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| − | '''Rajneesh Chandra Mohan Jain''' (रजनीश चन्द्र मोहन जैन) (December 11, 1931 – January 19, 1990), better known during the 1960s as '''Acharya Rajneesh''', then during the 1970s and 1980s as '''Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh''' and later taking the name '''Osho''', was an Indian spiritual teacher. He lived in [[India]] and in other countries including, for a period, the [[United States]], and inspired the [[Osho movement]], a spiritual and philosophical movement that still has many followers. Osho attracted controversy during his life for his teaching, which included sexual and personal freedom of expression and for ammassing a large fortune. The movement in the [[United States]] was investigated for a number of felonies, including drug smuggling. Osho was refused entry to 21 countries in 1985 after being deported from the U.S.A. for an immigration offence. Opinion of Osho ranges from charlatan, to prophet of a new age. Those who admire Osho regard the charges against him, including the immigration issue, as concocted, while his critics see them as wholly justified.
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| − | ==Biography==
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| − | ===Early life===
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| − | [[Image:Mirror.jpg|thumb|left|If you really want to know who I am, you have to be as absolutely empty as I am. Then two mirrors will be facing each other, and only emptiness will be mirrored. Infinite emptiness will be mirrored: two mirrors facing each other. But if you have some idea, then you will see your own idea in me.<ref>In his book ''Come Follow To You the Rebel Called Jesus, Vol. 2, Chapter 4 (NY: Osho International, 2004)</ref>]]
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| − | Osho was born '''Chandra Mohan Jain''' (चन्द्र मोहन जैन) in Kuchwada, a small village in the [[Narsinghpur District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in [[India]], as the eldest of eleven children of a cloth merchant. At the time, an astrologer predicted that he might die before he was seven years old according to the birth chart.<ref>Autobiographical anecdote recounted in his book ''Vigyan Bhairav Tantra'', Vol. 1, Chapter 23 (Cologne: Rebel Publishing House, 1991 ISBN 9783893380855</ref> His parents, who were [[Taranpanthi]] [[Jainism|Jains]], sent him to live with his maternal grandparents until he was seven years old.
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| − | Osho said this was a major influence on his growth because his grandmother gave him the utmost freedom and respect, leaving him carefree; without an imposed education or restrictions.
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| − | At seven years old he went back to his parents. He explained that he received a similar kind of respect from his paternal grandfather who was staying with them. He was able to be very open with his grandfather. His grandfather used to tell him, "I know you are doing the right thing. Everyone may tell you that you are wrong. But nobody knows which situation you are in. Only you can decide in your situation. Do whatsoever you feel is right. I will support you. I love you and respect you as well."<ref>In his book ''From Darkness to Light'', Chapter 6: Every Child's Original Face is the Face of God (Cologne: Rebel Publishing House, 1997 ISBN 9783893380206</ref> He resisted his parents' pressure] to get married.<ref name="LT15"/>
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| − | He was a rebellious, but gifted student, winning the title of All-India Debating Champion.<ref>"Biography", Osho World [http://www.oshoworld.com/biography/briefbio.asp biography] Retrieved October 16, 2007</ref>
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| − | He started his public speaking at the annual [[Sarva Dharma Sammelan]] held at Jabalpur since 1939, organised by the Taranpanthi Jain community into which he was born. He participated there from 1951 to 1968.<ref>Smarika, Sarva Dharma Sammelan, 1974, [[Taran Taran]] Samaj, Jabalpur</ref> Eventually the Jain community stopped inviting him because of his radical ideas.
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| − | Osho said he became spiritually enlightened on 21 March 1953, when he was 21 years old. He said he dropped all effort and hope. After an intense seven-day process he went out at night to a garden, where he sat under a tree:
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| − | The moment I entered the garden everything became luminous, it was all over the place – the benediction, the blessedness. I could see the trees for the first time – their green, their life, their very sap running. The whole garden was asleep, the trees were asleep. But I could see the whole garden alive, even the small grass leaves were so beautiful. <p>
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| − | I looked around. One tree was tremendously luminous – the maulshree tree. It attracted me, it pulled me towards itself. I had not chosen it, god himself has chosen it. I went to the tree, I sat under the tree. As I sat there things started settling. The whole universe became a benediction.<ref>Osho "My Awakening", Realization.org [http://www.realization.org/page/doc0/doc0015.htm My Awakening] Retrieved October 16, 2007. See ''The Discipline of Transcendence'', Vol. 2, Chapter 11 (Poona: Rajneesh Foundation, 1978)</ref>}}
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| − | He finished his studies at D. N. Jain College and the [[University of Sagar]], receiving a B.A. (1955) and an M.A. (1957, with distinction) in [[philosophy]]. He then taught philosophy, first at [[Raipur]] Sanskrit College, and then, until 1966, as a Professor at [[Jabalpur]] University. At the same time, he travelled throughout [[India]], giving lectures critical of [[socialism]] and [[Gandhi]], under the name '''Acharya Rajneesh''' ([[Acharya]] means "teacher"; Rajneesh was a nickname<ref>"Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh", ''Encyclopedia Britannica'' [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9001180/Bhagwan-Shree-Rajneesh Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh] Retrieved October 16, 2007.</ref> he had been given by his family<ref name=FF1>Article in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' magazine, Sept. 22 1986: Frances FitzGerald: A reporter at large – Rajneeshpuram (part 1)</ref>). In 1962, he began to lead 3- to 10-day meditation camps, and the first meditation centres (Jivan Jagruti Kendras) started to emerge around his teaching, then known as the Life Awakening Movement (Jivan Jagruti Andolan).<ref name="ASIMA">''Autobiography of a Spiritually Incorrect Mystic'', Appendix</ref> He resigned from his teaching post in 1966.<ref name="ASIMA"/>
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| − | In 1968, he scandalised [[Hindu]] leaders by calling for freer acceptance of sex; at the Second World Hindu Conference in 1969, he enraged Hindus by criticising all organised religion and the very institution of priesthood.<ref name="UOLCHN">"Guide to the Rajneesh Artifacts and Ephemera Collection
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| − | 1981-2004" Northwest Digital Archive
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| − | [http://nwda-db.wsulibs.wsu.edu/findaid/ark:/80444/xv60199 Guide to the Rajneesh Artifacts and Ephemera Collection, 1981-2004] Retrieved October 16, 2007.</ref>
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| − | In 1969 a group of Osho's friends established a foundation to support his work. They settled in an apartment in [[Mumbai]] where he gave daily discourses and received visitors. The number and frequency of visitors soon became too much for the place, overflowing the apartment and bothering the neighbours. A much larger apartment was found on the ground floor (so the visitors would not need to use the elevator, a matter of conflict with the former neighbours).
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| − | On September 26, 1970 he initiated his first disciple or [[Sanyasa|sannyasin]] at an outdoor meditation camp, one of the large gatherings where he lectured and guided group meditations. His concept of [[neo-sannyas]] entailed wearing the traditional orange dress of ascetic Hindu holy men. However, his sannyasins were not expected to follow an ascetic lifestyle.<ref name="UOLCHN"/>
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| − | ===1971–1980===
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| − | From 1971, he was known as '''Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh'''. Shree means Sir or Mister; the [[Sanskrit]] word [[Bhagwan]] means "blessed one".<ref>Macdonnel, Arthur Anthony "bhagavan" ''A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary'', Digital Dictionaries of South Asia, University of Chicago [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/romadict.pl?query=bhagavan&display=simple&table=macdonell "bhagavan] (see entry for ''bhagavat'', which includes ''bhagavan'' as the [[vocative]] case of ''bhagavat''). Retrieved October 16, 2007</ref> It is commonly used in India as a respectful form of address for spiritual teachers.
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| − | The new apartment also proved insufficient, and the climate of Mumbai was deemed very bad for his delicate health. So, in 1974, on the 21st anniversary of his enlightenment, he and his group moved from the Mumbai apartment to a newly purchased property in Koregaon Park, in the city of [[Pune]], a four-hour trip from [[Mumbai]]. Pune had been the secondary residence of many wealthy families from Mumbai because of the cooler climate (Mumbai lies in a coastal wetland, hot and damp, Pune is inland and much higher, so it is drier and cooler).
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| − | The two adjoining houses and six acres of land became the nucleus of an [[Ashram]], and those two buildings are still at the heart of the present-day. This space allowed for the regular audio and video recording of his discourses and, later, printing for worldwide distribution, which enabled him to reach far larger audiences internationally. The number of Western visitors increased sharply, leading to constant expansion.<ref>Fox, p 15</ref> The Ashram now began to offer a growing number of therapy groups, as well as meditations.<ref>Fox p</ref>
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| − | During one of his discourses in 1980, an attempt on his life was made by a Hindu [[fundamentalist]].<ref>"First Suicide Squad was set up in Pune 2 years ago", ''Times of India'', Nocember 18 2002[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/28605046.cms First Suicide Squad was set up in Pune 2 years ago] Retrieved October 16, 2007</ref>
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| − | Osho taught at the [[Pune]] Ashram from 1974 to 1981.
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| − | ===1981–1990===
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| − | On 10 April 1981, having discoursed daily for nearly 15 years, Osho entered a three-and-a-half-year period of self-imposed public silence,<ref>Fox, p 21</ref> and [[satsang]]s (silent sitting, with some readings from his works and music) took the place of his discourses.
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| − | In mid-1981, Osho went to the United States in search of better medical care (he suffered from [[asthma]], [[diabetes]] and severe [[back]] problems). After a brief spell in [[Montclair, New Jersey]],<ref name="NYT160981"> Geist, William E "Cult in Castle Troubling Montclair", ''New York Times'', September 16 1981 [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E2DE1138F935A2575AC0A967948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 Cult in Castle Troubling Montclair] Retrieved October 16, 2007</ref> his followers bought (for [[United States dollar|US$]]6 million) a ranch in [[Wasco County, Oregon]], previously known as "The Big Muddy," where they settled for the next four years and legally incorporated a city named [[Rajneeshpuram, Oregon|Rajneeshpuram]].
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| − | Osho stayed in Rajneeshpuram as the commune's guest, living in a modest home with an indoor swimming pool. Over the coming years, he acquired fame for the large number of [[Rolls-Royce (car)|Rolls-Royce]]s<ref>Swami Subhuti, Anand "Face to Face - Parable of the Rolls Royces" [http://www.sannyas.net/friends/write/subhuti.htm Face to Faith – Parable of the Rolls Royces] Retrieved October 16, 2007</ref> his followers bought for his use.
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| − | Osho ended his period of silence in October 1984. In July 1985, he resumed his daily public discourses in the commune's purpose-built, two-acre meditation hall. According to statements he made to the press, he did so against the wishes of [[Ma Anand Sheela]], his secretary and the commune’s top manager.<ref>In his book ''The Last Testament'', Vol. 2, Chapter 29 (Boulder, CO: Rajneesh Publications, 1986) (transcript of interview with ''[[Stern (magazine)|Stern]]'' magazine and [[ZDF]] TV, Germany)</ref>
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| − | Increasing conflicts with neighbours and the state of Oregon,<ref name="AM"> Davission, Swen "The Rise and Fall of Rajneeshpuram ''Ashé Journal'' Vol 2 Issue 2 2003 [http://www.ashejournal.com/index.php?id=151 The Rise and Fall of Rajneeshpuram] Retrieved October 16, 2007</ref> as well as serious and criminal misconduct by the commune's management (including conspiracy to murder public officials, wiretapping within the commune, the attempted murder of Osho's personal physician, and a [[bioterrorism]] attack on the citizens of [[The Dalles, Oregon]], using salmonella),<ref>Article in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' magazine, Sept. 29 1986: Frances FitzGerald: A reporter at large – Rajneeshpuram (part 2)</ref> made the position of the Oregon commune untenable. When the commune's management team who were guilty of these crimes left the U.S. in September 1985, fleeing for Europe, Osho convened a press conference and called on the authorities to undertake an investigation.<ref name="AM"/> This eventually led to the conviction of Sheela and several of her lieutenants.<ref name="LFC233238"/> Although Osho himself was not implicated in these crimes,<ref name="LFC233238"/> his reputation suffered tremendously, especially in the West.<ref name="PT"/>
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| − | In late October 1985, Osho was arrested in [[North Carolina]] as he was allegedly fleeing the U.S. Accused of minor immigration violations, Osho, on advice of his lawyers, entered an "[[Alford plea]]" – through which a suspect does not admit guilt, but does concede there is enough evidence to convict him – and was given a suspended sentence on condition that he leave the country.<ref name="LFC233238">Carter, pp 233–238</ref>
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| − | Osho then began a world tour, speaking in [[Nepal]], [[Greece]] and [[Uruguay]], among others. Being refused entry visas by more than twenty different countries, he returned to [[India]] in July 1986, and in January 1987, to his old Ashram in [[Pune]], India. He resumed discoursing there.
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| − | In late December 1988, he said he no longer wished to be referred to as Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, and shortly afterwards took the name '''Osho'''.
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| − | On January 19, 1990, four years after his arrest, Osho died, aged 58, with [[heart failure]] being the publicly reported cause. Prior to his death, Osho had expressed his belief that his rapid health decline was caused by some form of poison administered to him by the U.S. authorities during the twelve days he was held without bail in various U.S. prisons. In a public discourse on 6 November 1987, he said that a number of doctors that were consulted had variously suspected [[thallium]], radioactive exposure, and other poisons to account for his failing health:
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| − | {{cquote|It does not matter which poison has been given to me, but it is certain that I have been poisoned by Ronald Reagan's American government.<ref>In his book ''Jesus Crucified Again, This Time in Ronald Reagan's America'', Cologne: Rebel Publishing House, 1988 ISBN 9783893380398 </ref>}}
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| − | His ashes were placed in his newly built bedroom in one of the main buildings ([[Laozi|LaoTsu]] House) at his last place of residence, his Ashram in [[Pune]], India. The [[epitaph]] reads, "OSHO. Never Born, Never Died. Only Visited this Planet Earth between Dec 11 1931 – Jan 19 1990."
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| − | == Osho's philosophy ==
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| − | Osho taught that the greatest values in life are (in no specific order) awareness, love, [[meditation]], celebration, creativity and laughter. He said that [[Enlightenment (concept)|enlightenment]] is everyone's natural state,<ref>In his book ''The Book of Wisdom: the heart of tibetan Buddhism'', Chapter 2, Question 1, Boston, MA: Element, 2000 ISBN 9781862047341</ref> but that one is distracted from realising it – particularly by the human activity of thought, as well as by emotional ties to societal expectations, and consequent fears and inhibitions.
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| − | He was a prolific speaker (in both [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]]) on various spiritual traditions including those of [[Buddha]], [[Krishna]], [[Guru Nanak]], [[Jesus]], [[Socrates]], [[Zen]] masters, [[Gurdjieff]], [[Sufism]], [[Hassidism]], [[Tantra]] and many others. He attempted to ensure that no "system of thought" would define him, since he believed that no philosophy can fully express the truth.
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| − | An experienced orator, he said that words could not convey his message<ref>In his book ''Be Still and Know'', Chapter 9, Question 3, Poona: Rajneesh Foundation, 1981
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| − | </ref>, but that his basic reason for speaking was to give people a taste of [[meditation]]:<ref>In his book ''The Invitation'', Chapter 14, Question 1, Cologne: Rebel Publishing House, 1997 ISBN 9783893380350</ref>. He said:
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| − | :I am making you aware of silences without any effort on your part.] My speaking is being used for the first time as a strategy to create silence in you.
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| − | :This is not a teaching, a doctrine, a creed. That’s why I can say anything. I am the most free person who has ever existed as far as saying anything is concerned. I can contradict myself in the same evening a hundred times. Because it is not a speech, it has not to be consistent. It is a totally different thing, and it will take time for the world to recognise that a tremendously different experiment was going on.
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| − | Just a moment … when I became silent, you become silent. What remains is just a pure awaiting. You are not making any effort; neither am I making any effort. I enjoy talking; it is not an effort.
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| − | I love to see you silent. I love to see you laugh, I love to see you dance. But in all these activities, the fundamental remains meditation.<ref name="SSS28">In his book ''Satyam, Shivam, Sundaram: Truth, Godliness, Beauty'', Chapter 28, Cologne: Rebel Publsihing House, 1988 ISBN 9783893380312</ref>
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| − | He was often called the "sex guru" after some speeches in the late 1960s on sexuality. These were later compiled under the title ''From Sex to Superconsciousness''. According to him, "For Tantra everything is holy, nothing is unholy",<ref>In his book ''Vigyan Bhairav Tantra'', Vol. 1, Chapter 2</ref> and all repressive sexual morality was self-defeating, since one could not transcend sex without experiencing it thoroughly and consciously. In 1985, he told the Bombay ''Illustrated Weekly'',
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| − | {{cquote|I have never been a celibate. If people believe so, that is their foolishness. I have always loved women – and perhaps more women than anybody else. You can see my beard: it has become grey so quickly because I have lived so intensely that I have compressed almost two hundred years into fifty.<ref>In his book ''The Last Testament'', Vol. 1, Chapter 27 (interview transcript)</ref>}}
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| − | Osho said he loved to disturb people – only by disturbing them could he make them think.<ref>Interview with Jeff McMullen, ''60 Minutes'', Australia, [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otGQqO2TYMI Interview] Retrieved October 16, 2007.</ref> Accordingly, his discourses were peppered with offensive jokes<ref>See "Osho, formerly known as Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh", Ontario Consuktants on Religious tolerance [http://www.religioustolerance.org/rajneesh.htm Osho] , towards the end of the section ''Beliefs and Practices'', Retrieved October 16, 2007</ref> and outrageous statements lampooning key figures of established religions such as [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]] or [[Christianity]]. Concerning the [[virgin birth]], for example, he said that [[Jesus]] was a bastard, since he was not [[Saint Joseph|Joseph]]'s biological son.<ref name="LT15">Interview with Howard Sattler, 6PR Radio, Australia, "Osho: Marriage and Children"[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ocbZhRQS9I Osho: Marriage and Children] Retrieved October 16, 2007)</ref>
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| − | An attempt on his life was made by a [[Hindu]] [[fundamentalist]] in 1980.
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| − | Osho, however, said that the only thing he was serious about in his discourses were the jokes – they were the main thing, and everything else was spiritual gossip.<ref>In his book ''Theologia Mystica'', Chapter 6, Question 4, Rajneeshpuram, Or., USA : Rajneesh Foundation International, 1983 ISBN 9780880506557</ref>
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| − | However, he modified his view on unrestricted sex due to the AIDS epidemic. Followers comment that Osho regarded sex as a matter of personal choice, that is, that consenting adults could make their own decisons about sexual relations.
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| − | ===Osho on meditation===
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| − | According to Osho, meditation is not concentration: it is relaxation, let-go.<ref>In his book ''Be Still and Know'', Chapter 1, Question 1, Poona: Rajneesh Foundation, 1981</ref> It is a state of watchfulness that has no ego fulfilment in it, something that happens when one is in a state of not-doing. There is no "how" to this, because "how" means doing – one has to understand that no doing is going to help. In that very understanding, non-doing happens.<ref>In his book ''Our Whole Society Depends on Manipulation: From Misery to Enlightenment'', Chapter 22: Exactly how do you do it!, Zurich: Oslo International Foundation, 1985</ref>
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| − | Osho said it was very difficult for modern man to just sit and be in meditation, so he devised so-called [[Active Meditation]] techniques to prepare the ground. Some of these preparatory exercises can also be found in western psychological therapies (i.e. [[gestalt therapy]]), such as altered breathing, [[gibberish]], laughing or crying. His most significant meditation techniques are today known as "OSHO Dynamic Meditation]," "OSHO Kundalini Meditation," "OSHO Nadabrahma Meditation" and "OSHO Nataraj Meditation." For each meditation, special music was composed to guide the meditator through the different phases of the meditations. Osho said that [[Dynamic Meditation]] was absolutely necessary for modern man. If people were innocent, he said, there would be no need for Dynamic Meditation, but given that people were repressed, were carrying a large psychological burden, they would first need a catharsis. So Dynamic Meditation was to help them clean themselves out; then they would be able to use any meditation method without difficulty.<ref>Interview with ''Riza Magazine'', Italy, "Osho: Meditations for Contemporary People"[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-613021187886978268& Osho: Meditations for Contemporary People] Retrieved October 16, 2007</ref></blockquote>
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| − | In the late eighties he developed a new group of "meditative therapies," known as OSHO Meditative Therapies – "OSHO Mystic Rose," "OSHO Born Again" and "OSHO No-Mind."
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| − | Apart from his own methods, he also reintroduced minimal parts of several traditional meditation techniques, stripped of what he saw as ritual and tradition, and retaining what he considered to be the most therapeutic parts. He believed that, given sufficient practice, the meditative state can be maintained while performing everyday tasks and that enlightenment is nothing but being continuously in a meditative state.
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| − | {{quotation|Nature has come to a point where now, unless you take individual responsibility, you cannot grow.
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| − | ==Legacy==
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| − | Today, Osho's books are more popular than ever before, with translations published in 55 different languages. After initial rejection, Osho's teachings have now become a part of mainstream culture in India and [[Nepal]]. Osho is one of only two authors whose entire works have been placed in the Library of [[Parliament of India|India's National Parliament]] in [[New Delhi]] (the other is [[Mahatma Gandhi]]). Excerpts and quotes from Osho's works appear regularly in the ''[[Times of India]]'' and many other Indian newspapers. Prominent admirers include the [[Indian Prime Minister]], Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]], the noted Indian novelist and journalist [[Khushwant Singh]]and the Indian film star and ex-[[Indian Foreign Minister|Minister of State for External Affairs]] [[Vinod Khanna]]. In the West, figures such as the American poet and [[Rumi]] translator [[Coleman Barks]], the American novelist [[Tom Robbins]] and the German philosopher, author and TV host [[Peter Sloterdijk]]have championed Osho.
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| − | Osho's Ashram in [[Pune]] has become the '''Osho International Meditation Resort''', a popular tourist destination<ref>"Incredible India: A Modern Adram", Indian Embassy [http://www.indianembassy.ru/cd_journey_through_india/CD2/en/en_things.html A Modern Ashram] Retrieved October 16, 2007.</ref> that attracts some 200,000 visitors from all over the world each year.<ref name="SFC24804"/><ref>Graham, Rachel "Osho? Oh No!", ''Willamette Weekly'', Portland, OR, Feb 2 2000[http://www.wweek.com/html/urbanpulse020200.html Osho? Oh No!] Retrieved October 16, 2007.</ref>
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| − | ==Controversy and criticism==
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| − | Osho had a penchant for courting controversy.<ref name="TOI3104">"Celluloid Osho, Quite a Hit" ''Times of India'' Jan. 3 2004[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/403145.cms Celluloid Osho, Quite a Hit]</ref>
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| − | His liberal views on sex and emotional expression, and the resulting unrestrained behaviour of sannyasins in his Pune Ashram at times caused considerable consternation, dismay and panic among people holding different views on these matters, both in India and the U.S.<ref name="NYT160981"/> A number of Western daily papers routinely, and falsely,<ref> Osho, Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, [http://www.religioustolerance.org/rajneesh.htm Osho], in the last paragraph above the section ''Beliefs and Practices'. Retrieved October 16, 2007</ref> claimed that Bhagwan, a traditional title for spiritual teachers in India, meant "Master of the [[Vagina]]," and focused their reporting on sexual topics. <ref>Osho "Sex and Sensuality", Truth Be Known [http://www.truthbeknown.com/oshosex.htm Sex and Sexuality] Retrieved October 16, 2007</ref>For Osho, sex could be deeply spiritual.
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| − | Osho said that he was "the rich man's guru",<ref>In his book ''From Darkness to Light'', Chapter 29: History repeats itself, unfortunately, Question 1</ref> and that material poverty was not a spiritual value.<ref>In his book ''Beyond Psychology'', Chapter 9: I Want to Provoke Your Jealousy </ref> He was photographed wearing sumptuous clothing and hand-made watches.<ref name="TOI3104">"Celluloid Osho, quite a hit"
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| − | ''Times of India'', Jan 3 2004[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/403145.cms Celluloid Osho, quite a hit] Retrieved October 16, 2007</ref> He drove a different Rolls-Royce each day – his followers reportedly wanted to buy him 365 of them, one for each day of the year.<ref>Lal, Ranjit "A Hundred Years of solitude" ''The Hindu'' May 16 2004 [http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/05/16/stories/2004051600330800.htm A Hundred Years of Solitude] Retrieved October 16, 2007</ref> Publicity shots of the Rolls-Royces (more than 90 in the end) appeared in the press.<ref name="FF1"/>
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| − | In his discourses, Osho consistently attacked organisational principles embraced by societies around the world – the family, nationhood, religion.<ref>See for example his book ''Come Follow to You the Rebl Called Jesus'', Vol. 1., Chapter 9: Go Thou and Preach the Kingdom of God</ref> He condemned priests and politicians with equal venom,<ref>Witness the title of one of his books, ''Priests and Politicians: The Mafia of the Soul'', ISBN 3-893-38000-0</ref> and was in turn condemned by them.<ref>Carter, pp 63–64</ref>
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| − | Osho dictated three books while undergoing dental treatment under the influence of [[nitrous oxide]] (laughing gas): ''Glimpses of a Golden Childhood'', ''Notes of a Madman'', and ''Books I Have Loved''.<ref>"Osho and the Dental Chair, Sannyasworld [http://www.sannyasworld.com/index.php?name=News&file=article&thold=-1&mode=flat&order=0&sid=74 Osho and the Dental Chair] Retrieved October 16, 2007.</ref> This led to allegations that Osho was addicted to nitrous oxide gas. In 1985, on the American CBS television show ''[[60 Minutes]]'', his former secretary, [[Ma Anand Sheela]], claimed that Osho took sixty milligrams of [[Valium]] every day.
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| − | When questioned by journalists about the allegations of daily Valium and nitrous oxide use, Osho categorically denied both, describing the allegations as "absolute lies".<ref>In his book ''The Last Testament'', Vol. 4, Chapter 19 (transcript of an interview with German magazine, ''[[Der Spiegel]]'')</ref>
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| − | ==Notes==
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| − | <references/>
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| − | == Further reading ==
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| − | * Osho, ''Autobiography of a Spiritually Incorrect Mystic'' NY: St. Martin's Press/St. Martin's Griffin, 2001 ISBN 0-312-28071-8
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| − | * Osho, ''Glimpses of a Golden Childhood'' , Rajneeshpuram, OR: Rajneesh Foundation International, 1985 ISBN 0-88050-715-2; new edition (Rebel Publishing House) 1998 ISBN 81-7261-072-6
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| − | * Appleton, Sue ''Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh: The Most Dangerous Man Since Jesus Christ'' Cologne: Rebel Publishing House, 1987 ISBN 3-89338-001-9
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| − | * Aveling, Harry (ed.), ''Osho Rajneesh and His Disciples: Some Western Perceptions'' Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1999 ISBN 81-208-1598-X; ISBN 81-208-1599-8
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| − | * Bharti, Ma Satya ''Death Comes Dancing: Celebrating Life With Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh'' NY: Routledge, 1981 ISBN 0-7100-0705-1
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| − | * Carter, Lewis F ''Charisma and Control in Rajneeshpuram: A Community without Shared Values'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990 ISBN 0-521-38554-7
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| − | * Franklin, Satya Bharti ''The Promise of Paradise: A Woman's Intimate Story of the Perils of Life With Rajneesh'' Barrytown, NY: Station Hill Press, 1992 ISBN 0-88268-136-2
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| − | * FitzGerald, Frances ''Cities on a Hill: A Journey Through Contemporary American Cultures'' NY: Simon & Schuster, 1986 ISBN 0-671-55209-0 (includes a section on [[Rajneeshpuram]] previously published in two parts in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' magazine, Sept. 22 and Sept. 29 1986 editions)
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| − | * Forman, Juliet ''Bhagwan: One Man Against the Whole Ugly Past of Humanity'' Cologne: Rebel Publishing House) 2002 ISBN 3-893-38103-1
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| − | * Fox, Judith M ''Osho Rajneesh. Studies in Contemporary Religion Series, No. 4'' Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books]]) 2002 ISBN 1-56085-156-2
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| − | * Guest, Tim ''My Life in Orange: Growing up with the Guru'' Orlando, FL: Harcourt/Harvest Books, 2005 ISBN 0-15-603106-X
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| − | * Gunther, Brnard and Swami Deva Amit Prem, ''Dying for Enlightenment: Living with Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh'' NY: Harper & Row, 1979 ISBN 0-06-063527-4
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| − | * Hamilton, Rosemaary and Lansdowne, Rosemary ''Hell-bent for Enlightenment: Unmasking Sex, Power, and Death With a Notorious Master'' Ashland, OR: White Cloud Press, 1998 ISBN 1-883991-15-3
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| − | * McCormack, Win ''Oregon Magazine: The Rajneesh Files 1981-86'' Portland, OR: New Oregon Publishers, Inc., 1985
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| − | * Meredith, Geirge ''Bhagwan: The Most Godless Yet the Most Godly Man'' Poona, India: Rebel Publishing House, 1988 (by Osho's personal physician)
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| − | * Milne, Hugh ''Bhagwan: The God that Failed'' NY: St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-00106-1 (by Osho's one-time bodyguard)
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| − | * Mullan, Bob ''Life as Laughter: Following Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh'' NY: Routledge/Routledge & Kegan Paul Books Ltd, 1984 ISBN 0-7102-0043-9
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| − | * Quick, Donna ''A Place Called Antelope: The Rajneesh Story'' Ryderwood, Wash.: August Press, 1995 ISBN 0-9643118-0-1
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| − | * Shunyo, Ma Prem ''My Diamond Days with Osho: The New Diamond Sutra'' Delhi: Full Circle Publishing Ltd) 2000 ISBN 8-176-21036-6
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | *[http://www.osho.com/ Website of Osho International Foundation, includes a presentation of the Osho International Meditation Resort in Pune, India, and a fully searchable library of Osho's books (Hindi archive free, English archive charged)] Retrieved October 16, 2007.
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| − | *[http://video.google.com/videosearch?q=%22osho+international+foundation%22+OR+oshointernational+OR+%22osho.com%22+-krunk+-sheela+-stevegjones+-%22spirit%20on%20sound%22&so=4&num=100 Osho videos on ''video.google''] Retrieved October 16, 2007.
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| − | *[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4506616324224559004 Instruction video for Osho Dynamic Meditation] Retrieved October 16, 2007.
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| − | *[http://www2.db.dk/pe/bookman.htm India's greatest bookman / Pierre Evald in: ''LOGOS – The Journal of the World Book Community'', vol. 12, 2001, no. 1. Page 49-51.] Retrieved October 16, 2007.
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| − | *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cDgOf2Om28 University of Oregon video on ''The Rise and Fall of Rajneeshpuram''] Retrieved October 16, 2007.
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| − | *[http://nwda-db.wsulibs.wsu.edu/findaid/ark:/80444/xv60199 Guide to the Rajneesh collection at the University of Oregon] Retrieved October 16, 2007.
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| − | *[http://www.religioustolerance.org/rajneesh.htm Résumé of the Osho movement's history] Retrieved October 16, 2007.
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| − | *[http://www.oshophotos.com Collection of photos of Osho] Retrieved October 16, 2007.
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| − | [[Category:Philosophers]]
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| − | [[Category:Biography]]
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| − | [[Category:Religion]]
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