

Charles "Bird" Parker, Jr. (August 29, 1920 – March 12, 1955) was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. Early in his career Parker was dubbed "Yardbird." It was later shortened to "Bird" and remained Parker's nickname for the rest of his life and inspiration for the titles of his works, such as "Yardbird Suite" and "Bird Feathers". The New York City nightclub Birdland (jazz club)|Birdland was named after him, as were the George Shearing song "Lullaby of Birdland" and the Weather Report's composition "Birdland."

A persistent myth, repeated by many reputable sources, including the Encyclopedia Britannica, is that Christopher was Parker's second Christian name.

Place in jazz history

Parker is commonly considered one of the greatest jazz musicians; like Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington he is among the iconic figures of jazz. Jazz critic Scott Yanow speaks for many jazz fans and musicians when he suggests that "Parker was arguably the greatest saxophonist of all time."[1] A founding figure of bebop, Parker's innovative approach to melody, rhythm and harmony was enormously influential on his contemporaries, and his music remains an inspiration and resource for contemporary jazz musicians of all stripes. Several of Parker's songs have become jazz standard|standards of the repertoire.

Parker also became an icon for the Beat generation, and was a pivotal figure in the evolving conception of the jazz musician as an uncompromising artist and intellectual, rather than just a popular entertainer. At various times, Parker fused jazz with other musical styles, from classical (seeking to study with Edgard Varèse and Stefan Wolpe) to Latin music (recordings with Machito), blazing paths followed later by others. A style of Jazz singing, called vocalese, would often take bebop artists' themes and solos and add lyrics to them, a seemingly impossible task but one made popular by King Pleasure, Eddie Jefferson, Jon Hendricks, Hendricks Lambert and Ross and later the Manhattan Trancfer.

Biography

Childhood

File:Charlie-parker1.jpg

Memorial to Charlie Parker at the American Jazz Museum at 18th and Highland in Kansas City

Charlie Parker was born in Kansas City, Kansas and raised in Kansas City, Missouri. He was the only child of Charles and Addie Parker. Parker's father presumably provided some musical influence; he was a pianist, dancer and singer on the T.O.B.A. circuit, although he later became a Pullman Company|Pullman waiter or chef on the railways.

Parker began playing the saxophone at age 11 and then at age 14 he joined his school's band. Groups led by Count Basie and Bennie Moten were the leading Kansas City ensembles, and doubtlessly influenced Parker. He continued to play with local bands in jazz clubs around Kansas City, Missouri, where he perfected his technique with the assistance of Buster Smith, whose dynamic transitions to double and triple time certainly influenced Parker's developing style. In 1937, Parker joined pianist Jay McShann's territory band [2], and was able to tour with him to the nightclubs and other venues of the southwest region of the USA, as well as Chicago, Illinois|Chicago and New York City [3][4]. Parker made his recording debut with McShann's band.

In NYC

In 1939, Parker moved to New York City. He pursued a career in music, but held several other jobs as well. One of these was as a bus-boy (dishwasher) making $9 a week at Jimmie's Chicken Shack, a restaurant where famous pianist Art Tatum was playing at the time. (Parker's later playing was in some ways reminiscent of Tatum's, with dazzling, high-speed arpeggios and sophisticated use of harmony.)

In 1942, Parker left McShann's band and played with Earl Hines for eight months. The early history of bebop is difficult to document because of a strike by the American Federation of Musicians which meant that there were no official recordings in most of 1942 and 1943. Nevertheless we know that Parker was one of a group of young musicians who congregated in after-hours clubs in Harlem such as Minton's (Minton's Playhouse) and Monroe's. These young iconoclasts included trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie, pianist Thelonious Monk, guitarist Charlie Christian and drummers Max Roach and Kenny Clarke|Kenny 'Klook' Clarke. It was Monk who summed up their approach in the famous quote: "We wanted a music that they couldn't play" — "they" being either the (mostly white) bandleaders who had taken over and profited from swing music or unwelcome fellow musicians wishing to jam with Parker, Gillespie and others. The group played in venues on the now famous 52nd Street including Three Deuces and The Onyx. In his time in NYC, he also learned much from notable music teacher Maury Deutsch.

Bebop

By now, Parker was emerging as a leading figure in the nascent bebop scene. According to an interview Parker gave in the 1950s, one night in 1939, he was playing "Cherokee" in a jam session with guitarist William 'Biddy' Fleet when he hit upon a method for developing his solos that enabled him to play what he had been hearing in his head for some time, by building chord (music)|chords on the higher intervals of the tune's harmonies. In reality, the birth of bebop was probably a more gradual process than this story reports.

Early in its development, this new type of jazz was rejected and disdained by many older, more established jazz musicians, whom the beboppers in response called "moldy figs." However, some musicians, such as Coleman Hawkins and Benny Goodman, were more positive about its emergence. It wasn't until 1945 that Parker's collaborations with Dizzy Gillespie had a substantial impact on the jazz world. One of their first (and greatest) small-group performances together was only discovered and issued in 2005: a concert in New York's Town Hall on June 22, 1945 (now available on Uptown Records).

On November 26, 1945 Parker led a record date for the Savoy Records|Savoy label, which was once marketed, during the Gramophone record|LP era, as the "greatest Jazz session ever". Although this may have been hyperbole, the Savoy sessions produced an astounding collection of recordings — in spite of Dizzy Gillespie having to deputize on piano for some of the tracks. Among the tracks recorded during this session are "Ko-Ko" (based on the chords of "Cherokee"), "Now's the Time" (a twelve bar blues incorporating a riff later used in the late 1949 R&B dance hit Paul Williams (saxophonist)|"The Hucklebuck"), "Billie's Bounce", and "Thriving on a Riff."

Shortly afterwards, a trip to Los Angeles by the Parker/Gillespie band to fulfill an engagement at Billy Berg|Billy Berg's club was less than successful. Most of the band soon decided to return to New York. Parker though, stayed in California, where his extravagant lifestyle was to catch up with him.

As a teenager, he had developed a morphine addiction while in a hospital after an automobile accident, and subsequently became addicted to heroin, which was to plague him throughout his life and ultimately contribute to his death. Parker's heroin habit caused him many problems with missed gigs and getting fired for being high. In order to keep his "buzz" going he would frequently resort to busking on the streets. Parker's addiction is prime example of the many connections between narcotics and jazz during this period.

Although he produced many brilliant recordings during this period, Parker's behavior became increasingly erratic. Heroin was difficult to obtain after his dealer was arrested, and Parker began to drink heavily to compensate for this. A recording of "Lover Man" for the Dial Records|Dial label from July 29, 1946 provides evidence of his condition. Reportedly, Parker could barely stand during the session and had to be physically supported by others in order to keep him positioned properly against the microphone. Some, including Charles Mingus, consider it among his greater recordings despite its technical problems. Nevertheless, Bird hated the recording and never forgave his producer Ross Russell for releasing the sub-par record (and re-recorded the tune in 1953 for Verve Records|Verve, this time in stellar form, but perhaps lacking some of the passionate emotion in the earlier, flawed attempt).

A few days after the "Lover Man" session, Parker was drinking in his hotel room when he set fire to his mattress with a cigarette, then ran through the hotel lobby wearing only his socks. He was arrested and committed to Camarillo State Hospital, where he remained for six months.

Coming out of the hospital, Parker was initially clean and healthy, and proceeded to do some of the best playing and recording of his career. Before leaving California, he recorded "Relaxin' at Camarillo," in reference to his hospital stay. He returned to New York and recorded dozens of sides for the Savoy Records|Savoy and Dial labels that remain some of the high points of his recorded output. Many of these were with his so-called "classic quintet" that included trumpeter Miles Davis and drummer Max Roach. The highlights of these sessions include a series of slower-tempo performances of American popular songs including "Embraceable You" and "Bird of Paradise" (based on "All the Things You Are").

Parker's soaring, fast, rhythmically asymmetrical improvisations could amaze the listener; nevertheless close inspection shows each line to hold a complete, well-constructed phrase with each note in place. Parker's harmonic ideas were revolutionary, introducing a new tonal vocabulary employing 9ths, 11ths and 13ths of chords, rapidly implied passing Chord (music)|chords, and new variants of altered chords and chord substitutions. His tone was clean and penetrating, but sweet and plaintive on ballads. Although many Parker recordings demonstrate dazzling virtuoso technique and complex melodic lines — the early "Ko-Ko" is a superb example — he was also one of the great blues players. His themeless blues improvisation "Parker's Mood" represents one of the most deeply affecting recordings in jazz, as fundamental as Armstrong's classic "West End Blues", from only twenty years before.

Despite many of the compositions which bear his name being based on earlier pieces from the American songbook, Parker's legacy as a deviser of jazz standards is significant. Such pieces include "Anthropology (composition)|Anthropology", "Confirmation (composition)|Confirmation", and "Yardbird Suite", which have been performed by numerous other musicians. Like his solos, his compositions are characterised by long, complex melodic lines and a minimum of repetition - generally speaking, an eight-bar segment will not contain any repeated motifs or sequences.

Stardom

By 1950, much of the jazz world was under Parker's sway. His solos were transcribed and copied; legions of saxophonists imitated his playing note-for-note (in response to these pretenders, Parker's erstwhile bandmate Charles Mingus titled a song "If Charlie Parker were a Gunslinger, There'd Be A Whole Lot of Dead Copycats" featured on the album Mingus Dynasty.) In this regard, he is perhaps only comparable to Louis Armstrong: both men set the standard for their instruments for decades, and very few escaped their influence.

In 1953, Parker was invited to perform at Massey Hall in Toronto, Canada, where he was joined by Gillespie, Charles Mingus, Bud Powell and Max Roach. Unfortunately, the concert clashed with a televised heavyweight boxing match between Rocky Marciano and Jersey Joe Walcott and as a result was poorly attended. Thankfully, for the sake of posterity, Mingus recorded the concert, and the album Jazz at Massey Hall is often cited as one of the finest recordings of a live jazz performance.

One of Parker's longstanding desires was to perform with a string instruments|string section; he was a keen fan of European classical music|classical music. Contemporaries reported that he was keenly interested in the music of Igor Stravinsky, and longed to engage in a project akin to what became known as "Third Stream Music"; a new kind of music, incorporating both jazz and Euro-classical elements as opposed to merely incorporating a string section into performance of jazz standards. When he did record and perform with strings, some fans thought it was a "sell out" and a pandering to popular tastes. Time demonstrated Parker's move a wise one: Charlie Parker with Strings sold better than his other releases, and his version of "Just Friends" is seen as one of his best performances. In an interview, he considered it to be his best recording to date.

Parker was known for often showing up to performances without an instrument and borrowing someone else's at the last moment. At more than one venue he played on a plastic Grafton saxophone; later, saxophonist Ornette Coleman used this brand of plastic sax in his early career. On one particular occaision before a concert in Quebec, he had sold his saxophone to buy drugs, and at the last minute, He, Dizzy Gillespie, and other members of Charlie's entourage went running around Quebec trying to find a saxophone, at which time the only saxophone he could have played was the plastic one.

Parker died while watching Tommy Dorsey on television in the suite at the Stanhope Hotel belonging to his friend and patroness Nica de Koenigswarter. Though the official cause of death was pneumonia and a bleeding ulcer, his death was doubtlessly hastened by his drug and alcoholism|alcohol abuse. The 34-year-old Parker was so haggard that the coroner mistakenly estimated Parker's age to be between 50 and 60.

Parker left a widow, Chan Parker, a daughter, Kim Parker, who is also a musician, and a son, Baird Parker, who died in the Vietnam War.

The mythic Charlie "Bird" Parker

The legend "Bird Lives" first appeared as graffiti in New York City subways, a few hours after Parker's passing. For this, the poet Ted Joans is usually credited.

In Julio Cortazar's short story El perseguidor (The pursuer) from his book Las armas secretas (The secret weapons) the fictional characters are Johnny Carter (Charlie Parker), Lan (Chan) and Marquess Tica (Baroness Nica de Koenigswarter) and Lover Man session is remembered as Amorous session.

A The Far Side|Far Side cartoon entitled "Charlie Parker's private hell" shows him locked in a recording booth while the devil pipes in nothing but new age music.

Charlie Parker has been an inspiration to many people including John Coltrane, Michael Brecker, Jaco Pastorius, and Yo-Yo Ma.

Memorials

• The Birdland night club was named after him.

• Deeply touched by Charlie Parker's death, Moondog wrote his famous "Bird's lament" in his memory. Moondog affirmed that he had met Charlie Parker in the streets of New York and that they had planned to jam together.

• Lennie Tristano's overdubbed solo piano piece "Requiem" was recorded in tribute to Parker shortly after his death. It begins with a classically-tinged introduction, and then turns into a slow blues that gradually accumulates layers of overdubbing — one of the earliest experiments in jazz with multiple overdubbing.

• In New York City, Avenue B between 7th and 10th Streets is named Charlie Parker Place. Parker had lived in an Avenue B townhouse between 9th and 10th streets.

• The Californian ensemble "Supersax" has harmonized many of Parker's improvisations for a five-piece saxophone section, which to many listeners bring new life to them, whereas others consider the arrangements as somewhat constructed.

• Saxophonist Phil Woods recorded a tribute concert for Parker, and in an interview stated that he thought Parker had said everything he needed to say.

• A biographical song entitled "Parker's Band" was recorded by Steely Dan on their 1974 album Pretzel Logic.

• Charlie Parker is also mentioned in a song by Jethro Tull called "From a Dead Beat to an Old Greaser"

• Weather Report's 1977 Jazz Fusion track and highly acclaimed Big Band Standard "Birdland" was a dedication by bandleader Joe Zawinul to both Charlie Parker and the New York 52nd Street Club itself. The piece also featured Jaco Pastorius playing Electric Fretless Bass (Pastorius had made a name for himself when he included on his debut solo album an astounding rendition of the Charlie Parker and Miles Davis standard 'Donna Lee', no doubt a tribute to the late genius himself).

• The avant-garde trombonist George Lewis (trombonist)|George Lewis released Homage to Charles Parker in 1979, an album that offers a unique combination of electronic music and the blues.

• In 1984, legendary modern dance choreographer Alvin Ailey created a piece entitled "For Bird—With Love" in honor of Parker. The piece chronicles his life, from his early career to his failing health.

• A biographical film called Bird (1988 film)|Bird, starring Forest Whitaker as Parker and directed by Clint Eastwood, was released in 1988.

• A memorial to Parker was dedicated in 1999 in Kansas City at 17th Terrace and the Paseo, next to the American Jazz Museum featuring a 10-foot tall bronze head sculpted by Robert Graham (sculptor)|Robert Graham.

• Parker's performances of "I Remember You" and "Parker's Mood" were selected by Harold Bloom for inclusion on his short list of the twentieth-century Harold Bloom#The American Sublime|American Sublime.

• TISM's The White Albun (2004) contains a song titled "Tonight Harry's Practice Visits The Home Of Charlie "Bird" Parker". The song focuses on Celebrity|celebrity resentment and the possibility that taking drugs, like Parker did, will make the otherwise dull celebrities more interesting. The title of the song refers to Australian television show Harry's Practice and, more specifically, the segment where Dr. Harry Cooper would visit a celebrity, in this case, the visit is to Charlie "Bird" Parker's house.

• In 2005, the Selmer Paris saxophone manufacturer commissioned a special "Tribute to Bird" alto saxophone, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the death of Charlie Parker (1955-2005). This saxophone will be built until 2010, each one featuring a unique engraving and an original design.

• In August each year, there is a Charlie Parker Festival at Tribes Gallery in New York (285 third street, NY, NY 10009) in celebration of his life and career.

Selected discography

Parker made extensive recordings for three labels — Savoy and Dial best document his early work, while Verve is representative of his later career:

• Savoy (1944-1949)
• Dial (1945-1947)
• Verve (1946-1954)

Many live recordings, of varying quality, are also available. A small selection of the many are listed below:

• Live at Townhall w. Dizzy (1945, first released in 2005)
• Bird and Diz at Carnegie Hall (1947)
• Bird on 52nd Street (1948)
• Jazz at the Philharmonic (1949)
• Charlie Parker All Stars Live at the Royal Roost (1949)
• One Night in Birdland (1950)
• Bird at the High Hat (1953)
• Charlie Parker at Storyville (1953)
• Jazz At Massey Hall (1953)

Special mention should be made of the legendary Dean Benedetti recordings, a huge trove of live material recorded by an obsessive fan. Long thought lost or merely mythical, these eventually resurfaced and were released as a set by Mosaic Records.

Bibliography

• Woideck, Carl, "Charlie Parker: His Music and Life" (paperpack ed.), Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998. ISBN 0-472-08555-7.
• Woideck, Carl (editor), "The Charlie Parker Companion" (1st ed.), New York: Schirmer Books, 1998. ISBN 0-02-864714-9.
• Parker, Charlie and Aebersold, Jamie,(editor), "Charlie Parker Omnibook", New York: Michael H. Goldsen, 1978.
• Russell, Ross, "Bird Lives! The High Life & Hard Times of Charlie (Yardbird) Parker", New York: Charterhouse, 1973. ISBN 0-306-80679-7.

Samples

• Media:Bird Of Paradise.ogg|Download sample of "Bird of Paradise"

External links

• Charlie Parker discography
• Charlie Parker Sessionography
• The Official Site of Charlie "Yardbird" Parker
• Clips and notes about Parker
• Bird Lives - A Charlie Parker Site
• Charlie Parker For Guitar
• Blue Neon Alley - Charlie Parker directory
• page=gr&GRid=1426&pt=Charlie%20Parker Charlie Parker at Find A Grave

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