Difference between revisions of "Zebra" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
Line 30: Line 30:
  
 
[[Image:KrugerGrazingZebras.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Chapman's Zebras grazing in the [[Kruger National Park]] in [[South Africa]].]]
 
[[Image:KrugerGrazingZebras.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Chapman's Zebras grazing in the [[Kruger National Park]] in [[South Africa]].]]
There are four [[extant taxon|extant]] [[species]], as well as several [[subspecies]]. Zebra populations vary a great deal, and the relationships between and the [[taxonomy|taxonomic]] status of several of the subspecies are well known.
+
Four [[extant taxon|extant]] [[species]] of zebras, as well as several [[subspecies]], have been delineated.
 +
 
 +
Prior to 2004, it was held that there were three extant species, with the Cape mountain zebra (''Equus zebra zebra'') and Hartmann's mountain zebra (''Equus zebra harmannea'') regarded as subspecies of one mountain zebra species. In 2004, C.P. Groves and C.H. Bell investigated the taxonomy of the genus ''Equus'', subgenus ''Hippotigris'' and concluded that the Cape mountain zebra) and Hartmann's mountain zebra are totally distinct, and suggested that the two subspecies are better classified as separate species, ''Equus zebra'' and ''Equus hartmannae''. Thus, two distinct species of '''mountain zebra''' are commonly recognized. The other zebra species are the Plains zebra, ''Equus quagga'', and Grevy's zebra, ''Equus grevyi''.
 +
 
 +
Zebra populations vary a great deal, and the relationships between and the [[taxonomy|taxonomic]] status of several of the subspecies are well known.  
  
 
* [[Plains Zebra]], ''Equus quagga''
 
* [[Plains Zebra]], ''Equus quagga''
Line 43: Line 47:
 
* [[Grevy's Zebra]], ''Equus grevyi''
 
* [[Grevy's Zebra]], ''Equus grevyi''
  
 +
===Plains zebra===
 
The [[Plains Zebra]] (''Equus quagga'', formerly ''Equus burchelli'') is the most common, and has or had about twelve subspecies distributed across much of southern and eastern Africa. It, or particular subspecies of it, have also been known as the Common Zebra, the [[Dauw]], [[Burchell's Zebra]] (actually the subspecies ''Equus quagga burchelli''), Chapman's Zebra, [[Johan August Wahlberg|Wahlberg]]'s Zebra, [[Frederick Selous|Selous]]' Zebra, Grant's Zebra, Boehm's Zebra and the [[Quagga]] (another [[extinction|extinct]] subspecies, ''Equus quagga quagga'').
 
The [[Plains Zebra]] (''Equus quagga'', formerly ''Equus burchelli'') is the most common, and has or had about twelve subspecies distributed across much of southern and eastern Africa. It, or particular subspecies of it, have also been known as the Common Zebra, the [[Dauw]], [[Burchell's Zebra]] (actually the subspecies ''Equus quagga burchelli''), Chapman's Zebra, [[Johan August Wahlberg|Wahlberg]]'s Zebra, [[Frederick Selous|Selous]]' Zebra, Grant's Zebra, Boehm's Zebra and the [[Quagga]] (another [[extinction|extinct]] subspecies, ''Equus quagga quagga'').
  
Line 55: Line 60:
 
The '''Plains Zebra''' (''Equus quagga'', formerly ''Equus burchelli''), also known as the '''Common Zebra''' or the '''Burchell's Zebra''', is the most common and geographically widespread form of [[zebra]], once being found from the south of [[Ethiopia]] right through east Africa as far south as [[Angola]] and eastern [[South Africa]]. The Plains Zebra is much less numerous than it once was, because of human activities such as hunting it for its meat and hide, as well as encroachment on much of its former habitat, but it remains common in game reserves.  
 
The '''Plains Zebra''' (''Equus quagga'', formerly ''Equus burchelli''), also known as the '''Common Zebra''' or the '''Burchell's Zebra''', is the most common and geographically widespread form of [[zebra]], once being found from the south of [[Ethiopia]] right through east Africa as far south as [[Angola]] and eastern [[South Africa]]. The Plains Zebra is much less numerous than it once was, because of human activities such as hunting it for its meat and hide, as well as encroachment on much of its former habitat, but it remains common in game reserves.  
  
Mountain zebra
+
===Mountain zebra===
There are two distinct species of '''mountain zebra''': the '''Cape mountain zebra''' (''Equus zebra'') and the '''Hartmann's mountain zebra''' (''Equus hartmannae''). Until 2004, these were regarded as subspecies of one mountain zebra species.
+
 
  
 
Mountain zebras are native to [[South West Africa]] and are found in dry, stony, mountain and hill habitats. Their diet consists of tufted grass, bark, leaves, fruit and roots.  
 
Mountain zebras are native to [[South West Africa]] and are found in dry, stony, mountain and hill habitats. Their diet consists of tufted grass, bark, leaves, fruit and roots.  
  
Zebras' dazzling stripes may be a signalling system for the herd and may also be useful in confusing predators
+
Groves and Bell found that the Cape mountain zebra exhibits [[sexual dimorphism]], with larger females than males, while the Hartmann's mountain zebra does not. The black stripes of Hartmann's mountain zebra are thin with much wider white interspaces, while this is the opposite in Cape mountain zebra.
 +
 
 +
The Cape mountain zebra and the Hartmann's mountain zebra are [[allopatric]], meaning that they occur in separate, nonoverlapping geographic areas. They are therefore unable to crossbreed.
  
 
[[Image:HartmannsZebraByTrisha.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Hartmann's mountain zebra]]
 
[[Image:HartmannsZebraByTrisha.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Hartmann's mountain zebra]]
In 2004, C.P. Groves and C.H. Bell investigated the taxonomy of the zebras genus ''Equus'', subgenus ''Hippotigris'' and published their research in [[Mammalian Biology]]. They conclude that ''Equus zebra zebra'' (Cape mountain zebra) and ''Equus zebra hartmannea'' (Hartmann's mountain zebra) are totally distinct, and suggested that the two subspecies are better classified as separate species, ''Equus zebra'' and ''Equus hartmannae''.
 
  
Groves and Bell found that the Cape mountain zebra exhibits [[sexual dimorphism]], with larger females than males, while the Hartmann's mountain zebra does not. The black stripes of Hartmann's mountain zebra are thin with much wider white interspaces, while this is the opposite in Cape mountain zebra.
 
 
The Cape mountain zebra and the Hartmann's mountain zebra are [[allopatric]], meaning that they occur in separate, nonoverlapping geographic areas. They are therefore unable to crossbreed.
 
  
 
Cape mountain zebra
 
Cape mountain zebra
Line 79: Line 82:
 
Grevy's zebra
 
Grevy's zebra
 
[[Image:Equus grevyi in Kenya (male).jpg|thumb|250px|right|Grevy's Zebra in Kenya]]
 
[[Image:Equus grevyi in Kenya (male).jpg|thumb|250px|right|Grevy's Zebra in Kenya]]
The '''Grevy's zebra''' (''Equus grevyi''), sometimes known as the '''imperial zebra''', is the largest species of [[zebra]]. It is found in the wild in [[Kenya]] and [[Ethiopia]]. Compared to other zebras, it is tall, has large ears, and its stripes are narrower. The species is named after [[Jules Grévy]], a [[president of France]], who, in the [[1880s]], was given one by the government of [[Abyssinia]]. The Grevy's zebra differs from all other zebras in its primitive characteristics and different behaviour. In fact, "zebra" does not describe any specific [[taxon]] and is used only to refer to black and white striped members of the family [[Equidae]]. All members of the family are of the genus ''[[Equus (genus)|Equus]]'', but the genus is commonly subdivided into four subgenera; ''Equus'', ''Asinus'', ''Hippotigris'' and ''Dolichohippus''. The [[plains zebra]] and [[mountain zebra]] belong to ''Hippotigris'', but the Grevy's zebra is the sole species of ''Dolichohippus''. In many respects, it is more akin to the [[asses]] (''Asinus''), while the other zebras are more closely related to the [[horse]]s (''Equus''). In certain regions of Kenya, the plains zebras and Grevy's zebras coexist.  
+
The '''Grevy's zebra''' (''Equus grevyi''), sometimes known as the '''imperial zebra''', is the largest species of [[zebra]]. It is found in the wild in [[Kenya]] and [[Ethiopia]]. Compared to other zebras, it is tall, has large ears, and its stripes are narrower. The species is named after [[Jules Grévy]], a [[president of France]], who, in the [[1880s]], was given one by the government of [[Abyssinia]]. The Grevy's zebra differs from all other zebras in its primitive characteristics and different behaviour. In fact, "zebra" does not describe any specific [[taxon]] and is used only to refer to black and white striped members of the family [[Equidae]]. All members of the family are of the genus ''[[Equus (genus)|Equus]]'', but the genus is commonly subdivided into four subgenera; ''Equus'', ''Asinus'', ''Hippotigris'' and ''Dolichohippus''. The [[plains zebra]] and [[mountain zebra]] belong to ''Hippotigris'', but the Grevy's zebra is the sole species of ''Dolichohippus''. In many respects, it is more akin to the [[asses]] (''Asinus''), while the other zebras are more closely related to the [[horse]]s (''Equus''). In certain regions of Kenya, the plains zebras and Grevy's zebras coexist.
 
 
  
 
==Physical attributes==
 
==Physical attributes==

Revision as of 00:17, 11 October 2007


Zebra
Beautiful Zebra in South Africa.JPG
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Perissodactyla
Family: Equidae
Genus: Equus
Subgenus: Hippotigris
Species

Equus zebra
Equus hartmannae
Equus quagga
Equus grevyi

Zebra is the common name for members of various odd-toed ungulates (Order Perissodactyla) of the family Equidae and the genus Equus, native to eastern and southern Africa and characterized in extant members by having distinctive white and black stripes that come in different patterns unique to each individual. Among the 10 living members of the Equus genus are zebras, horses, donkeys, Przewalski's Horse (a rare Asian species), and hemionids (Onager or Equus hemionus). Przewalski's Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) and the domestic horse are the only equids that can cross-breed and produce fertile offspring.

There are four extant species of zebra. The Plains zebra (Equus quagga), Grevy's zebra (Equus grevyi), Cape Mountain zebra (Equus zebra) and the Hartmann's Mountain zebra (Equus hartmannae). The Cape Mountain zebra and Hartmann's Mountain zebra are sometimes treated as the same species.

The pronunciation is (IPA): /ˈzɛbrə/ (ZEB-ra) in the United Kingdom or (IPA): /ˈziːbrə/ (ZEE-bra) in North America.

Species

Chapman's Zebras grazing in the Kruger National Park in South Africa.

Four extant species of zebras, as well as several subspecies, have been delineated.

Prior to 2004, it was held that there were three extant species, with the Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra) and Hartmann's mountain zebra (Equus zebra harmannea) regarded as subspecies of one mountain zebra species. In 2004, C.P. Groves and C.H. Bell investigated the taxonomy of the genus Equus, subgenus Hippotigris and concluded that the Cape mountain zebra) and Hartmann's mountain zebra are totally distinct, and suggested that the two subspecies are better classified as separate species, Equus zebra and Equus hartmannae. Thus, two distinct species of mountain zebra are commonly recognized. The other zebra species are the Plains zebra, Equus quagga, and Grevy's zebra, Equus grevyi.

Zebra populations vary a great deal, and the relationships between and the taxonomic status of several of the subspecies are well known.

  • Plains Zebra, Equus quagga
    • Quagga, Equus quagga quagga (extinct)
    • Burchell's Zebra, Equus quagga burchellii (includes Damara Zebra)
    • Grant's Zebra, Equus quagga boehmi
    • Selous' zebra, Equus quagga borensis
    • Chapman's Zebra, Equus quagga chapmani
    • Crawshay's Zebra, Equus quagga crawshayi
  • Cape Mountain Zebra, Equus zebra
  • Hartmann's Mountain Zebra, Equus hartmannae
  • Grevy's Zebra, Equus grevyi

Plains zebra

The Plains Zebra (Equus quagga, formerly Equus burchelli) is the most common, and has or had about twelve subspecies distributed across much of southern and eastern Africa. It, or particular subspecies of it, have also been known as the Common Zebra, the Dauw, Burchell's Zebra (actually the subspecies Equus quagga burchelli), Chapman's Zebra, Wahlberg's Zebra, Selous' Zebra, Grant's Zebra, Boehm's Zebra and the Quagga (another extinct subspecies, Equus quagga quagga).

The Mountain Zebra (Equus zebra) of southwest Africa tends to have a sleek coat with a white belly and narrower stripes than the Plains Zebra. It has two subspecies and is classified as endangered.

Grevy's Zebra (Equus grevyi) is the largest type, with an erect mane, and a long, narrow head making it appear rather mule-like. It is an inhabitant of the semi-arid grasslands of Ethiopia and northern Kenya. The Grevy's Zebra is one of the rarest species of zebra around today, and is classified as endangered.

Although zebra species may have overlapping ranges, they do not interbreed. This held true even when the Quagga and Burchell's race of Plains Zebra shared the same area. According to Dorcas McClintock in "A Natural History Of Zebras," Grevy's zebra has 46 chromosomes; plains zebras have 44 chromosomes and mountain zebras have 32 chromosomes. In captivity, Plains Zebras have been crossed with mountain zebras. The hybrid foals lacked a dewlap and resembled the Plains Zebra apart from their larger ears and their hindquarters pattern. Attempts to breed a Grevy's zebra stallion to Mountain Zebra mares resulted in a high rate of miscarriage.

Notes on species

Plains zebra The Plains Zebra (Equus quagga, formerly Equus burchelli), also known as the Common Zebra or the Burchell's Zebra, is the most common and geographically widespread form of zebra, once being found from the south of Ethiopia right through east Africa as far south as Angola and eastern South Africa. The Plains Zebra is much less numerous than it once was, because of human activities such as hunting it for its meat and hide, as well as encroachment on much of its former habitat, but it remains common in game reserves.

Mountain zebra

Mountain zebras are native to South West Africa and are found in dry, stony, mountain and hill habitats. Their diet consists of tufted grass, bark, leaves, fruit and roots.

Groves and Bell found that the Cape mountain zebra exhibits sexual dimorphism, with larger females than males, while the Hartmann's mountain zebra does not. The black stripes of Hartmann's mountain zebra are thin with much wider white interspaces, while this is the opposite in Cape mountain zebra.

The Cape mountain zebra and the Hartmann's mountain zebra are allopatric, meaning that they occur in separate, nonoverlapping geographic areas. They are therefore unable to crossbreed.

Hartmann's mountain zebra


Cape mountain zebra The Cape mountain zebra can be found in the southern Cape, South Africa. They mainly eat grass but if little food is left they will eat bushes.

Hartmann's mountain zebra The Hartmann's mountain zebra can be found in coastal Namibia and southern Angola.

Hartmann's mountain zebras prefer to live in small groups of 7-12 individuals. They are agile climbers and are able to live in arid conditions and steep mountainous country.

Grevy's zebra

Grevy's Zebra in Kenya

The Grevy's zebra (Equus grevyi), sometimes known as the imperial zebra, is the largest species of zebra. It is found in the wild in Kenya and Ethiopia. Compared to other zebras, it is tall, has large ears, and its stripes are narrower. The species is named after Jules Grévy, a president of France, who, in the 1880s, was given one by the government of Abyssinia. The Grevy's zebra differs from all other zebras in its primitive characteristics and different behaviour. In fact, "zebra" does not describe any specific taxon and is used only to refer to black and white striped members of the family Equidae. All members of the family are of the genus Equus, but the genus is commonly subdivided into four subgenera; Equus, Asinus, Hippotigris and Dolichohippus. The plains zebra and mountain zebra belong to Hippotigris, but the Grevy's zebra is the sole species of Dolichohippus. In many respects, it is more akin to the asses (Asinus), while the other zebras are more closely related to the horses (Equus). In certain regions of Kenya, the plains zebras and Grevy's zebras coexist.

Physical attributes

Stripes

A mother nursing her young blends into a stand of deadwood.

Zebras are black with white stripes and their bellies have a large white blotch for camouflage purposes.[1] Three reasons it is believed that zebras are black with white stripes are: (1) white equids would not survive well in the African plains or forests; (2) The quagga, an extinct Plains zebra subspecies, had the zebra striping pattern in the front of the animal, but had a dark rump; (3) when the region between the pigmented bands becomes too wide, secondary stripes emerge, as if suppression was weakening. The fact that zebras have white bellies is not very strong evidence for a white background, since many animals of different colors have white or light colored bellies. [1]

The stripes are typically vertical on the head, neck, forequarters, and main body, with horizontal stripes at the rear and on the legs of the animal. The "zebra crossing" is named after the zebra's white and black stripes.

Zoologists believe that the stripes act as a camouflage mechanism. This is accomplished in several ways. First, the vertical striping helps the zebra hide in grass. While seeming absurd at first glance considering that grass is neither white nor black, it is supposed to be effective against the zebra's main predator, the lion, which is colour blind. Theoretically a zebra standing still in tall grass may not be noticed at all by a lion. Additionally, since zebras are herd animals, the stripes may help to confuse predators - a number of zebras standing or moving close together may appear as one large animal, making it more difficult for the lion to pick out any single zebra to attack.[2] A herd of zebras scattering to avoid a predator will also represent to that predator a confused mass of vertical stripes travelling in multiple directions making it difficult for the predator to track an individual visually as it separates from its herdmates, although biologists have never observed lions appearing confused by zebra stripes.

Stripes are also believed to play a role in social interactions, with slight variations of the pattern allowing the animals to distinguish between individuals.

A more recent theory, supported by experiment, posits that the disruptive colouration is also an effective means of confusing the visual system of the blood-sucking tsetse fly.[3] Alternative theories include that the stripes coincide with fat patterning beneath the skin, serving as a thermoregulatory mechanism for the zebra, and that wounds sustained disrupt the striping pattern to clearly indicate the fitness of the animal to potential mates.

Gaits

File:Framed zebra 2.JPG
a zebra is framed by a giraffe's legs in San Francisco Zoo

Like horses, zebras walk, trot, canter and gallop. They are generally slower than horses but their great stamina helps them outpace predators, especially lions who get tired rather quickly. When chased, a zebra will zig-zag from side to side making it more difficult for the predator. When cornered the zebra will rear up and kick its attacker. A kick from a zebra can be fatal. Zebras will bite their attackers as well.

Eyesight

Zebras have excellent eyesight with binocular-like vision. It is believed that they can see in colour. Like most ungulates the zebra has its eyes on the sides of its head, giving it a wide field of view. Zebras also have night vision although it's not as advanced as that of most of their predators.

Ears and hearing

Zebras have great hearing, and tend to have larger, rounder ears than horses. Like horses and other ungulates, zebra can turn their ears in almost any direction. Ear movement can also signify the zebra's mood. When a zebra is in a calm or friendly mood, its ears stand erect. When it is frightened, its ears are pushed forward. When angry, the ears are pulled backward.

Other senses

In addition to eyesight and hearing, zebra have an acute sense of smell and taste.

Ecology and Behavior

They can be found an a variety of habitats, such as grasslands, savanna, woodlands, thorny scrublands, mountains and coastal hills.


Social behavior

Zebras in Etosha National Park, Namibia

Like most members of the horse family, zebras are highly sociable. Their social structure, however, depends on the species. Mountain zebras and Plains zebras live in groups consisting of one stallion with up to six mares and their foals. A stallion forms a harem by abducting young mares from their families. When a mare reaches sexual maturity she will exhibit the estrous posture which invites the males. However she is usually not ready for mating at this point and will hide in her family group. Her father has to chase off stallions attempting to abduct her. Eventually a stallion will be able defeat the father and include the mare into his harem.

A stallion will defend his group from bachelor males. When challenged, the stallion would issue a warning to the invader by rubbing nose or shoulder with him. If the warning is not heeded, a fight breaks out. Zebra fights often become very violent, with the animals biting at each other's necks or legs and kicking. While stallions may come and go, the mares stay together for life. They exist in a hierarchy with the alpha female being the first to mate with the stallion and being the one to lead the group.

Unlike the other zebra species, Grevy's zebras do not have permanent social bonds. A group of these zebras rarely stays together for more than a few months. The foals stay with their mother, while the adult male lives alone.

Like horses, zebras sleep standing up and only sleep when neighbors are around to warn them of predators. When attacked by packs of hyenas or wild dogs, a Plains zebra group will huddle together wih the foals in the middle while the stallion tries to ward them off. Zebra groups often come together in large herds and migrate together along with other species such as Blue Wildebeests. Zebras communicate with each other with high-pitched barks and brays.

Food and foraging

Mother zebra and foal

Zebras are very adaptable grazers. They feed mainly on grasses but will also eat shrubs, herbs, twigs, leaves and bark. Plains zebras are pioneer grazers and are the first to eat at well-vegetated areas. After the area is mowed down by the zebras, other grazers follow.

Reproduction

Like most animal species, female zebras mature earlier than the males and a mare may have her first foal by the age of three. Males are not able to breed until the age of five or six. Mares may give birth to one foal every twelve months. She nurses the foal for up to a year. Like horses, zebras are able to stand, walk and suckle shortly after they're born. A zebra foal is brown and white instead of black and white at birth. Plains and Mountain zebra foals are protected by their mother as well as the head stallion and the other mares in their group. Grevy’s zebra foals have only their mother. Even with parental protection up to 50% of zebra foals are taken by predation, disease and starvation each year.


Evolution

Zebras were the second species to diverge from the earliest proto-horses, after the asses, around 4 million years ago. The Grevy's zebra is believed to have been the first zebra species to emerge. Zebras might have lived in North America in prehistoric times. Fossils of an ancient horselike animal were discovered in the Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument in Hagerman, Idaho. It was named the Hagerman Horse with a scientific name of Equus simplicidens. There is some debate among paleontologists on whether the animal was a horse or a bona-fide zebra. While the animal's overall anatomy seems to be more horselike, its skull and teeth indicate that it was more closely related to the Grevy's Zebra. Thus it is also called the American zebra or Hagerman Zebra.[4]

Domestication

A tamed zebra being ridden in East Africa
Lord Rothschild with his famed zebra carriage (Equus burchelli), which he frequently drove through London.

Attempts have been made to train zebras for riding since they have better resistance than horses to African diseases. However most of these attempts failed, due to the zebra's more unpredictable nature and tendency to panic under stress. For this reason, zebra-mules or zebroids (crosses between any species of zebra and a horse, pony, donkey or ass) are preferred over pure-bred zebras.

In England, the zoological collector Lord Rothschild frequently used zebras to draw a carriage. In 1907, Rosendo Ribeiro, the first doctor in Nairobi, Kenya, used a riding zebra for house-calls.

Captain Horace Hayes, in "Points of the Horse" (circa 1899) compared the usefulness of different zebra species. Hayes saddled and bridled a Mountain Zebra in less than one hour, but was unable to give it a "mouth" during the two days it was in his possession. He noted that the zebra's neck was so stiff and strong that he was unable to bend it in any direction. Although he taught it to do what he wanted in a circus ring, when he took it outdoors he was unable to control it. He found the Burchell's Zebra easy to break in and considered it ideal for domestication, as it was also immune to the bite of the tsetse fly. He considered the quagga well-suited to domestication due to being stronger, more docile and more horse-like than other zebras.

Conservation

Modern man have had great impact on the zebra population since the 19th century. Zebras were, and still are, hunted mainly for their skins. The Cape mountain zebra was hunted to near extinction with less than 100 individuals by the 1930s. However the population has increased to about 700 due to conservation efforts. Both Mountain zebra species are currently protected in national parks but are still endangered.

The Grevy's zebra is also endangered. Hunting and competition from livestock have greatly decreased their population. Because of the population's small size, environmental hazards, such as drought, are capable of easily affecting the entire species.

Plains zebras are much more numerous and have a healthy population. Nevertheless they too are threatened by hunting and habitat change from farming. One subspecies, the quagga, is now extinct.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  1. Gould, S. J. (1983) Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes: Further Reflections in Natural History. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.
  2. How do a zebra's stripes act as camouflage?. How Stuff Works. Retrieved 2006-11-13.
  3. Waage, J. K. 1981. How the zebra got its stripes: biting flies as selective agents in the evolution of zebra colouration. J. Entom. Soc. South Africa. 44: 351 - 358.
  4. A horse is a horse
  • McClintock, Dorcas. "A Natural History Of Zebras" September 1976. Scribner's, New York. ISBN 0-684-14621-5
  • Hayes, Horace. "Points of the Horse" (circa 1899)

See also

  • Zebroid
  • Tijuana Zebra

External links

Commons
Wikimedia Commons has media related to::

Credits

New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.