|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | {Unreferenced|date=May 2007}}
| |
| − | : ''The title ''Aleksandar of Yugoslavia'' also has [[Alexander of Yugoslavia (disambiguation)|other uses]].''
| |
| − | {{Infobox Yugoslavian Royalty|majesty
| |
| − | | name = Alexander I
| |
| − | | title = King of Yugoslavia<br>''prev.'' King of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes
| |
| − | | image = AleksandarI-Karadjordjevic.jpg
| |
| − | | caption = King Aleksandar I
| |
| − | | reign = 16 August 1921 - 9 October 1934
| |
| − | | coronation =
| |
| − | | predecessor =[[Peter I of Serbia|Peter I]]
| |
| − | | successor =[[Peter II of Yugoslavia|Peter II]]
| |
| − | | spouse =[[Maria of Romania]]
| |
| − | | issue =[[Peter II of Yugoslavia|Peter II]] <br/> [[Prince Tomislav of Yugoslavia|Prince Tomislav]] <br /> [[Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia|Prince Andrew]]
| |
| − | | royal house =[[House of Karadjordjevic]]
| |
| − | | royal anthem =[[Bože Pravde|God of Justice]]
| |
| − | | father =[[Peter I of Serbia]]
| |
| − | | mother =[[Princess Zorka of Montenegro]]
| |
| − | | date of birth ={{birth date|1888|12|16|df=y}}
| |
| − | | place of birth =[[Cetinje]], [[Montenegro]]
| |
| − | | date of death ={{death date and age|1934|10|9|1888|12|16|df=y}}
| |
| − | | place of death =[[Marseille]], [[France]]
| |
| − | | place of burial =[[Oplenac|Saint George's Church in Oplenac]]
| |
| − | |}}
| |
| − | '''Alexander I''' also called '''Alexander I Karađorđević''' or '''Alexander the Unifier''' ([[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]]: ''Aleksandar I Karađorđević'', [[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic script]]: Александар I Карађорђевић) ([[Cetinje]], [[Principality of Montenegro]], 4 December/16 December 1888 – [[Marseille]], [[France]], 9 October 1934) of the [[Royal House]] of [[House of Karađorđević|Karađorđević]] (Karageorgevich) was the first king of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] (1929–34) and before that king of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] (1921–29).
| |
| | | | |
| − | ==Childhood==
| |
| − | Alexander Karađorđević was born in [[Cetinje]] in [[Principality of Montenegro]] in December 1888. His father was King [[Peter I of Serbia]] and his mother the former Princess [[Zorka of Montenegro]], a daughter of King [[Nicholas of Montenegro]]. In [[Belgrade]] on 8 June 1922 he married HRH [[Princess Mary of Romania|Princess Maria of Romania]], who was a daughter of [[Marie of Edinburgh|Queen Maria]], the Queen Consort of Romania. They had three sons: [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|Crown Prince Peter]], Princes [[Prince Tomislav of Yugoslavia|Tomislav]] and [[Prince Andrej of Yugoslavia|Andrej]].
| |
| − |
| |
| − | He spent his childhood in [[Montenegro]], and was educated in [[Geneva]]. In 1910 he nearly died from stomach typhus and left with stomach problems for rest of his life. He continued his schooling at the Corps de pages imperial in [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]], but had to quit due to his brother's renounciation, and then in Belgrade. Prince Alexander was not the first in line for the throne but his elder brother, [[Prince George of Yugoslavia (1887-1972)|Crown Prince George (Đorđe)]] was considered unstable by most political forces in Serbia and after two notable scandals (one of which occurred in 1909 when he kicked his servant, who consequently died), Prince George was forced to renounce his claim to the throne.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Balkan Wars and World War I==
| |
| − | {{main|Balkan Wars|Serbian Campaign (World War I)}}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | In the [[First Balkan War]] in 1912, as commander of the First Army, Crown Prince Alexander fought victorious battles in [[Battle of Kumanovo|Kumanovo]] and [[Battle of Bitola|Bitola]], and later in 1913, during the [[Second Balkan War]], the [[battle of Bregalnica]]. In the aftermath of the Second Balkan War Prince Alexander took sides in the complicated power struggle over how Macedonia should be administered. In this Alexander bested Col. [[Dragutin Dimitrijevic|Dragutin Dimitrijević]] or "Apis" and in the wake of this Alexander's father, King Peter, agreed to hand over royal powers to his son. On 24 June 1914 Alexander became [[Regent]] of Serbia.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | At the outbreak of [[World War I]] he was the nominal supreme commander of the Serbian army - true command was in hands of Chief of Staff of Supreme Headquarters - position held by [[Stepa Stepanovic|Stepa Stepanović]] (during the mobilisation), [[Radomir Putnik]] (1914-1915), [[Petar Bojovic|Petar Bojović]] (1916-1917) and [[Zivojin Misic|Živojin Mišić]] (1918). The Serbian army distinguished itself in the battles at [[Battle of Cer|Cer]] and at the [[Drina]] (the [[Battle of Kolubara]]) in 1914 , scoring victories against the invading [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] forces and evicting them from the country.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | In 1915 the Serbian army with the aged King [[Peter I of Serbia|Peter]] and Crown Prince Alexander suffered many losses being attacked from all directions by the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria. It withdrew through the gorges of Montenegro and northern Albania to the Greek island of [[Corfu]], where it was reorganized. After the army was regrouped and reinforced, it achieved a decisive victory on the [[Macedonian front (World War I)|Macedonian Front]], at Kajmakcalan. The Serbian army carried out a major part in the final Allied breakthrough in the autumn of 1918.
| |
| − | {{Infobox Monarch styles|
| |
| − | image=[[Image:Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg|50px]]|
| |
| − | royal name=King Alexander I|
| |
| − | dipstyle=[[Majesty|His Majesty]]|
| |
| − | offstyle=Your Majesty|
| |
| − | altstyle=Sir|}}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==King of Yugoslavia==
| |
| − | On 1 December 1918, in a prearranged set piece, Alexander, as Regent, received a delegation of the People's Council of the [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]], an address was read out by one of the delegation, and Alexander made an address in acceptance. This was considered to the birth of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]].
| |
| − |
| |
| − | In 1921, on the death of his father, Alexander inherited the throne of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]], which from its inception was colloquially known both in the Kingdom and the rest of Europe alike as Yugoslavia.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | On 6 January 1929, in response to the political crisis triggered by the murder of [[Stjepan Radic|Stjepan Radić]], King Alexander abolished the Constitution, prorogued the Parliament and introduced a personal dictatorship (the so-called "January 6 Dictatorship", ''Šestojanuarska diktatura''). He also changed the name of the country to '''Kingdom of Yugoslavia''' and changed the internal divisions from the 33 [[oblasts]] to nine new ''[[banovina]]s'' on 3 October.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | In the same month, he tried to banish by decree the use of [[Serbian Cyrillic]] to promote the exclusive use of [[Latin alphabet]] in Yugoslavia.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,752216,00.html Dangerous Decree], ''[[Time (magazine)]]'', October 21, 1929</ref>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | In 1931, Alexander decreed a new Constitution which transferred executive power to the King. Elections were to be by universal male suffrage. The provision for a secret ballot was dropped and pressure on public employees to vote for the governing party was to be a feature of all elections held under Alexander's constitution. Furthermore, the King would appoint half the upper house directly, and legislation could become law with the approval of one of the houses alone if it were also approved by the King.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Assassination==
| |
| − | On account of the deaths of three members of his family on a Tuesday, Alexander refused to undertake any public functions on that day. On Tuesday 9 October 1934, however, he had no choice, as he was arriving in [[Marseille]] to start a [[state visit]] to the [[France|Third French Republic]], to strengthen the two countries' alliance in the [[Little Entente]]. While being driven in a car through the streets along with French [[Foreign Minister]] [[Louis Barthou]], a gunman, [[Vlado Chernozemski]], stepped from the street and shot the King and the chauffeur. The Minister was accidentally shot by a French policeman and died later.
| |
| − | [[Image:King Alexander assasination corected aspect contract and sharpness.gif|thumb|250px|Assassination of Alexander I]]
| |
| − | It was one of the first [[assassination]]s captured on film; the shooting occurred straight in front of the cameraman, who was only feet away at the time. The cameraman captured not merely the assassination but the immediate aftermath; the body of the chauffeur (who had been killed instantly) became jammed against the brakes of the car, allowing the cameraman to continue filming from within inches of the King for a number of minutes afterwards.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The assassin, [[Vlado Chernozemski]] — driver of the leader of the [[Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization]] (IMRO) [[Ivan Mihailov]] and an experienced marksman — was cut down by the sword of a mounted French policeman, then beaten by the crowd. By the time he was removed from the scene, he was already dead. The IMRO was a [[Bulgaria|Bulgarian]] political organization that fought for annexing [[Macedonia]] to Bulgaria using terrorist means. According to the UKTV History program ''Infamous Assassinations-King Alexander'', the organization worked in alliance with the [[Croats|Croatian]] fascist group led by [[Ante Pavelic]], under the secret sponsorship of Italian dictator [[Benito Mussolini]].
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The film record of Alexander I's assassination remains one of the most notable pieces of newsreel in existence,<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RfxL67Uqp6E Documentary film The Assassination of the Yugoslavian king Alexander in 1934] {{en icon}}</ref><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SrruCOZwxKA&mode=related&search= Documentary film The Assassination and the Funeral of the Yugoslavian king Alexander in 1934] {{bg icon}}</ref> alongside the film of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]]'s [[coronation]], the funerals of Queen [[Victoria of the United Kingdom]] and Emperor [[Franz Josef of Austria]], and the assassination of [[John F. Kennedy]].
| |
| − |
| |
| − | King Alexander I was buried in the Memorial Church of St. George, which had been built by his father. As his son [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|Peter II]] was still a minor, Alexander's first cousin Prince [[Pavle Karadjordjevic]] took the regency of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Ancestors==
| |
| − | {| class="wikitable"
| |
| − | |+''' Alexander's ancestors in three generations'''
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | rowspan="8" align="center"| '''Alexander I of Yugoslavia'''
| |
| − | | rowspan="4" align="center"| '''Father:'''<br />[[Peter I of Yugoslavia]]
| |
| − | | rowspan="2" align="center"| '''Paternal Grandfather:'''<br />[[Alexander Karađorđević, Prince of Serbia]]
| |
| − | | align="center"| '''Paternal Great-grandfather:'''<br />[[Karađorđe Petrović]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | align="center"| '''Paternal Great-grandmother:'''<br />[[Jelena Jovanovic]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | rowspan="2" align="center"| '''Paternal Grandmother:'''<br />[[Persida Nenadović]]
| |
| − | | align="center"| '''Paternal Great-grandfather:'''<br />Jevrem Nenadović
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | align="center"| '''Paternal Great-grandmother:'''<br />
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | rowspan="4" align="center"| '''Mother:'''<br />[[Zorka of Montenegro]]
| |
| − | | rowspan="2" align="center"| '''Maternal Grandfather:'''<br />[[Nicholas I of Montenegro]]
| |
| − | | align="center"| '''Maternal Great-grandfather:'''<br />[[Mirko Petrović Njegoš]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | align="center"| '''Maternal Great-grandmother:'''<br />[[Anastasija Martinović]]
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | rowspan="2" align="center"| '''Maternal Grandmother:'''<br />[[Milena Vukotić]]
| |
| − | | align="center"| '''Maternal Great-grandfather:'''<br />Petar Vukotić
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | | align="center"| '''Maternal Great-grandmother:'''<br />Jelena Voivodić
| |
| − | |}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==References==
| |
| − | {{reflist|2}}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==External links==
| |
| − | * [http://pages.prodigy.net/ptheroff/gotha/yugoslavia.html Royal House of Yugoslavia]
| |
| − | * [http://pages.prodigy.net/ptheroff/gotha/romania.html Royal House of Romania]
| |
| − | * [http://www.oplenac.rs The Mausoleum of the Serbian Royal Family]
| |
| − | * [http://www.royal.rs The Official Website of the Serbian Royal Family]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | {{s-start}}
| |
| − | {{s-hou|[[House of Karađorđević]]|16 December|1888|9 October|1934}}
| |
| − | {{s-reg|}}
| |
| − | {{s-bef|before=[[Peter I of Serbia|Peter I]]</br><small>as [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|King of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes]]</small>}}
| |
| − | {{s-ttl|title=[[List of heads of state of Yugoslavia|King of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes]]|years=16 August 1921-6 January 1929}}
| |
| − | {{s-aft|after=Proclaimed King of Yugoslavia}}
| |
| − | {{s-new}}
| |
| − | {{s-ttl|title=[[List of heads of state of Yugoslavia|King of Yugoslavia]]|years=6 January 1929-9 October 1934}}
| |
| − | {{s-aft|after=[[Peter II of Yugoslavia|Peter II]]}}
| |
| − | {{s-end}}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | {{Serbian monarchs}}
| |
| − | {{Yugoslav Head of State}}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | {{DEFAULTSORT:Alexander 1 of Yugoslavia}}
| |
| − | [[Category:Kings of Yugoslavia]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Yugoslav royalty]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Serbian monarchs]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Yugoslav politicians]]
| |
| − | [[Category:House of Karađorđević]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Regents]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Recipients of Virtuti Militari]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Assassinated monarchs]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Assassinated Yugoslav people]]
| |
| − | [[Category:1888 births]]
| |
| − | [[Category:1934 deaths]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Serbian Eastern Orthodox Christians]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Orthodox monarchs]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | [[Category:Serbian Orthodox Christians]]
| |
| − | [[Category:People from Cetinje]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Montenegrin Eastern Orthodox Christians]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Filmed assassinations]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Assassinated Serbian politicians]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | [[bs:Aleksandar I Karađorđević]]
| |
| − | [[bg:Александър I (Югославия)]]
| |
| − | [[cs:Alexandr I. Karadjordjević]]
| |
| − | [[da:Alexander 1. af Jugoslavien]]
| |
| − | [[de:Alexander I. (Jugoslawien)]]
| |
| − | [[et:Aleksandar I Karađorđević]]
| |
| − | [[es:Alejandro I de Yugoslavia]]
| |
| − | [[eo:Aleksandro la 1-a Karadjordjević]]
| |
| − | [[fr:Alexandre Ier de Yougoslavie]]
| |
| − | [[hr:Aleksandar I. Karađorđević]]
| |
| − | [[it:Alessandro I di Jugoslavia]]
| |
| − | [[he:אלכסנדר הראשון, מלך יוגוסלביה]]
| |
| − | [[nl:Alexander I van Joegoslavië]]
| |
| − | [[ja:アレクサンダル1世 (ユーゴスラビア王)]]
| |
| − | [[no:Aleksandar I av Jugoslavia]]
| |
| − | [[pl:Aleksander I Karadziordziewić]]
| |
| − | [[pt:Alexandre da Iugoslávia]]
| |
| − | [[ru:Александр I Карагеоргиевич]]
| |
| − | [[sl:Aleksander I. Karađorđević]]
| |
| − | [[sr:Александар I Карађорђевић]]
| |
| − | [[sh:Aleksandar I Karađorđević]]
| |
| − | [[fi:Aleksanteri I (Jugoslavia)]]
| |
| − | [[sv:Alexander I av Jugoslavien]]
| |
| − | [[tr:I. Aleksandar]]
| |
| − | [[uk:Александр I Карагеоргієвич]]
| |
| − | [[zh:亞歷山大一世 (南斯拉夫)]]
| |
| − | {{Credit|253000547}}
| |
