|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | {{Ready}}
| |
| − | {{Infobox Monarch
| |
| − | |name =Charles I
| |
| − | |title =King of Hungary, King of Croatia
| |
| − | |image =[[Image:Chronicon Pictum I Karoly Robert.jpg|180px|]]
| |
| − | |caption =
| |
| − | |reign =July 12, 1312 – July 16, 1342
| |
| − | |predecessor =[[Otto III, Duke of Bavaria]]
| |
| − | |successor =[[Louis I of Hungary]]
| |
| − | |consort =Mary of Bytom<br/>Beatrix of Luxembourg<br/>[[Elizabeth of Poland]]
| |
| − | |offspring =Charles of Hungary<br/>Ladislaus of Hungary<br/>[[Louis I of Hungary]]<br/>[[Andrew, Duke of Calabria]]<br/>[[Stephen, Duke of Slavonia]]
| |
| − | |royal house =[[Capetian House of Anjou|House of Anjou-Hungary]]
| |
| − | |father =[[Charles Martel of Anjou]]
| |
| − | |mother =[[Klementia of Habsburg]]
| |
| − | |date of birth = 1288
| |
| − | |place of birth =[[Naples]], [[Kingdom of Naples]]
| |
| − | |date of death =July 16, 1342 (aged 54)
| |
| − | |place of death =[[Visegrád]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
| |
| − | |}}
| |
| − | '''Charles I of [[Hungary]]''' ({{lang-hu|Károly Róbert}}, {{lang-hr|Karlo Robert}}, {{lang-sk|Karol Róbert}}), (1288, [[Naples]], [[Italy]] – July 16, 1342, [[Visegrád]], Hungary<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9022561/Charles-I#90690.hook Charles I]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved January 24, 2009.</ref>), is also known as '''Charles Robert''', '''Charles Robert of Anjou''', and '''Charles Robert of [[Capetian House of Anjou|Anjou]]-Hungary''', [[King of Hungary]] and [[King of Croatia|Croatia]] (1308-1342). He belonged to the royal house of Anjou-Hungary, was a [[patrilineal]] descendant of the [[Capetian dynasty|capetian dynasty]] of Anjou (Anjou-[[Sicily]]) and a [[matrilineal]] descendant of the [[Árpád dynasty]]. His claim to the throne of Hungary was contested by several pretenders. Nevertheless, although he was only a child when his grandfather, King [[Charles II of Naples]] sent him to Hungary in 1300, Charles could strengthen his rule in the kingdom against his opponents and the powerful [[magnate|magnates]] following a long series of internal struggles. Charles also carried out numerous important political and economical reforms: he established the so called ''honor system'' which made the powerful barons dependent of his favor and he introduced new coins with a constantly high purity of gold. Charles's foreign policy largely stemmed from dynastic alliances. His most successful achievement was the mutual defense union with [[Poland]] and [[Bohemia]] against the [[Habsburgs]]. Charles also endeavored to enforce his or his descendants' claim to the [[Kingdom of Naples]], but he could achieve only sham results. Nevertheless, he was one of the most successful rulers of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] whose efforts established his successor's achievements.
| |
| | | | |
| − | ==Childhood==
| |
| − | Charles was the only son of [[Charles Martel of Anjou|Charles Martel, Prince of Salerno]] and his wife [[Klementia of Habsburg|Clementia]], a daughter of King [[Rudolph I of Germany]]. His paternal grandmother, [[Maria of Hungary (1257-1323)|Mary]], a daughter of King [[Stephen V of Hungary]], declared her claim to [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] following the death of her brother, King [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary]], but the majority of the country accepted the rule of her distant cousin, King [[Andrew III of Hungary|Andrew III]]. Nevertheless, Mary transferred her claim to [[Hungary]] to her eldest son, Charles Martel on January 6, 1292, who was also the heir to the [[Kingdom of Naples]], but he was never able to enforce his claim against King Andrew III and died on August 19, 1295.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | After his father's death, the child Charles inherited the claim to Hungary, but his grandfather, King [[Charles II of Naples]] appointed his younger son (Charles' paternal uncle), [[Robert of Naples|Robert]] to his heir in [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]] on February 13, 1296. This decree was confirmed by [[Pope Boniface VIII]], the overlord of the Kingdom of Naples, on February 27, 1297, so Charles lost his claim to the throne of [[Naples]].
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Struggle for Hungary==
| |
| − | In the beginning of 1300, a powerful [[magnate]], [[Paul Šubić]] accepted Charles' title to the kingdom and invited him to Hungary. His grandfather accepted the invitation and granted Charles a smaller amount of money and sent him to Hungary to enforce his claim against King Andrew III. Charles disembarked in [[Split]] in August 1300 and he went to [[Zagreb]] where he was accepted as [[King of Hungary]] by [[Ugrin Csák]], another influential magnate of the kingdom.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | When King Andrew III died on January 14, 1301, Charles' partisans took him to [[Esztergom]] where the [[Archbishop Gregory Bicskei of Esztergom|Archbishop Gregory Bicskei]] crowned him with an occasional crown because the [[Holy Crown of Hungary]] was guarded by his opponents. The majority of the magnates of the kingdom, however, did not accept his rule and proclaimed [[Wenceslaus III of Bohemia|Wenceslaus]], the son of [[Wenceslaus II of Bohemia]] king. The young Wenceslaus accepted the election and engaged the daughter of King Andrew III and he was crowned with the Holy Crown of Hungary in [[Székesfehérvár]] by [[Archbishop John of Kalocsa]].
| |
| − |
| |
| − | After his opponent's coronation, Charles withdrew to [[Slavonia]] where his partisans strengthened his rule. In September 1302, he laid siege to [[Buda]], but he could not occupy the capital of the kingdom and had to withdraw to Slavonia again. [[Pope Boniface VIII]] confirmed Charles' claim to Hungary on May 31, 1303 and his maternal uncle, King [[Albert I of Germany]] also provided him military assistance. In the summer of 1304, King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia arrived to Hungary in order to help his son to strengthen his rule in the kingdom. However, the [[King of Bohemia]] had to realize soon that his son's position in Hungary was unstable; therefore he decided to retreat and his son followed him. On hearing his opponents retreat, Charles made an alliance with Duke [[Rudolph I of Bohemia|Rudolph I of Austria]] and they attacked [[Bohemia]] but they could not occupy [[Kutná Hora]] and Charles had to retreat to Hungary.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Nevertheless, the majority of the [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] magnates did not accept Charles' rule. In August 1305, his opponent, Wenceslaus, who had inherited Bohemia from his father, renounced his claim to Hungary on behalf of [[Otto III, Duke of Bavaria]], who was a grandson of King [[Béla IV of Hungary]]. Otto arrived to Hungary soon and he was crowned with the Holy Crown of Hungary in [[Székesfehérvár]] by the Bishops of Veszprém and Csanád on December 6. However, Otto was not able to strengthen his rule, either. In the course of 1306, Charles occupied [[Esztergom]], [[Spiš Castle]], [[Pustý hrad|Zvolen]] and some other fortresses in the northern parts of the kingdom, and in the next year he also occupied [[Buda]].
| |
| − |
| |
| − | In June 1307, Duke Otto III visited the powerful [[Voivode of Transylvania]], [[Ladislaus Kán]], but the latter arrested him. On October 10, 1307, the magnates presented at the assembly in [[Rákos]] proclaimed Charles king, but the most powerful aristocrats ([[Máté Csák]], [[Amade Aba|Amadé Aba]] and Ladislaus Kán) ignored him. At the end of the year, Ladislaus Kán set Charles' opponent free and Otto left the country, but the Voivode of Transylvania denied to hand over the Holy Crown of Hungary to Charles, whose legitimacy could be questioned without the coronation with the Holy Crown.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Struggles with the magnates==
| |
| − | After [[Otto III, Duke of Bavaria|Otto]]'s escape, Charles stood alone as claimant to the throne of Hungary, but large parts of his kingdom were under the rule of powerful aristocrats and even his alleged partisans ignored his royal prerogatives. His position slightly strengthened when the legate of [[Pope Clement V]] arrived to Hungary in June 1308, who persuaded Máté Csák to recognize Charles' reign on their meeting in the [[Monastery of Kékes]]. On November 27, 1308, Máté Csák was also present at the assembly in [[Pest]] where Charles was again proclaimed King of Hungary. Following the assembly, the synod of the prelates in Buda confirmed the theory of the inviolability of the king and the bishops also summoned Ladislaus Kán to return the Holy Crown of Hungary to Charles. However, the Voivode of Transylvania denied the request; therefore the [[Papal legate]] had a new crown made for Charles and he was crowned with the new crown by [[Archbishop Tamás of Esztergom]] on June 15, 1309. Finally, under the threats of the Papal legate, Ladislaus Kán handed over the Holy Crown and Charles was, for the third time, crowned with the Holy Crown on August 27, 1310 by the Archbishop of Esztergom.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | In the summer of 1311, Máté Csák laid siege to Charles' capital, Buda, but Charles forced back his attack. Shortly afterwards, the citizens of [[Košice]] murdered [[Amade Aba]], who had been one of Charles' main partisans, but Charles took the side of the citizens against Amade Aba's sons; consequently, the latters allied themselves with Máté Csák. Charles laid siege to Máté Csák's castle, [[Šariš Castle]] in May 1312, but he was forced to retreat by the troops of the powerful magnate. Then the allied armies of Máté Csák and Amade Aba's sons marched against Košice but Charles defeated them in the [[Battle of Rozgony]] on July 12, 1312. After the victory, Charles managed to occupy some castles of Amade Aba's sons in the counties of [[Abaúj]], [[Turňa|Torna]] and [[Sáros county|Sáros]].
| |
| − |
| |
| − | In 1314, Charles reoccupied from [[Austria]] [[Devín Castle]], taking advantage of the internal conflicts in the [[Holy Roman Empire]], and in the first half of 1315 he managed to reoccupy also the Castle of [[Visegrád]] from Máté Csák. At about that time, he married [[Mary of Bytom]], a daughter of Duke [[Casimir of Bytom]].
| |
| − |
| |
| − | In the course of May 1316, Charles was struggling against the family [[Kőszegi]], but some magnates of the eastern part of his kingdom, lead by [[Kopasz Borsa]], rebelled against him and offered the Holy Crown to King [[Andrew of Halych]], who himself was also a descendant of King [[Béla IV of Hungary]]. Charles' troops, however, defeated the rebels and occupied their castles in the counties of [[Bihar (county)|Bihar]], [[Szolnok]], [[Borsod]] and [[Kolozs]]. In May 1317, his armies also suppressed the revolt of Amade Aba's sons, and he could occupy the Castle of [[Komárom]] from Máté Csák in October.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Charles raised the funds of his military actions by seizing ecclesiastical properties; therefore the prelates made an alliance in 1318 and they demanded that the [[Estates of the realm]] be summoned to a general assembly. However, the Estates did not raised objections against the king's policies at their assembly in July. During the year, his troops occupied several fortresses of the deceased Ladislaus Kán's sons in [[Transylvania]].
| |
| − |
| |
| − | After his first wife's death, the widowed Charles married [[Beatrix of Luxemburg]], daughter of [[Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor]] and sister of King [[John I of Bohemia]], probably in September 1318. In the summer of 1319, he led his armies against King [[Stefan Uroš II Milutin of Serbia]], who had occupied the southern part of the Kingdom of Hungary, and defeated the Serbian troops near [[Mačva|Macsó]]. After his victory, Charles reoccupied [[Beograd]] and also the territory of the [[Banovina of Mačva|Banate of Macsó]]. At that time, Charles began to reorganize the financial basis of the royal power by declaring that it is only the king who is entitled to open new custom-houses in the kingdom.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | His second wife, Beatrix and her only child died at its birth on October 11, 1319. Charles, having widowed for the second time, married [[Elisabeth of Poland|Elisabeth]], a daughter of King [[Wladislaus I of Poland]] on July 6, 1320.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The death of [[Máté Csák]] on March 21, 1321, the most powerful aristocrat in the kingdom, resulted in the disintegration of his provinces and Charles' troops could occupy all the fortresses of the deceased baron till the end of the year. In January 1322, the towns in [[Dalmatia]] rebelled against the rule of Ban [[Mladen Subić]], whose family had been among Charles' first supporters. Charles, taking advantage of the situation, went to Dalmatia and arrested the powerful Ban and enstrengthened his power in [[Croatia]] and Dalmatia.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==The restoration of the royal power==
| |
| − | Charles carried out numerous important political and economical reforms. In the beginning of 1323, he renounced the royal prerogative of undermining the currency and introduced a new tax ''(lucrum camaræ)'' in order to ensure the permanency of the royal revenues. In the same year, Charles transferred his seat to [[Visegrád]] from [[Timişoara]].
| |
| − |
| |
| − | [[Image:Armoiries Charles Robert Hongrie.png|125px|thumb|Coats of Arms of Charles I of Anjou, King of Hungary]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Charles established the so called ''honor system'': instead of large donations, faithful servants of the king were given an office (in Latin ''honor''), thus they became the keeper of royal property (including castles) in the counties and the representative of the king. However, these offices were not given for eternity, because the king could deprive his people of their office any time. Most powerful ''honor''s often rotated among the members of aristocracy.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Charles successfully curbed inflation, introducing new coins with a constantly high purity of gold. [[Italian coin florin|Florins]] minted, from 1325, in a newly established mint in [[Kremnica]] became soon the popular international means of payment throughout Europe. The reform of the currency and of the whole fiscal system greatly contributed to enrich the treasury.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Foreign policy==
| |
| − | Charles's foreign policy largely stemmed from dynastic alliances and he also endeavored to strengthen his rule over the neighboring territories that had accepted the supremacy of the Kings of Hungary in the course of the 13th century.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Charles lead, already in 1324, his armies against Voivode [[Basarab I of Wallachia]] who had occupied the [[Banat of Severin]] from the Kingdom of Hungary and defeated him. Wallachian sepherds rolled down cliffs from hills in a canyon. Charles rebuilt quickly his armies. Bassarab paid tributes to Charles.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | His most successful achievement was the mutual defense union with [[Poland]] and [[Bohemia]] against the [[Habsburgs]], accomplished by the convention of [[Trenčín]] in 1335, confirmed the same year at the brilliant two-month congress of [[Visegrád]]. Not only did all the princes of Central Europe compose their differences and enjoy splendid entertainment during the months of October and November: the immediate result of the congress was a combined attack by the Hungarians and Poles upon [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] and his ally the Habsburg Duke [[Albert II of Austria]], which resulted in favor of Charles in 1337.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Charles's desire to unite the kingdoms of [[Hungary]] and [[Naples]] under his eldest son Louis I was dashed by [[Venice]] and by the [[Pope]], who both feared Hungary might become the dominant [[Adriatic sea|Adriatic]] power. Nevertheless he was more than compensated for this disappointment by his compact in 1339 with his ally and brother-in-law, [[Casimir III of Poland]], whereby it was agreed that Louis should succeed to the Polish throne on the death of the childless Casimir. Finally his younger son, [[Andrew, Duke of Calabria]] was promised the crown of Naples.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Deterioration of the southern frontier===
| |
| − | [[Image:Molnár József Carol Robert fleeing from Posada Battle.jpg|thumb|left|Romantic painting Charles' army wear hussar clothes]]
| |
| − | [[Image:Viennese Illuminated Chronicle Posada.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Posada Battle]]
| |
| − | The [[Árpád dynasty|Árpád]] kings had succeeded in encircling their whole southern frontier with six military colonies or banates, comprising, roughly speaking, Little [[Wallachia]] (southern part of present-day [[Romania]]) and the northern parts of present-day [[Bulgaria]], [[Serbia]] and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]]. Charles redistributed these territories and proselytized the residents of the region to consolidate his reign.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Although he managed to expand his kingdom, the adverse effect was converting most of the old banates into semi-independent and violently [[Anti-Hungarian sentiment|anti-Hungarian]] principalities. The predominant religion of the area was Greek-[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]], and forceful [[proselytism|proselytization]] to [[Catholicism]] provoked rebellion. Natural dynastic competition with the Orthodox Serbian and Bulgarian tsars and the emergence of a new Wallachia also contributed to the uprising.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Prior to 1320, Western Wallachia ([[Oltenia]]) was regarded by the Hungarians as part of the banate of Szörény (Severin). When the Wallachian ruler, [[Basarab I]] showed signs of disobedience, Charles lead his army into Wallachia, though poor supplies caused him to return after occupying several towns. On his return November 9, 1330, the Hungarian army got lost between the mountains. The Wallachians and Hungarians signed a [[peace treaty]] and Basarab vowed to show them out of the mountain pass, but in fact the Wallachians trapped the Hungarians in an ambush at Posada. In the [[Battle of Posada]], King Charles barely escaped, by exchanging clothes with one of his knights. This incident marked the beginning of Wallachia as an independent voivodeship.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Unknown to Charles, the [[Ottoman Turks]] had already secured [[Asia Minor]] under the sultans [[Osman I]] and [[Orhan I]] and planned to invade south-eastern Europe to consolidate their realm. The south-eastern European sovereignties were keener on securing their regimes than on coordinating their defenses. Their diversity helped the Ottomans expand their dominion into the region.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Death==
| |
| − | Charles died on July 16, 1342, and was laid beside the high altar in [[Székesfehérvár]], the ancient burial place of the [[Árpáds]].
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Marriages and children==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===First marriage===
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Charles married three times. <ref name=fmgcharles>[http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/HUNGARY.htm#KarolyIdied1342B Profile of Charles]. Foundation for Medieval Genealogy and Charles Cawley. Retrieved January 24, 2009.</ref>His first wife was [[Mary of Bytom]], a member of the [[Piast dynasty]]. She died childless on December 15, 1317 in [[Temesvár]]. <ref>[http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SILESIA.htm#MariaBeuthendied1317 Profile of Maria]. Foundation for Medieval Genealogy and Charles Cawley. Retrieved January 24, 2009.</ref> She was a daughter of [[Casimir, Duke of Bytom]] and his wife Helena. Her paternal grandparents were [[Ladislaus I, Duke of Opole]] and Euphemia of [[Greater Poland]].
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Ladislaus was a son of [[Kasimir I, Duke of Opole]] and Viola of [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]]. Euphemia was a daughter of [[Władysław Odonic]], Duke of [[Greater Poland]] and his wife Hedwig. <ref>[http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/POLAND.htm#Wladyslawdied1239B Profile of Władysław of Poland]. Foundation for Medieval Genealogy and Charles Cawley. Retrieved January 24, 2009.</ref>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Kasimir I was a son of [[Mieszko I Tanglefoot]] and his wife Ludmilla. <ref>[http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SILESIA.htm#MiezkoIdied1211B Profile of Mieszko]. Foundation for Medieval Genealogy and Charles Cawley. Retrieved January 24, 2009.</ref>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Second marriage===
| |
| − |
| |
| − | In 1318, Charles married his second wife Beatrix of Luxembourg. She was a daughter of [[Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor]] and [[Margaret of Brabant]]. Beatrix was a younger sister of both [[John of Bohemia]] and [[Marie de Luxembourg, Queen of France]]. In November, 1319, Beatrix died after giving birth to a stillborn child. <ref>[http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/LUXEMBOURG.htm#Beatrixdied1319 Profile of Beatrix]. Foundation for Medieval Genealogy and Charles Cawley. Retrieved January 24, 2009.</ref>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Third marriage===
| |
| − |
| |
| − | On July 6, 1320, Charles married his third wife [[Elizabeth of Poland]]. She was a daughter of [[Władysław I the Elbow-high]] and Jadwiga of Greater Poland. <ref>[http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/POLAND.htm#WladyslawIdied1333 Profile of Władysław Prince of southern Kujavia, Brześć and Dobrzyń]. Foundation for Medieval Genealogy and Charles Cawley. Retrieved January 24, 2009.</ref> Her maternal grandparents were [[Boleslaus of Greater Poland]] and [[Jolenta of Poland|Jolenta of Hungary]]. They had five sons:
| |
| − |
| |
| − | * Charles (1321).
| |
| − | * Ladislaus ([[Belgrade]], November 1, 1324 – February 24, 1329).
| |
| − | * [[Louis I of Hungary]] (1326–1382).
| |
| − | * [[Andrew, Duke of Calabria]] (1327–1345).
| |
| − | * [[Stephen, Duke of Slavonia]] (1332–1354).
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Mistress===
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Charles had a mistress named Elisabeth Csák, daughter of George Csák. They were parents to [[Coloman of Hungary, Bishop of Győr]] (1318 - 1375/1376). <ref name=fmgcharles/>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Ancestors==
| |
| − | <div style="clear: both; width: 100%; padding: 0; text-align: left; border: none;" class="NavFrame">
| |
| − | <div style="background: #ccddcc; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #667766" class="NavHead">'''Ancestors of Charles I of Hungary'''
| |
| − | </div>
| |
| − | <div class="NavContent" style="display:none;">
| |
| − | <center>{{ahnentafel-compact5
| |
| − | |style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;
| |
| − | |border=1
| |
| − | |boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
| |
| − | |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
| |
| − | |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
| |
| − | |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
| |
| − | |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
| |
| − | |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
| |
| − | |1= 1. '''Charles I of Hungary'''
| |
| − | |2= 2. [[Charles Martel of Anjou|Prince Charles Martel of Salerno]]
| |
| − | |3= 3. [[Klementia of Habsburg]]
| |
| − | |4= 4. [[Charles II of Naples]]
| |
| − | |5= 5. [[Maria of Hungary (Árpád dynasty)|Mária of Hungary]]
| |
| − | |6= 6. [[Rudolph I of Germany]]
| |
| − | |7= 7. [[Gertrude of Hohenburg]]
| |
| − | |8= 8. [[Charles I of Naples]]
| |
| − | |9= 9. [[Beatrice of Provence]]
| |
| − | |10= 10. [[Stephen V of Hungary]]
| |
| − | |11= 11. Elisabeth the Cuman
| |
| − | |12= 12. Albert IV of Habsburg
| |
| − | |13= 13. Heilwig of Kiburg
| |
| − | |14= 14. Burckhard V of Hohenburg
| |
| − | |15= 15. Mechtild of Tübingen
| |
| − | |16= 16. [[Louis VIII of France]]
| |
| − | |17= 17. [[Blanche of Castile]]
| |
| − | |18= 18. [[Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence|Raymond Berengar IV of Provance]]
| |
| − | |19= 19. [[Beatrice of Savoy]]
| |
| − | |20= 20. [[Bela IV of Hungary]]
| |
| − | |21= 21. [[Maria Laskarina]]
| |
| − | |22= 22. ?
| |
| − | |23= 23. ?
| |
| − | |24= 24. Rudolph II of Habsburg
| |
| − | |25= 25. Agnes of Staufen
| |
| − | |26= 26. Ulrich of Kiburg
| |
| − | |27= 27. Anna of Zähringen
| |
| − | |28= 28. Burckhard IV of Hohenburg
| |
| − | |29= 29. ?
| |
| − | |30= 30. Rudolph of Tüblingen
| |
| − | |31= 31. ?
| |
| − | }}</center>
| |
| − | </div></div>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | {{start box}}
| |
| − | {{succession box
| |
| − | | title = [[List of Hungarian rulers|King of Hungary]]
| |
| − | | years=1308–1342
| |
| − | | before = [[Otto III, Duke of Bavaria|Béla V]]
| |
| − | | after = [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis I]]
| |
| − | {{succession box |
| |
| − | title=[[List of rulers of Croatia|King of Croatia]] |
| |
| − | before=[[Andrew III of Hungary|Andrew III]] |
| |
| − | after=[[Louis I of Hungary|Louis I]] |
| |
| − | years=1301–1342
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | {{end box}}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Notes==
| |
| − | <references/>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==References==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | * [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/HUNGARY.htm Hungary]. Foundation for Medieval Genealogy and Charles Cawley. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
| |
| − | * [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/LUXEMBOURG.htm Luxembourg]. Foundation for Medieval Genealogy and Charles Cawley. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
| |
| − | * [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/POLAND.htm Poland]. Foundation for Medieval Genealogy and Charles Cawley. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
| |
| − | * [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SILESIA.htm Silesia]. Foundation for Medieval Genealogy and Charles Cawley. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
| |
| − | {{1911}}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==External links==
| |
| − | *[http://english.mnb.hu/Engine.aspx?page=mnben_notes&ContentID=3321 His picture on the Hungarian 200 forint banknote] Retrieved January 24, 2008.
| |
| − | *[http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/HUNGARY.htm#_Toc146273231 His profile in "Medieval Lands" by Charles Cawley] Retrieved January 24, 2008.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | [[Category:Biography]]
| |
| − | [[Category:History]]
| |
| − | [[Category:History of Europe]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | {{Credits|264002445}}
| |
