Zengzi
Zengzi (曾子; also called Zeng Shen, 曾參; or Ziyu, 子輿) (505 B.C.E. - 436 B.C.E.) was a philosopher and student of Confucius. Zengzi is credited with authorship of a large portion of the Great Learning, including its foreword. Zengzi's disciples are believed to have been among the most important compilers of the Analects of Confucius and other Confucian classics. Zengzi was also an early Chinese proponent of a round earth theory, as opposed to a flat earth model (refer to the article for more detail). The Great Learning (Traditional Chinese: 大學; Simplified Chinese: 大学; pinyin: Dà Xué) is the first of the Four books which were selected by Zhu Xi during the Song Dynasty as a foundational introduction to Confucianism. It was originally one chapter in Classic of Rites.
Great Learning
The book consists of a short main text, attributed to Confucius and nine commentaries chapters by Zeng Zi, one of Confucius' disciples. Its importance is illustrated by Zeng Zi's foreword that this is the gateway of learning.
Some of the terms within the text form an important part of both classical and modern Chinese political discourse. For example, the concept of world peace has been the stated goal of Chinese statecraft from the Zhou dynasty to the Kuomintang to the Communist Party of China. Another term used in the text qin-min which Legge translates as renovating the people is the name of the People First Party, one of the minor parties in Taiwan.
The main text reads:
- The Way of the great learning involves manifesting virtue,
- renovating the people, and abiding by the highest good. (...)
- 大學之道在明明德，在親民，在止於至善 (...)
- The ancients who wished to illustrate illustrious virtue throughout the
- kingdom, first ordered well their own States.
- 古之欲明明德於天下者，先治其國
- Wishing to order well their States, they first regulated their families.
- 欲治其國者，先齊其家
- Wishing to regulate their families, they first cultivated their persons.
- 欲齊其家者，先修齊身
- Wishing to cultivate their persons, they first rectified their hearts.
- 欲修齊身者，先正其心
- Wishing to rectify their hearts, they first sought to be sincere in their thoughts.
- 欲正其心者，先誠其意
- Wishing to be sincere in their thoughts, they first extended to the utmost their knowledge.
- 欲誠其意者，先致其知
- Such extension of knowledge lay in the investigation of things.
- 致知在格物
- Things being investigated, knowledge became complete.
- 物格而後知至
- Their knowledge being complete, their thoughts were sincere.
- 知至而後意誠
- Their thoughts being sincere, their hearts were then rectified.
- 意誠而後心正
- Their hearts being rectified, their persons were cultivated.
- 心正而後身修
- Their persons being cultivated, their families were regulated.
- 身修而後家齊
- Their families being regulated, their States were rightly governed.
- 家齊而後國治
- Their States being rightly governed, the entire world was at peace.
- 國治而後天下平
- From the Son of Heaven down to the mass of the people, all must
- consider the cultivation of the person the root of everything besides. (...)
- 自天子以至於庶人，壹是皆以修身為本 (...)
The Great Learning is significant because it expresses many themes of Chinese philosophy and political thinking, and has therefore been extremely influential both in classical and modern Chinese thought. Government, self cultivation and investigation of things are linked. It links together individual action in the form of self-cultivation with higher goals such as ultimate world peace as well as linking together the spiritual and the material. By defining the path of learning (tao) in governmental and social terms, the Great Learning both links the spiritual with the practical, and creates a vision of tao that is radically different than that presented by Taoism. In particular, the Great Learning sets Confucianism as being this-worldly rather than other-worldly. Instead of basing its authority on an external deity, the Great Learning bases its authority on the practices of ancient kings.
The text also sets up a number of controversies that have underlain Chinese philosophy and political thinking. For example, one major controversy has been to define exactly the investigation of things. What things are to be investigated and how has been one of the crucial issues of Chinese philosophy.
External links
| The Four Books and Five Classics (四書五經) | |
|---|---|
| The Four Books: |
The Great Learning (大學) | The Doctrine of the Mean (中庸) | The Analects (論語) | The Mencius (孟子) |
| The Five Classics: |
Classic of Changes (易經) | Classic of Poetry (詩經) | Classic of Rites (禮記) | Classic of History (書經) | Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋) |
|
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