Kenzaburō Ōe
Kenzaburō Ōe | |
---|---|
Ōe in 2012 | |
Born | January 31 1935 Ōse, Ehime, Japan |
Died | March 3 2023 (aged 88) |
Occupation | Novelist, short-story writer, essayist |
Writing period | 1957–2013 |
Spouse(s) | Yukari Ikeuchi (m. 1960) |
Children | 3, including Hikari |
Relative(s) | Mansaku Itami (father-in-law), Juzo Itami (brother-in-law) |
Kenzaburō Ōe (大江 健三郎 Ōe Kenzaburō, January 31, 1935 – March 3, 2023) was a Japanese writer and a major figure in contemporary Japanese literature. His novels, short stories, and essays, strongly influenced by French and American literature and literary theory, deal with political, social, and philosophical issues, including nuclear weapons, nuclear power, social non-conformism, and existentialism. After the 2011 tsunami caused a nuclear accident at the Fukushima plant, he organized mass protests against the use of nuclear power.
Early life and education
Ōe was born in Ōse (大瀬村 Ōse-mura), a village now in Uchiko, Ehime Prefecture, on Shikoku.[1] The third of seven children, he grew up listening to his grandmother, a storyteller of myths and folklore, who also recounted the oral history of the two uprisings in the region before and after the Meiji Restoration.[2] [1] His father, Kōtare Ōe, had a bark-stripping business; the bark was used to make paper currency.[1] After his father died in the Pacific War in 1944, his mother, Koseki, became the driving force behind his education, buying him books including The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Wonderful Adventures of Nils, which had a formative influence on him.[2]
Ōe received the first ten years of his education in local public schools.[3] He started school during the peak of militarism in Japan. In class he was forced to pronounce his loyalty to Emperor Hirohito, who his teacher claimed was a god.[1] After the war, he felt betrayed. This sense of betrayal later appeared in his writing.[1]
Ōe attended high school in Matsuyama from 1951 to 1953, where he excelled as a student.[3][1] At the age of 18, he made his first trip to Tokyo, where he studied at a prep school (yobikō) for one year.[3][2] The following year, he began studying French Literature at Tokyo University with Professor Kazuo Watanabe, a specialist on François Rabelais.[2]
Ōe married in February 1960. His wife, Yukari, was the daughter of film director Mansaku Itami and sister of film director Juzo Itami. The same year he met Mao Zedong on a trip to China. He also went to Russia and Europe the following year, visiting Sartre in Paris.[4] [5]
Ōe lived in Tokyo and had three children.[6] In 1963, his eldest son, Hikari, was born with a brain hernia.[7] Ōe initially struggled to accept his son's condition, which required surgery which would leave him with learning disabilities for life.[6] Hikari lived with Kenzaburō and Yukari until he was middle-aged, and often composed music in the same room where his father was writing.
Career
Ōe began publishing stories in 1957, while still a student, strongly influenced by contemporary writing in France and the United States.[2] His first work to be published was "Lavish are the Dead," a short story set in Tokyo during the American occupation after World War II, which appeared in Bungakukai literary magazine.[8] His early works were set in his own university milieu.[9]
In 1958, his short story "Shiiku" (飼育) was awarded the prestigious Akutagawa Prize.[8] The work was about a black GI set upon by Japanese youth, and was later made into a film, The Catch by Nagisa Oshima in 1961.[9] Another early novella, later translated as Nip the Buds, Shoot the Kids, focused on adolescent boys during WWII sent to live in an Arcadian setting reminiscent of Ōe's own rural Shikoku childhood.[9] Ōe identified these child figures as belonging to the 'child god' archetype of Jung and Kerényi, which is characterized by abandonment, hermaphrodism, invincibility, and association with beginning and end.[10] The first two characteristics are present in these early stories, while the latter two features come to the fore in the 'idiot boy' stories which appeared after the birth of his son Hikari.[11]
Between 1958 and 1961 Ōe published a series of works incorporating sexual metaphors for the occupation of Japan. He summarized the common theme of these stories as "the relationship of a foreigner as the big power [Z], a Japanese who is more or less placed in a humiliating position [X], and, sandwiched between the two, the third party [Y] (sometimes a prostitute who caters only to foreigners or an interpreter.)"[12] In each of these works, the Japanese X is inactive, failing to take the initiative to resolve the situation and showing no psychological or spiritual development.[11] The graphically sexual nature of this group of stories prompted a critical outcry; Ōe said of the culmination of the series Our Times, "I personally like this novel [because] I do not think I will ever write another novel which is filled only with sexual words."[11]
In 1961, Ōe's novellas Seventeen and The Death of a Political Youth were published in the Japanese literary magazine Bungakukai. Both were inspired by seventeen-year-old Yamaguchi Otoya, who had assassinated Japan Socialist Party chairman Inejirō Asanuma in October 1960, and then killed himself in prison three weeks later.[13] Yamaguchi had admirers among the extreme right wing who were angered by The Death of a Political Youth and both Ōe and the magazine received death threats day and night for weeks. The magazine soon apologized to offended readers, but Ōe did not,[1] and he was later physically assaulted by an angry right-winger while giving a speech at Tokyo University.[5]
Ōe's next phase moved away from sexual content, shifting this time toward the violent fringes of society. The works which he published between 1961 and 1964 are influenced by existentialism and picaresque literature, populated with more or less criminal rogues and anti-heroes whose position on the fringes of society allows them to make pointed criticisms of it.[11] Ōe's admission that Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn is his favorite book can be said to find a context in this period.[14]
Influence of Hikari
Ōe credited his son Hikari for influencing his literary career. Ōe tried to give his son a "voice" through his writing. Several of Ōe's books feature a character based on his son.
In Ōe's 1964 book, A Personal Matter, the writer describes the psychological trauma involved in accepting his brain-damaged son into his life.[2] Hikari figures prominently in many of the books singled out for praise by the Nobel committee, and his life is the core of the first book published after Ōe was awarded the Nobel Prize. The 1996 book, A Healing Family, is a memoir written as a collection of essays.[15]
Hikari was a strong influence on Father, Where are you Going?, Teach Us to Outgrow Our Madness, and The Day He Himself Shall Wipe My Tears Away, three novels which rework the same premise—the father of a disabled son attempts to recreate the life of his own father, who shut himself away and died. The protagonist's ignorance of his father is compared to his son's inability to understand him; the lack of information about his father's story makes the task impossible to complete, but capable of endless repetition, as "repetition becomes the fabric of the stories."[11]
2006 to 2008
In 2005, two retired Japanese military officers sued Ōe for libel for his 1970 book of essays, Okinawa Notes, in which he had written that members of the Japanese military had coerced masses of Okinawan civilians into committing suicide during the Allied invasion of the island in 1945. In March 2008, the Osaka District Court dismissed all charges against Ōe. In this ruling, Judge Toshimasa Fukami stated, "The military was deeply involved in the mass suicides." In a news conference following the trial, Ōe said, "The judge accurately read my writing."[16]
Ōe did not write much during the nearly two years (2006–2008) of his libel case. He began writing a new novel, which The New York Times reported would feature a character "based on his father," a staunch supporter of the imperial system who drowned in a flood during World War II.[17]
2013
Bannen Yoshikishu, his final novel, is the sixth in a series with the main character of Kogito Choko, who can be considered Ōe's literary alter ego. The novel is also in a sense a culmination of the I-novels that Ōe continued to write since his son was born mentally disabled in 1963. In the novel, Choko loses interest in the novel he had been writing when the Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami struck the Tohoku region on March 11, 2011. Instead, he begins writing about an age of catastrophe, as well as about the fact that he himself was approaching his late 70s.[18]
Activism
In 1959 and 1960, Ōe participated in the Anpo protests against the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty as a member of a group of young writers, artists, and composers called the "Young Japan Society" (Wakai Nihon no Kai).[13] The treaty allowed the United States to maintain military bases in Japan. Ōe's disappointment at the failure of the protests to stop the treaty shaped his future writing.[5]
Ōe was involved with pacifist and anti-nuclear campaigns and wrote books regarding the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Hibakusha. After meeting prominent anti-nuclear activist Noam Chomsky at a Harvard degree ceremony, Ōe began his correspondence with Chomsky by sending him a copy of his Okinawa Notes. While also discussing Ōe's Okinawa Notes, Chomsky's reply included a story from his childhood. Chomsky wrote that when he first heard about the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, he could not bear it being celebrated, and he went in the woods and sat alone until the evening.[19] Ōe later said in an interview, "I've always respected Chomsky, but I respected him even more after he told me that."[4]
Following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, he urged Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda to "halt plans to restart nuclear power plants and instead abandon nuclear energy."[20] Ōe said Japan has an "ethical responsibility" to abandon nuclear power in the aftermath of the Fukushima nuclear disaster, just as it renounced war under its postwar Constitution. He called for "an immediate end to nuclear power generation and warned that Japan would suffer another nuclear catastrophe if it tries to resume nuclear power plant operations." In 2013, he organized a mass demonstration in Tokyo against nuclear power.[21] Ōe also criticized moves to amend Article 9 of the Constitution, which forever renounces war.[22]
Death
Ōe died on March 3, 2023, at the age of 88.[6][7][8]
Legacy
Nobel Prize in Literature
Ōe was awarded the 1994 Nobel Prize in Literature for creating "an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today."[23]
Japan's Order of Culture
In 1994 Ōe was named to receive Japan's Order of Culture. He refused the latter because it is bestowed by the Emperor. Ōe said, "I do not recognize any authority, any value, higher than democracy." Once again, he received threats.[1]
Shortly after learning that he had been awarded the Nobel Prize, Ōe said that he was encouraged by the Swedish Academy's recognition of modern Japanese literature, and hoped that it would inspire other writers. He told The New York Times that his writing was ultimately focused on "the dignity of human beings."[24]
Major awards
- Tokyo University May Festival Prize, 1957.[25]
- Akutagawa Prize, 1958.[9]
- Shinchosha Literary Prize, 1964.[26]
- Tanizaki Prize, 1967.[26]
- Noma Prize, 1973.[26]
- Yomiuri Prize, 1982.[27]
- Jiro Osaragi Prize (Asahi Shimbun), 1983.[26]
- Nobel Prize in Literature, 1994.[24]
- Order of Culture, 1994 – refused.[26]
- Legion of Honor, 2002.[28]
Eponymous literary prize
In 2005, the Kenzaburō Ōe Prize was established by publisher Kodansha to promote Japanese literary novels internationally,[29] with the first prize awarded in 2007.[30] The winning work was selected solely by Ōe, to be translated into English, French, or German, and published worldwide.
Selected works
The number of Kenzaburō Ōe's works translated into English and other languages remains limited, so that much of his literary output is still only available in Japanese. The few translations have often appeared after a marked lag in time.[31]Some of his texts have also been translated into Chinese, French, and German.[32]
Year | Japanese Title | English Title | Comments | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
1957 | 死者の奢り Shisha no ogori |
Lavish Are The Dead | Short story published in Bungakukai literary magazine | [8] |
奇妙な仕事 Kimyō na shigoto |
The Strange Work | Short novel awarded May Festival Prize by University of Tokyo newspaper | [33] | |
飼育 Shiiku |
"The Catch" / "Prize Stock" | Short story awarded the Akutagawa prize. Published in English as "Prize Stock" in Teach Us to Outgrow Our Madness (1977) and as "The Catch" in "The Catch and Other War Stories" (Kodansha International 1981).
Made into a film in 1961 by Nagisa Oshima and in 2011 by the Cambodian director Rithy Panh. |
[33] | |
1958 | 見るまえに跳べ Miru mae ni tobe |
Leap Before You Look | Short story; title is a reference to W. H. Auden | [34] |
芽むしり仔撃ち Memushiri kōchi |
Nip the Buds, Shoot the Kids | One of his earliest novellas, translated in 1995 | [35] | |
1961 | セヴンティーン Sevuntiin |
Seventeen | Short novel translated by Luk Van Haute in 1996. The sequel was so controversial that Ōe never allowed it to be republished. | [36] |
1963 | 叫び声 Sakebigoe |
Outcries | Untranslated | [37] |
性的人間 Seiteki ningen |
J (published title)
Sexual Humans (literal translation) |
Short story translated by Luk Van Haute in 1996 | [36] | |
1964 | 空の怪物アグイー Sora no kaibutsu Aguī |
Aghwee the Sky Monster | Short story translated by John Nathan. | [38] |
個人的な体験 Kojinteki na taiken |
A Personal Matter | Awarded the Shinchosha Literary Prize. Translated by John Nathan. | [39] | |
1965 | ヒロシマ・ノート Hiroshima nōto |
Hiroshima Notes | Collection of essays translated by Toshi Yonezawa and edited by David L. Swain | [40] |
1967 | 万延元年のフットボール Man'en gan'nen no futtobōru |
The Silent Cry (published title)
Football in the Year 1860 (literal translation) |
Translated by John Bester | [34] |
1969 | われらの狂気を生き延びる道を教えよ Warera no kyōki wo ikinobiru michi wo oshieyo |
Teach Us to Outgrow Our Madness | Translated by John Nathan in 1977; title is a reference to W. H. Auden | [34] |
1970 | 沖縄ノート Okinawa nōto |
Okinawa Notes | Collection of essays that became the target of a defamation lawsuit filed in 2005 which was dismissed in 2008 | [16] |
1972 | 鯨の死滅する日 Kujira no shimetsu suru hi |
The Day the Whales Shall be Annihilated | Collection of essays including "The Continuity of Norman Mailer" | [38] |
みずから我が涙をぬぐいたまう日 Mizukara waga namida wo nuguitamau hi |
The Day He Himself Shall Wipe My Tears Away | Short novel parodying Yukio Mishima; translated by John Nathan and published in the volume Teach Us to Outgrow Our Madness | [34] | |
1973 | 洪水はわが魂に及び Kōzui wa waga tamashii ni oyobi |
My Deluged Soul | Awarded the 26th Noma Literary Prize. Work has also been referred to as The Waters Are Come in unto My Soul. | [2][38] |
1976 | ピンチランナー調書 Pinchi ran'nā chōsho |
The Pinch Runner Memorandum | Translated by Michiko N. Wilson and Michael K. Wilson | [3] |
1979 | 同時代ゲーム Dōjidai gēmu |
The Game of Contemporaneity | Untranslated | [41] |
1982 | 「雨の木」を聴く女たち Rein tsurī wo kiku on'natachi |
Women Listening to the "Rain Tree" | Collection of two short stories and three novellas. Awarded the 34th Yomiuri Literary Prize for novels. | [42] |
1983 | 新しい人よ眼ざめよ Atarashii hito yo, mezameyo |
Rouse Up O Young Men of the New Age! | Collection of seven short stories originally published in Gunzo and Shincho magazines between 1982 and 1983. The title is taken from the preface to the poem Milton by William Blake. Awarded the 10th Jiro Osaragi Prize. Translated by John Nathan. | [43] |
1985 | 河馬に嚙まれる Kaba ni kamareru |
Bitten by a Hippopotamus | Eight short stories, loosely linked | [44] |
1986 | M/Tと森のフシギの物語 M/T to mori no fushigi no monogatari |
M/T and the Wonder of the Forest | Title has also been translated as Strange Stories of M/T and the Forest | [42][41] |
1987 | 懐かしい年への手紙 Natsukashī toshi e no tegami |
Letters to the Time/Space of Fond Memories | Autobiographical novel | |
1988 | 「最後の小説」 Saigo no shōsetsu |
The Last Novel | Collection of essays | [3] |
1989 | 人生の親戚 Jinsei no shinseki |
An Echo of Heaven (published title)
Relatives of Life (literal translation) |
Translated by Margaret Mitsutani | [37] |
1990 | 治療塔 Chiryō tō |
Towers of Healing | Novel first serialized in Hermes magazine; first work of science fiction | |
静かな生活 Shizuka na seikatsu |
A Quiet Life | Translated by Kunioki Yanagishita & William Wetherall | [45] | |
1991 | 治療塔惑星 Chiryō tō wakusei |
Planet of the Healing Tower | Science fiction novel paired with Chiryō tō | [46] |
1992 | 僕が本当に若かった頃 Boku ga hontō ni wakakatta koro |
When I Was Really Young | Volume of nine vignettes, many of which refer to his previous works | |
1993 | 「救い主」が殴られるまで 'Sukuinushi' ga nagurareru made |
Until the Savior Gets Beaten | Part I of The Burning Green Tree Trilogy (燃えあがる緑の木 第一部, Moeagaru midori no ki – dai ichibu) |
[42] |
1994 | 揺れ動く (ヴァシレーション) Yureugoku (Vashirēshon) |
Vacillation | Part II of The Burning Green Tree Trilogy (燃えあがる緑の木 第二部, Moeagaru midori no ki – dai nibu) | [42] |
1995 | 大いなる日に Ōinaru hi ni |
For the Day of Grandeur | Part III of The Burning Green Tree Trilogy (燃えあがる緑の木 第三部, Moeagaru midori no ki – dai sanbu) | [42] |
曖昧な日本の私 Aimai na Nihon no watashi |
Japan, the Ambiguous, and Myself | Nobel Prize acceptance speech; the title is a reference to Yasunari Kawabata's Nobel acceptance speech, "Japan, the Beautiful, and Myself". In 1995, nine lectures given by Ōe in the 1990s were published in the same volume with this title. | [47] | |
恢復する家族 Kaifukusuru kazoku |
A Healing Family | Collection of essays serialized from 1990 to 1995 in Sawarabi, a journal on rehabilitative medicine, with an afterword and drawings by Yukari Oe. Adapted and translated in 1996 by Stephen Snyder. | [48] | |
1999 | 宙返り Chūgaeri |
Somersault | Translated by Philip Gabriel | [49] |
2000 | 取り替え子 (チェンジリング) Torikae ko (Chenjiringu) |
The Changeling | Translated by Deborah Boliver Boehm | [31] |
2001 | 「自分の木」の下で 'Jibun no ki' no shita de |
Under One's Own Tree | 16 essays reflecting on Ōe's childhood and experience as a novelist and father | [50] |
2002 | 憂い顔の童子 Urei gao no dōji |
Gloomy Faced Child | Novel | [51] |
2007 | 臈たしアナベル・リイ 総毛立ちつ身まかりつ Rōtashi Anaberu Rī sōkedachitsu mimakaritsu |
The Beautiful Annabel Lee was Chilled and Killed | Winner of the 2008 Weishanhu Award for Best Foreign Novel in the 21st Century. | [32] |
2009 | 水死 Sui shi |
Death by Water | Translated by Deborah Boliver Boehm | [52] |
2013 | 晩年様式集(イン・レイト・スタイル) Bannen Yōshiki shū (In Reito Sutairu) |
In Late Style | Final work. Title is a reference to Edward Said's On Late Style. | [53] |
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Mark Weston, Giants of Japan: The Lives of Japan's Most Influential Men and Women (New York, NY: Kodansha International, 1999, ISBN 1568362862), 294-295, 299. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 "Kenzburo Oe – Biographical," The Nobel Prize. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "Introduction: Kenzaburo Ōe," The Georgia Review 49(1) (Spring 1995): 331–334. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Sarah Fay, "The Art of Fiction No. 195," The Paris Review (183) (Winter 2007). Retrieved September 14, 2023.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Mya Jaggi, "In the forest of the soul" The Guardian, February 5, 2005. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Daniel Lewis, "Kenzaburo Oe, Nobel Laureate and Critic of Postwar Japan, Dies at 88," The New York Times, March 13, 2023. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Nobel prize-winning author Kenzaburo Oe dies," BBC News, March 13, 2023. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Kathleen Benoza, "Nobel-winning Japanese novelist Kenzaburo Oe dies at 88," The Japan Times, March 13, 2023. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Michiko N. Wilson, The Marginal World of Oe Kenzaburo (M. E. Sharpe Incorporated, 1986, ISBN 978-0765635648), 12. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
- ↑ Kenzaburō Ōe, Shōsetsu no hōhō (The Method of a Novel) (Tokyo, JN: Iwanami, 1978), 197.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Michiko N. Wilson, The Marginal World of Ōe Kenzaburō: A Study in Themes and Techniques (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1986, ISBN 978-0873323437), 29, 32, 47, 61, 135.
- ↑ Kenzaburō Ōe, Ōe Kenzaburō Zensakuhin (Complete Works of Oe Kenzaburo): Vol. 2. Supplement No. 3 (Tokyo, JN: Shinchosha, 1968), 16.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Nick Kapur, Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018, ISBN 978-0674984424), 177, 216, 254, 257. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- ↑ Paul Theroux, "Speaking of Books: Creative Dissertating; Creative Dissertating", New York Times, February 8, 1970. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
- ↑ "A Healing Family," Kirkus, 1996. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Norimitsu Onishi, "Japanese Court Rejects Defamation Lawsuit Against Nobel Laureate," The New York Times, March 29, 2008. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ Norimitsu Onishi "The Saturday Profile: Released From Rigors of a Trial, a Nobel Laureate's Ink Flows Freely," New York Times, May 17, 2008. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ Chiaki Yoshimura, "Oe's latest novel offers glimmer of hope in a world beset by catastrophe," The Asahi Shimbun, December 16, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ Kenzaburō Ōe and Noam Chomsky, "An Exchange on Current Affairs," World Literature Today, 76(2) (2002): 29.
- ↑ "Nobel laureate Oe urges nation to end reliance on nuclear power," The Japan Times, September 8, 2011.
- ↑ "Some 8,000 March in Tokyo Against Restart of Any Nuclear Power Plants," Mainichi Daily News, September 15, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ Ideaki Ishibashi, "Writer Oe calls for stopping moves to revise Constitution,"Asahi Shimbun, May 18, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ Pamuk Ōe, "World needs imagination," Yomiuri Shimbun, May 18, 2008. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 James Sterngold, "Nobel in Literature Goes to Kenzaburo Oe of Japan," The New York Times, October 14, 1994. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ Michiko Niikuni Wilson, "Kenzaburo Oe: Laughing Prophet and Soulful Healer," The Nobel Prize. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 "Kenzaburō Ōe," Grove Atlantic. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ Edward Fowler, The Rhetoric of Confession: Shishosetsu in Early Twentieth-Century Japanese Fiction (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1988, ISBN 978-0520060647), 295.
- ↑ "Novelist Ōe inducted into France's Legion of Honor," Free Online Library. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ "Kodansha creates Kenzaburo Oe literary award," The Japan Times October 6, 2005. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ "大江健三郎賞," Kodansha. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Christopher Tayler, "The Changeling by Kenzaburo Oe," The Guardian, June 11, 2010. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Xiaolei Jing, "Embracing Foreign Literature," Beijing Review. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Nobel-winning anti-war author Kenzaburo Oe dies at 88," Asahi Shimbun, March 13, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Emiko Sakurai, "Kenzaburō Ōe: The Early Years," World Literature Today 58(3) (Summer 1984): 370–373. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ Marleigh Grayer Ryan, "'And a Little Child Shall Lead Them': The Agency of the Innocent in an Early Story by Ōe Kenzaburō," World Literature Today 76(2) (Spring 2002): 49–57. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Janet Goff, "Two Novels: Seventeen & J," Japan Quarterly 44(1) (January–March 1997): 102–103. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 Luke M. Reinsma, "The Flight of Kenzaburo Oe," Christianity and Literature 48(1) (Autumn 1998): 61–77. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Michiko N. Wilson, "Oe's Obsessive Metaphor, Mori, the Idiot Son: Toward the Imagination of Satire, Regeneration, and Grotesque Realism," The Journal of Japanese Studies 7(1) (Winter 1981): 23–52. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ John Rodden, "Team play: Translator John Nathan on Oe Kenzaburo, the 1994 Nobel Prize winner," The Midwest Quarterly 43(4) (Summer 2002): 281–297. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ John Whittier Treat, "Hiroshima Nōto and Ōe Kenzaburō's Existentialist Other," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 47(1) (June 1987): 97–136. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Susan J. Napier, "Marginal Arcadias: Ōe Kenzaburō's Pastoral and Antipastoral," Review of Japanese Culture and Society (5) (December 1993): 48–58. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 Sanroku Yoshida, "The Burning Tree: The Spatialized World of Kenzaburō Ōe," World Literature Today 69(1) (Winter 1995): 10–16. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ John Nathan and Kenzaburō Ōe, "A Mythical Topos: A Dialogue," Grand Street (55) (Winter 1996): 39–46. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ Kinya Nishi, "The Dialectics of Realist Imagination: Adorno's Aesthetics and Contemporary Japanese Fiction," Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics 45(2) (Summer 2022): 85–96. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ↑ John David Morley, "Her Brother's Keeper," The New York Times, November 17, 1996. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- ↑ Christopher Bolton, et. al., "An Interview with Komatsu Sakyō," Science Fiction Studies 29(3) (November 2002): 323–339. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- ↑ Kenzaburō Ōe, "Japan, the Ambiguous, and Myself,' The Australian Quarterly 67(2) (Winter 1995): 1–10. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- ↑ Matthew Mizenko, "Review: A Healing Family by Ο̄e Kenzaburο̄ and Stephen Snyder," Monumenta Nipponica 52(2) (Summer 1997): 266–268. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- ↑ Kyle Minor, "Review: Somersault by Kenzaburo Oe," The Antioch Review 61(3) (Summer 2003): 582–583. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- ↑ Janet Ashby, "Kenzaburo Oe: Bridging the generation gap," The Japan Times, October 14, 2001. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- ↑ Seiro Bantarō, "Modern Japanese Literature and 'Don Quixote'," trans. Franz Prichard Review of Japanese Culture and Society (18) (December 2006): 132–146. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- ↑ Terry Hong, "'Death by Water' takes readers on a wild ride of epic proportions," The Christian Science Monitor, October 6, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- ↑ Philippe Pons, "Kenzaburô Oe : « L'âge n'apporte pas la sérénité »," Le Monde, May 21, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Ashby, Janet. "Kenzaburo Oe: Bridging the generation gap," The Japan Times, October 14, 2001. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- Bantarō, Seiro. "Modern Japanese Literature and 'Don Quixote'," translated by Franz Prichard Review of Japanese Culture and Society (18) (December 2006): 132–146. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- Benoza, Kathleen. "Nobel-winning Japanese novelist Kenzaburo Oe dies at 88," The Japan Times, March 13, 2023. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
- Bolton, Christopher, et al. "An Interview with Komatsu Sakyō," Science Fiction Studies 29(3) (November 2002): 323–339. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- Fay, Sarah. "The Art of Fiction No. 195," The Paris Review (183) (Winter 2007). Retrieved September 14, 2023.
- Fowler, Edward. The Rhetoric of Confession: Shishosetsu in Early Twentieth-Century Japanese Fiction. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1988. ISBN 978-0520060647
- Goff, Janet. "Two Novels: Seventeen & J," Japan Quarterly 44(1) (January–March 1997): 102–103. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- Hong, Terry. "'Death by Water' takes readers on a wild ride of epic proportions," The Christian Science Monitor, October 6, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- Ishibashi, Ideaki. "Writer Oe calls for stopping moves to revise Constitution,"Asahi Shimbun, May 18, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- Jaggi, Mya. "In the forest of the soul" The Guardian, February 5, 2005. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
- Jing, Xiaolei. "Embracing Foreign Literature," Beijing Review. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- Kapur, Nick. Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018. ISBN 978-0674984424
- Lewis, Daniel. "Kenzaburo Oe, Nobel Laureate and Critic of Postwar Japan, Dies at 88," The New York Times, March 13, 2023. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
- Minor, Kyle. "Review: Somersault by Kenzaburo Oe," The Antioch Review 61(3) (Summer 2003): 582–583. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- Mizenko, Matthew. "Review: A Healing Family by Ο̄e Kenzaburο̄ and Stephen Snyder," Monumenta Nipponica 52(2) (Summer 1997): 266–268. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- Morley, John David. "Her Brother's Keeper," The New York Times, November 17, 1996. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- Napier, Susan J. "Marginal Arcadias: Ōe Kenzaburō's Pastoral and Antipastoral," Review of Japanese Culture and Society (5) (December 1993): 48–58. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- Nathan, John, and Kenzaburō Ōe. "A Mythical Topos: A Dialogue," Grand Street (55) (Winter 1996): 39–46. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- Nishi, Kinya. "The Dialectics of Realist Imagination: Adorno's Aesthetics and Contemporary Japanese Fiction," Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics 45(2) (Summer 2022): 85–96. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- Ōe, Kenzaburō. "Japan, the Ambiguous, and Myself,' The Australian Quarterly 67(2) (Winter 1995): 1–10. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- Ōe, Kenzaburō. Ōe Kenzaburō Zensakuhin (Complete Works of Oe Kenzaburo). Tokyo, JN: Shinchosha, 1968.
- Ōe, Kenzaburō. Shosetsu no hoho (The Method of a Novel). Tokyo, JN: Iwanami Shoten Publishing, 1978.
- Ōe, Kenzaburō, and Noam Chomsky. "An Exchange on Current Affairs," World Literature Today 76(2) (2002): 29.
- Ōe, Pamuk. "World needs imagination," Yomiuri Shimbun, May 18, 2008. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- Onishi, Norimitsu. "Japanese Court Rejects Defamation Lawsuit Against Nobel Laureate," The New York Times, March 29, 2008. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- Onishi, Norimitsu. "The Saturday Profile: Released From Rigors of a Trial, a Nobel Laureate's Ink Flows Freely," New York Times, May 17, 2008. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- Pons, Philippe. "Kenzaburô Oe : « L'âge n'apporte pas la sérénité »," Le Monde, May 21, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
- Reinsma, Luke M. "The Flight of Kenzaburo Oe," Christianity and Literature 48(1) (Autumn 1998): 61–77. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- Rodden, John. "Team play: Translator John Nathan on Oe Kenzaburo, the 1994 Nobel Prize winner," The Midwest Quarterly 43(4) (Summer 2002): 281–297. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- Ryan, Marleigh Grayer. "'And a Little Child Shall Lead Them': The Agency of the Innocent in an Early Story by Ōe Kenzaburō," World Literature Today 76(2) (Spring 2002): 49–57. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- Sakurai, Emiko. "Kenzaburō Ōe: The Early Years," World Literature Today 58(3) (Summer 1984): 370–373. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- Sterngold, James. "Nobel in Literature Goes to Kenzaburo Oe of Japan," The New York Times, October 14, 1994. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- Tayler, Christopher. "The Changeling by Kenzaburo Oe," The Guardian, June 11, 2010. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- Theroux, Paul. "Speaking of Books: Creative Dissertating; Creative Dissertating", New York Times, February 8, 1970. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
- Treat, John Whittier. "Hiroshima Nōto and Ōe Kenzaburō's Existentialist Other," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 47(1) (June 1987): 97–136. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- Weston, Mark. Giants of Japan: The Lives of Japan's Most Influential Men and Women. New York, NY: Kodansha International, 1999. ISBN 1568362862
- Wilson, Michiko N. "Oe's Obsessive Metaphor, Mori, the Idiot Son: Toward the Imagination of Satire, Regeneration, and Grotesque Realism," The Journal of Japanese Studies 7(1) (Winter 1981): 23–52. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- Wilson, Michiko N. The Marginal World of Ōe Kenzaburō: A Study in Themes and Techniques. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1986. ISBN 978-0765635648
- Wilson, Michiko Niikuni. "Kenzaburo Oe: Laughing Prophet and Soulful Healer," The Nobel Prize. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- Yoshida, Sanroku. "The Burning Tree: The Spatialized World of Kenzaburō Ōe," World Literature Today 69(1) (Winter 1995): 10–16. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- Yoshimura, Chiaki. "Oe's latest novel offers glimmer of hope in a world beset by catastrophe," The Asahi Shimbun, December 16, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
Further reading
- Kimura, Akio. Faulkner and Oe: The Self-Critical Imagination. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2007. ISBN 978-0761836636
- Rapp, Rayne, and Faye Ginsburg. "Enabling Disability: Rewriting Kinship, Reimagining Citizenship," Public Culture 13(3): 533–556.
External links
Link retrieved September 26, 2023.
- List of Works
- "Kenzburo Oe – Biographical," The Nobel Prize.
- "Introduction: Kenzaburo Ōe," The Georgia Review 49(1) (Spring 1995): 331–334.
- "Nobel prize-winning author Kenzaburo Oe dies," BBC News, March 13, 2023.
- "A Healing Family," Kirkus, 1996.
- "Some 8,000 March in Tokyo Against Restart of Any Nuclear Power Plants" Mainichi Daily News, September 15, 2013.
- "Novelist Ōe inducted into France's Legion of Honor," Free Online Library.
- "Kodansha creates Kenzaburo Oe literary award," The Japan Times October 6, 2005.
- "Nobel-winning anti-war author Kenzaburo Oe dies at 88," Asahi Shimbun, March 13, 2023.
- "Kenzaburō Ōe," Grove Atlantic.
- "大江健三郎賞," Kodansha.
1976: Saul Bellow | 1977: Vicente Aleixandre | 1978: Isaac Bashevis Singer | 1979: Odysseas Elytis | 1980: Czesław Miłosz | 1981: Elias Canetti | 1982: Gabriel García Márquez | 1983: William Golding | 1984: Jaroslav Seifert | 1985: Claude Simon | 1986: Wole Soyinka | 1987: Joseph Brodsky | 1988: Naguib Mahfouz | 1989: Camilo José Cela | 1990: Octavio Paz | 1991: Nadine Gordimer | 1992: Derek Walcott | 1993: Toni Morrison | 1994: Kenzaburo Oe | 1995: Seamus Heaney | 1996: Wisława Szymborska | 1997: Dario Fo | 1998: José Saramago | 1999: Günter Grass | 2000: Gao Xingjian |
Credits
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.