Difference between revisions of "Zanzibar" - New World Encyclopedia

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<!-- Infobox begins —>
 
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{{Infobox Settlement
 
{{Infobox Settlement
|official_name         = Zanzibar  
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|official_name     = Zanzibar  
|other_name             =
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|other_name       =
|native_name           = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English —>
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|settlement_type   = Both Islands <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)—>
|motto                 =  
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|imagesize             =  
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|imagesize       =  
|image_caption         =  
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|image_caption     =  
|image_flag             = Flag of Zanzibar.svg  
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|image_flag       = Flag of Zanzibar.svg  
|flag_size             =
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|flag_size       =
|image_seal             = Smzsmall.jpg
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|image_seal       = Coat of arms of Zanzibar.png
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|image_map             = Topographic map of Zanzibar-en.svg
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|image_map       = Topographic map of Zanzibar-en.svg
|mapsize               =  
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|mapsize       =  
|map_caption           = Map of Zanzibar's main island
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|map_caption     = Map of Zanzibar's main island
|image_map1             = Zanzibar Spice Islands svg.png
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|image_map1       = Zanzibar Spice Islands svg.png
|mapsize1               =  
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|mapsize1       =  
|map_caption1           = Zanzibar is part of Tanzania
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|map_caption1     = Zanzibar is part of Tanzania
|pushpin_map           = <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map —>
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|pushpin_map     = <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map —>
 
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|pushpin_mapsize   =
|subdivision_type       = Country
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|subdivision_type   = Country
|subdivision_name       = [[Tanzania]]
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|subdivision_name   = [[Tanzania]]
|subdivision_type1     = Islands
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|subdivision_type1   = Islands
|subdivision_name1     = [[Zanzibar|Unguja]] and [[Pemba, Tanzania|Pemba]]
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|subdivision_name1   = [[Zanzibar|Unguja]] and [[Pemba, Tanzania|Pemba]]
|subdivision_type2     = Capital
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|subdivision_type2   = Capital
|subdivision_name2     = [[Zanzibar City]]
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|subdivision_name2   = [[Zanzibar City]]
|subdivision_type3     =  
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|subdivision_type3   =  
|subdivision_name3     =  
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|subdivision_name3   =  
|subdivision_type4     =  
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|subdivision_type4   =  
|subdivision_name4     =  
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|subdivision_name4   =  
|government_type       = semi-autonomous part of Tanzania
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|government_type   = semi-autonomous part of Tanzania
|leader_title           = President
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|leader_title     = President
|leader_name           = [[Amani Abeid Karume]]
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|leader_name     = [[Ali Mohammed Shein]]
|leader_title1         = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager —>
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|leader_name4           =
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|leader_name4     =
|established_title     =   Settled  
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|established_title   = Settled  
|established_date       = [[Anno Domini|AD]]&nbsp;1000
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|established_date   = 1000 C.E.
|established_title2     = <!-- Incorporated (town) —>
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|established_title2   = <!-- Incorporated (town) —>
|established_date2     =  
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|established_date2   =  
|established_title3     = <!-- Incorporated (city) —>
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|established_title3   = <!-- Incorporated (city) —>
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|established_date3   =  
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|area_magnitude     =  
|unit_pref               = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired—>
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|unit_pref       = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired—>
|area_footnotes           =
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|area_footnotes     =<ref name="sacmeq">{{cite web|url=http://www.sacmeq.org/education-zanzibar.htm |title=Education in Zanzibar – Southern and Eastern African Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality |publisher=Sacmeq.org |date= |accessdate=January 31, 2012}}</ref>
|area_total_km2           = 2557
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|area_total_km2     = 2643
|area_land_km2           =  
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|area_land_km2     =  
|area_water_km2           =  
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|area_water_km2     =  
|area_total_sq_mi         = 987
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|area_total_sq_mi     = 1020.5
|area_land_sq_mi         =  
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|area_land_sq_mi     =  
|area_water_sq_mi         =  
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|population_as_of               =2004  
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|population_as_of       =2004  
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|population_note               =  
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|population_note       =  
|population_total               = 1070000  
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|population_total       = 1070000  
|population_density_km2         =  
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|population_density_sq_mi       =  
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|latd=6 |latm=8 |lats= |latNS=S
 
|latd=6 |latm=8 |lats= |latNS=S
 
|longd=39 |longm=19 |longs= |longEW=E
 
|longd=39 |longm=19 |longs= |longEW=E
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'''Zanzibar''' {{IPA3|ˈzænzɪbɑː(ɹ)}} is an [[archipelago]] in the [[Indian Ocean]] 22 miles (35 km) off the coast of [[East Africa]], of numerous small [[island]]s and two large ones: ''Unguja'' (the main island, sometimes informally referred to as 'Zanzibar'), and ''Pemba Island.'' The archipelago was once the separate state of Zanzibar, which united with [[Tanganyika]] to form [[Tanzania]] (derived from the two names), and still enjoys a high degree of autonomy within the union. The capital of Zanzibar, located on the island of Unguja, is [[Zanzibar City]]. The city's old quarter, known as [[Stone Town]], is a [[World Heritage Site]].  
'''Zanzibar''' {{IPA3|ˈzænzɪbɑː(ɹ)}} is the name for an [[archipelago]] in the [[Indian Ocean]] 25–50 km off the coast of [[East Africa]], of numerous small [[island]]s and two large ones: ''Unguja'' (the main island, sometimes informally referred to as 'Zanzibar'), and ''Pemba Island.'' The archipelago was once the separate state of '''Zanzibar''', which united with [[Tanganyika]] to form [[Tanzania]] (derived from the two names), and still enjoys a high degree of autonomy within the union. The capital of Zanzibar, located on the island of Unguja, is [[Zanzibar City]]. The city's old quarter, known as [[Stone Town]], is a [[World Heritage Site]].  
 
  
 
Zanzibar's main industries are [[spice]]s (which include [[cloves]], [[nutmeg]], [[cinnamon]] and [[black pepper|pepper]]), [[raffia]], and [[tourism]]. Zanzibar is also the home of the [[Endemic (ecology)|endemic]] [[Zanzibar Red Colobus]] and the elusive [[Zanzibar Leopard]].
 
Zanzibar's main industries are [[spice]]s (which include [[cloves]], [[nutmeg]], [[cinnamon]] and [[black pepper|pepper]]), [[raffia]], and [[tourism]]. Zanzibar is also the home of the [[Endemic (ecology)|endemic]] [[Zanzibar Red Colobus]] and the elusive [[Zanzibar Leopard]].
The word "Zanzibar" probably derives from the [[Persian language|Persian]] زنگبار, ''Zangi-bar'' ("coast of the blacks") and it is also known as Zanji-bar in Arabic. "Zanzibar" may also refer to the spice [[ginger]] (genus ''[[Zingiber]]''). Zanzibar is sometimes referred to as the "Spice Islands," a term that is also associated with the [[Maluku Islands]] in [[Indonesia]]. [[Pemba Island]] is the only [[island]] apart from Zanzibar that still produces [[cloves]] on a major basis which is the primary source of [[spice]] income for the [[islands]].
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{{toc}}
 
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Zanzibar is sometimes referred to as the "Spice Islands," a term that is also associated with the [[Maluku Islands]] in [[Indonesia]]. [[Pemba Island]] is the only [[island]] apart from Zanzibar that still produces [[cloves]] on a major basis which is a primary source of [[spice]] income for the [[islands]]. Sometimes called "a jewel in the lap of Africa," the archipelago has become a popular tourist destination.
  
 
==Geography==
 
==Geography==
The Zanzibar Archipelago consists of several [[island]]s lying off the coast of [[East Africa]] in the [[Indian Ocean]]: <ref> Lizzie Williams. 2005. ''Africa Overland''. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 1770071873 </ref>
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The Zanzibar Archipelago consists of several [[island]]s lying off the coast of [[East Africa]] in the [[Indian Ocean]]:<ref> Lizzie Williams, ''Africa Overland'' (New Holland Publishers, 2005, ISBN 1770071873). </ref>
 
*[[Unguja|Unguja Island]], the largest, sometimes referred to as Zanzibar
 
*[[Unguja|Unguja Island]], the largest, sometimes referred to as Zanzibar
 
*[[Pemba Island]], the second largest
 
*[[Pemba Island]], the second largest
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*[[Mnemba Island]]
 
*[[Mnemba Island]]
 
*[[Misali Island]]
 
*[[Misali Island]]
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{{readout||left|250px|The [[archipelago]] of Zanzibar was a separate state which united with [[Tanganyika]] to form [[Tanzania]] and still enjoys a high degree of autonomy within the union}}
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In 1964 these islands joined with Tanganyika on the mainland to form the [[Tanzania|United Republic of Tanzania]]. Zanzibar (Unguja) island, the largest in the archipelago, covers 637 square miles (1,651 square km), while Pemba, the next largest, covers 350 square miles (906 square km).
  
In 1964 these islands joined with Tanganyika on the mainland to form the [[Tanzania|United Republic of Tanzania]]. Zanzibar island, the largest in the archipelago, covers 637 square miles (1,651 square km), while Pemba, the next largest, covers 350 square miles (906 square km).
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These islands are believed to have once been part of the African continent, having separated during the [[Miocene]] (Pemba) and [[Pliocene]] (Unguja) epochs. The islands are formed from a base of [[limestone]], which, through time, erosion, and earth movement, have formed a variety of [[soil]]s such as clays, loams, red earths, and sands. Flat areas of [[coral]] limestone also occur.<ref name=EB>''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 2008, Zanzibar.</ref>
 
 
These islands are believed to have once been part of the African continent, having separated during the [[Miocene]] (Pemba) and [[Pliocene]] (Unguja) epochs. The islands are formed from a base of [[limestone]], which, through time, erosion, and earth movement, have formed a variety of [[soil]]s such as clays, loams, red earths, and sands. Flat areas of [[coral]] limestone also occur. <ref name=EB>''Encyclopædia Britannica Online''. 2008. [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078248 Zanzibar] Retrieved April 30, 2008.</ref>
 
  
 
The island of Unguja is low-lying with small ridges along its central north–south axis. Masingini, the highest point of the central ridge system, is 390 feet (119 m) above sea level. The island's higher ground is slightly rolling, giving birth to several small rivers and streams. Believed to have once been covered by dense [[evergreen]] forest, what remains are small patches of indigenous [[forest]] and isolated large trees. [[Coconut]] palms, thicket vegetation and grass are abundant.  
 
The island of Unguja is low-lying with small ridges along its central north–south axis. Masingini, the highest point of the central ridge system, is 390 feet (119 m) above sea level. The island's higher ground is slightly rolling, giving birth to several small rivers and streams. Believed to have once been covered by dense [[evergreen]] forest, what remains are small patches of indigenous [[forest]] and isolated large trees. [[Coconut]] palms, thicket vegetation and grass are abundant.  
  
A tropical, humid [[climate]] lends to an annual average [[rain]]fall of 60 to 80 inches (1,500 to 2,000 mm), which is consistent and well-distributed throughout the islands. Northeast trade winds blow from December to March and southeast trade winds from May to October. Periods of “long rains” occur from March to May, while “short rains” fall October through December. <ref name=EB/>
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A tropical, humid [[climate]] lends to an annual average [[rain]]fall of 60 to 80 inches (1,500 to 2,000 mm), which is consistent and well-distributed throughout the islands. Northeast trade winds blow from December to March and southeast trade winds from May to October. Periods of “long rains” occur from March to May, while “short rains” fall October through December.<ref name=EB/>
  
 
Agreeable climate and fertile soil give rise to a variety of tropical crops, most importantly the export-crops of cloves and coconuts. Food grown for local consumption include [[rice]], [[cassava]], [[yam]]s, and [[tropical fruit]]. The surrounding waters provide [[fish]], also an important component of the native diet.  
 
Agreeable climate and fertile soil give rise to a variety of tropical crops, most importantly the export-crops of cloves and coconuts. Food grown for local consumption include [[rice]], [[cassava]], [[yam]]s, and [[tropical fruit]]. The surrounding waters provide [[fish]], also an important component of the native diet.  
  
Fauna include the African pig, civet cat, forest duiker, lemur, leopard (a variety peculiar to Zanzibar), mongoose, two species of monkey, and pigmy antelope. Numerous species of [[bat]]s and [[snake]]s exist. <ref name=EB/>
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Fauna include the African pig, civet cat, forest duiker, lemur, leopard (a variety peculiar to Zanzibar), mongoose, two species of monkey, and pigmy antelope. Numerous species of [[bat]]s and [[snake]]s exist.<ref name=EB/>
  
 
==History==
 
==History==
[[Image:Zanzibar woman.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Photograph of woman from Zanzibar by Coutinho brothers, c. 1890]]
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[[Image:Zanzibar woman.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Photograph of woman from Zanzibar by Coutinho brothers, c. 1890.]]
The presence of [[microlith]]ic tools attests to 20,000 years of human occupation of Zanzibar. The islands became part of the historical record of the wider world when [[Arab]] traders discovered them and used them as a base for voyages between [[Arabia]], [[India]], and [[Africa]]. Unguja offered a protected and defensible harbor, so although the archipelago offered few products of value, the Arabs settled at what became [[Zanzibar City]] (Stone Town) as a convenient point from which to trade with [[East Africa]]n coastal towns. They established garrisons on the islands and built the first [[mosque]] in the [[Southern hemisphere]]. <ref> Else, David, and Sarah Chanter. 1993. ''Guide to Zanzibar''. Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks, England: Bradt. ISBN 0946983984 </ref>
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The presence of [[microlith]]ic tools attests to 20,000 years of human occupation of Zanzibar. The islands became part of the historical record of the wider world when [[Arab]] traders discovered them and used them as a base for voyages between [[Arabia]], [[India]], and [[Africa]]. Unguja offered a protected and defensible [[harbor]], so although the archipelago offered few products of value, the Arabs settled at what became [[Zanzibar City]] (Stone Town) as a convenient point from which to trade with [[East Africa]]n coastal towns. They established garrisons on the islands and built the first [[mosque]] in the [[Southern hemisphere]].<ref> David Else and Sarah Chanter, ''Guide to Zanzibar'' (Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks, England: Bradt, 1993, ISBN 0946983984). </ref>
  
During the [[Age of Exploration]], the [[Portuguese Empire]] was the first [[Europe]]an power to gain control of Zanzibar, and kept it for nearly 200 years. In 1698 Zanzibar fell under the control of the [[Sultanate of Oman]], which developed an economy of trade and [[cash crop]]s, with a ruling Arab elite. Plantations were developed to grow [[spice]]s, hence the moniker of the [[Spice Islands]] (a name also used of [[Dutch Empire|Dutch colony]] the [[Moluccas]], now part of [[Indonesia]]). Another major trade good was [[ivory]], the tusks of elephants killed in mainland Africa. The third pillar of the economy was slaves, giving Zanzibar an important place in the [[Arab slave trade]], the [[Indian Ocean]] equivalent of the better-known [[Triangular Trade]]. Zanzibar City was the main trading port of the East African [[slave trade]], with about 50,000 slaves a year passing through the city. <ref> Robert Caputo. October 2001. [http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast, East Africa's Ancient Crossroads] ''National Geographic''. Retrieved April 30, 2008.</ref> The [[Sultan of Zanzibar]] controlled a substantial portion of the East African coast, known as [[Zanj]], which included [[Mombasa]] and [[Dar es Salaam]], and trading routes which extended much further inland, such as to [[Kindu]] on the [[Congo River]].  
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During the [[Age of Exploration]], the [[Portuguese Empire]] was the first [[Europe]]an power to gain control of Zanzibar, and kept it for nearly 200 years. In 1698 Zanzibar fell under the control of the [[Sultanate of Oman]], which developed an economy of trade and [[cash crop]]s, with a ruling Arab elite. Plantations were developed to grow [[spice]]s, hence the moniker of the [[Spice Islands]] (a name also used of [[Dutch Empire|Dutch colony]] the [[Moluccas]], now part of [[Indonesia]]). Another major trade good was [[ivory]], the tusks of [[elephant]]s killed in mainland Africa. The third pillar of the economy was [[slave]]s, giving Zanzibar an important place in the [[Arab slave trade]], the [[Indian Ocean]] equivalent of the better-known [[Triangular Trade]]. Zanzibar City was the main trading port of the East African [[slave trade]], with about 50,000 slaves a year passing through the city.<ref> Robert Caputo, October 2001, [http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast, East Africa's Ancient Crossroads] ''National Geographic''. Retrieved April 30, 2008.</ref> The [[Sultan of Zanzibar]] controlled a substantial portion of the East African coast, known as [[Zanj]], which included [[Mombasa]] and [[Dar es Salaam]], and trading routes which extended much further inland, such as to [[Kindu]] on the [[Congo River]].  
 
[[Image:Flag of the Sultanate of Zanzibar.svg|thumb|Flag of the historical Sultanate of Zanzibar.]]
 
[[Image:Flag of the Sultanate of Zanzibar.svg|thumb|Flag of the historical Sultanate of Zanzibar.]]
Sometimes gradually, sometimes by fits and starts, control came into the hands of the [[British Empire]]; part of the political impetus for this was the 19th century movement for the [[abolitionism|abolition of the slave trade]]. The relationship between Britain and [[German Empire|the nearest relevant colonial power, Germany]], was formalized by the 1890 [[Helgoland-Zanzibar Treaty]], in which Germany pledged not to interfere with British interests in insular Zanzibar. That year, Zanzibar became a [[protectorate]] (not a [[colony]]) of Britain. From 1890 to 1913, traditional [[vizier]]s were appointed to [[puppet government|govern as puppets]], switching to a system of British residents (effectively [[governor]]s) from 1913 to 1963. The death of one sultan and the succession of another of whom the British did not approve led to the [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]]. On the morning of August 27, 1896, ships of the [[Royal Navy]] destroyed the [[Beit al Hukum Palace]]; a [[cease fire]] was declared 45 minutes later, and the bombardment subsequently became known as "The Shortest War in History".
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Sometimes gradually, sometimes by fits and starts, control came into the hands of the [[British Empire]]; part of the political impetus for this was the nineteenth-century movement for the [[abolitionism|abolition of the slave trade]]. The relationship between Britain and [[German Empire|the nearest relevant colonial power, Germany]], was formalized by the 1890 [[Helgoland-Zanzibar Treaty]], in which Germany pledged not to interfere with British interests in insular Zanzibar. That year, Zanzibar became a [[protectorate]] (not a [[colony]]) of Britain. From 1890 to 1913, traditional [[vizier]]s were appointed to [[puppet government|govern as puppets]], switching to a system of British residents (effectively [[governor]]s) from 1913 to 1963. The death of one sultan and the succession of another of whom the British did not approve led to the [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]]. On the morning of August 27, 1896, ships of the [[Royal Navy]] destroyed the [[Beit al Hukum Palace]]; a [[cease fire]] was declared 45 minutes later, and the bombardment subsequently became known as "The Shortest War in History."
  
The islands gained independence from Britain in December 1963 as a [[constitutional monarchy]]. A month later, the bloody [[Zanzibar Revolution]], in which several thousand Arabs and Indians were killed and thousands more expelled, <ref> Yeager, Rodger. 1989. ''Tanzania: an African experiment''. Profiles. Boulder: Westview Press. ISBN 0813306930, p. 27 </ref> established the [[Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba]]. That April, the republic merged with the mainland former colony of [[Tanganyika]], or more accurately, was subsumed by the much larger entity. This United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar was soon renamed as a [[portmanteau]], the [[Tanzania|United Republic of Tanzania]], of which Zanzibar remains a semi-autonomous region. Zanzibar was most recently in the international news with a January 2001 massacre, following contested elections.
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The islands gained independence from Britain in December 1963 as a [[constitutional monarchy]]. A month later, the bloody [[Zanzibar Revolution]], in which several thousand Arabs and Indians were killed and thousands more expelled,<ref> Rodger Yeager, ''Tanzania: an African experiment'' Profiles (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989, ISBN 0813306930), 27. </ref> established the [[Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba]]. That April, the republic merged with the mainland former colony of [[Tanganyika]], or more accurately, was subsumed by the much larger entity. This United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar was soon renamed as a [[portmanteau]], the [[Tanzania|United Republic of Tanzania]], of which Zanzibar remains a semi-autonomous region.
  
 
==Political status==
 
==Political status==
 
[[Image:Flag of Zanzibar.svg|thumb|The new flag of Zanzibar was hoisted for the first time in January 2005.]]
 
[[Image:Flag of Zanzibar.svg|thumb|The new flag of Zanzibar was hoisted for the first time in January 2005.]]
Although Zanzibar is part of [[Tanzania]], it elects its own president who is head of government for matters internal to the island. It also has its own Revolutionary Council and House of Representatives (with 50 seats, directly elected by [[universal suffrage]] to serve five-year terms) to make laws especially for it; these make up the semi-autonomous [[Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar]].
+
Although Zanzibar is part of [[Tanzania]], it elects its own president who is head of government for matters internal to the island. It also has its own Revolutionary Council and House of Representatives (with 50 seats, directly elected by [[universal suffrage]] to serve five-year terms) to make laws especially for it; these make up the semi-autonomous [[Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar]].
  
 
The Island of Unguja comprises three administrative regions: [[Zanzibar Central/South]], [[Zanzibar North]] and [[Zanzibar Urban/West]]. On the Island of Pemba are the two regions [[Pemba North]] and [[Pemba South]].
 
The Island of Unguja comprises three administrative regions: [[Zanzibar Central/South]], [[Zanzibar North]] and [[Zanzibar Urban/West]]. On the Island of Pemba are the two regions [[Pemba North]] and [[Pemba South]].
  
Since the early 1990s, the politics of the archipelago have been marked by repeated clashes between two political parties: the [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM) and the [[Civic United Front]] (CUF). Violence erupted over contested elections in 2000 and 2005, with the CUF claiming both times to have had their rightful victory stolen from them. Following 2005, negotiations between the two parties aiming at the long-term resolution of the tensions as well as a power-sharing accord took place, but suffered repeated setbacks, most notably in April 2008, when the CUF walked away from the negotiating table following a CCM call for a referendum to approve of what had been presented as a done deal on the power-sharing agreement.
+
Since the early 1990s, the politics of the archipelago have been marked by repeated clashes between two political parties: the [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM) and the [[Civic United Front]] (CUF). Violence erupted over contested elections in 2000 and 2005, with the CUF claiming both times to have had their rightful victory stolen from them. Following 2005, negotiations between the two parties aiming at the long-term resolution of the tensions as well as a power-sharing accord took place, but suffered repeated setbacks, most notably in April 2008, when the CUF walked away from the negotiating table following a CCM call for a referendum to approve of what had been presented as a done deal on the power-sharing agreement.
  
 
== Economy ==
 
== Economy ==
Prior to the development of eastern African mainland ports, Zanzibar was the trade focus of the region and enjoyed an important entrepôt trade. Pemba Island was once the world's leading [[clove]] producer, although when the national government decided to privatize the clove market, the island went into an economic slump. Zanzibar exports [[spice]]s, [[seaweed]] and fine [[raffia]] (palms used in [[textile]]s and construction). It also has a large [[fishing]] and [[dugout (boat)|dugout]] canoe production. [[Tourism]] is a major foreign currency earner. [[Agriculture]] and [[fishing]] are also important aspects of the islands' economy.
+
Prior to the development of eastern African mainland ports, Zanzibar was the trade focus of the region and enjoyed an important entrepôt trade. Pemba Island was once the world's leading [[clove]] producer, although when the national government decided to privatize the clove market, the island went into an economic slump. Zanzibar exports [[spice]]s, [[seaweed]] and fine [[raffia]] (palms used in [[textile]]s and construction). It also has a large [[fishing]] and [[dugout (boat)|dugout]] canoe production. [[Tourism]] is a major foreign currency earner. [[Agriculture]] and fishing are also important aspects of the islands' economy.
  
 
==Demographics and culture==
 
==Demographics and culture==
 
[[Image:Zanzibar from sea.jpg|thumb|left|225px|Stone Town]]
 
[[Image:Zanzibar from sea.jpg|thumb|left|225px|Stone Town]]
 
[[Image:Zanzibar sultan palace.jpg|thumb|left|225px|Stone Town with Sultan Palace]]
 
[[Image:Zanzibar sultan palace.jpg|thumb|left|225px|Stone Town with Sultan Palace]]
[[Image:Zanzibarsultanpalace22.JPG|thumb|left|225px|House of Wonders]]
 
 
Zanzibar is a conservative, [[Sunni Muslim]] society, although there are also followers of [[Christianity]] and [[Hinduism]]. Zanzibaris are an eclectic mixture of ethnic backgrounds, indicative of the islands' colorful history. Widespread [[intermarriage]] between Shirazis and Africans gave rise to a coastal community with distinctive features, and a language derived in part from Arabic. It is the most common [[language]] - a highly Arabicized form of Swahili, known as Kiswahili. Use of pure [[Arabic language|Arabic]] is generally confined to scholars and recent arrivals from Arab lands. [[English language|English]] is also widely used and understood. <ref name=EB/>
 
  
Zanzibar was originally populated by [[Bantu]]-speaking peoples, the Hadimu and Tumbatu. The earliest arrivals to the islands, they were expropriated during the 19th century from the western and more fertile parts of the island by later arrivals, notably Arabs. Its history was influenced by the [[Arab]]s, [[Iran|Persia]]ns, [[India]]ns, [[Portugal|Portuguese]], [[United Kingdom|British]] and the [[Africa|African mainland]].  
+
Zanzibar is a conservative, [[Sunni Muslim]] society, although there are also followers of [[Christianity]] and [[Hinduism]]. Zanzibaris are an eclectic mixture of ethnic backgrounds, indicative of the islands' colorful history. Widespread [[intermarriage]] between Shirazis and Africans gave rise to a coastal community with distinctive features, and a language derived in part from Arabic. It is the most common [[language]]&mdash;a highly Arabicized form of Swahili, known as Kiswahili. Use of pure [[Arabic language|Arabic]] is generally confined to scholars and recent arrivals from Arab lands. [[English language|English]] is also widely used and understood.<ref name=EB/>
  
[[Stone Town]], Zanzibar's capital city, is a place of winding lanes, circular towers, carved wooden doors, raised terraces and beautiful mosques. Named for its many multi-story "stone" buildings, these structures are actually constructed with coral and mortar, not stone. Of the 1,700 "stone" buildings, 1,100 have been classified as having architectural significance. There are 23 "landmark buildings", two cathedrals, over 50 Mosques, 157 balconies, verandahs and loggias and more than 200 carved doors. Zanzibar's Stone Town has been designated a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]]. <ref>''Zanzibar Unveiled''. [http://www.zanzibarhistory.org/ Islands that lie "like a jewel in the lap of Africa"] Retrieved April 30, 2008.</ref> Important [[architecture|architectural]] features are the Livingstone house, the Guliani Bridge, and the House of Wonders.  
+
Zanzibar was originally populated by [[Bantu]]-speaking peoples, the Hadimu and Tumbatu. The earliest arrivals to the islands, they were expropriated during the nineteenth century from the western and more fertile parts of the island by later arrivals, notably Arabs. Its history was influenced by the [[Arab]]s, [[Iran|Persia]]ns, [[India]]ns, [[Portugal|Portuguese]], [[United Kingdom|British]] and the [[Africa|African mainland]].  
  
 +
[[Stone Town]], Zanzibar's capital city, is a place of winding lanes, circular towers, carved wooden doors, raised terraces and beautiful mosques. Named for its many multi-story "stone" buildings, these structures are actually constructed with coral and mortar, not stone. Of the 1,700 "stone" buildings, 1,100 have been classified as having architectural significance. There are 23 "landmark buildings," two cathedrals, over 50 Mosques, 157 balconies, verandahs and loggias and more than 200 carved doors. Zanzibar's Stone Town has been designated a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]].<ref>''Zanzibar Unveiled'', [http://www.zanzibarhistory.org/ Islands that lie "like a jewel in the lap of Africa"] Retrieved April 30, 2008.</ref> Important [[architecture|architectural]] features are the Livingstone house, the Guliani Bridge, and the House of Wonders.
 +
[[Image:Zanzibarsultanpalace22.JPG|thumb|225px|House of Wonders]]
 
The town of [[Kidichi]] features the [[hammam]] (Persian baths), built by immigrants from [[Shiraz, Iran|Shiraz]], [[Iran]] during the reign of [[Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar|Barghash bin Said]].
 
The town of [[Kidichi]] features the [[hammam]] (Persian baths), built by immigrants from [[Shiraz, Iran|Shiraz]], [[Iran]] during the reign of [[Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar|Barghash bin Said]].
  
According to local legend, the [[music]] known as ''taarab'' was begun by Sultan [[Seyyid Barghash bin Said]], and rose to prominence in 1928. Influenced by music from cultures with a historical presence in [[East Africa]], including those from [[East Asia]], [[Sub-Saharan Africa]], [[North Africa]], the [[Middle East]] and [[Europe]], it began in Zanzibar, and soon spread throughout the region. The word Taarab comes from Arabic, meaning "having joy with music". <ref> Rizk, Mohamed El-Mohammady. 2007. ''Women in Taarab: the performing art in East Africa''. Frankfurt am Main: Lang. ISBN 3631532083 </ref>
+
According to local legend, the [[music]] known as ''taarab'' was begun by Sultan [[Seyyid Barghash bin Said]], and rose to prominence in 1928. Influenced by music from cultures with a historical presence in [[East Africa]], including those from [[East Asia]], [[Sub-Saharan Africa]], [[North Africa]], the [[Middle East]] and [[Europe]], it began in Zanzibar, and soon spread throughout the region. The word Taarab comes from Arabic, meaning "having joy with music."<ref> Mohamed El-Mohammady Rizk, ''Women in Taarab: the performing art in East Africa'' (Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 2007, ISBN 3631532083). </ref>
  
Zanzibar was the first region in Africa to introduce color television, in 1973. The current TV station is called [http://www.tvz.co.tz/ TvZ]. The first [[television]] service on mainland Tanzania was not introduced until some twenty years later.
+
Zanzibar was the first region in Africa to introduce color television, in 1973. The current TV station is called TvZ.<ref>[http://www.tvz.co.tz/ TvZ]. Retrieved January 31, 2012.</ref> The first [[television]] service on mainland Tanzania was not introduced until some twenty years later.
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
Line 173: Line 171:
  
 
==References==  
 
==References==  
* Ruete, Emilie. 1989. ''Memoirs of an Arabian princess from Zanzibar''. New York: M. Wiener Pub. ISBN 1558760075 and ISBN 9781558760073
+
* Craster, John Evelyn Edmund. ''Pemba, The Spice Island of Zanzibar''. London: T.F. Unwin, 1913. {{ASIN|B0006AGX1Y}}
* Newman, Henry Stanley. 1898. ''Banani: the transition from slavery to freedom in Zanzibar and Pemba''. London [etc.]: Headley Bros.  
+
* Else, David, and Sarah Chanter. ''Guide to Zanzibar''. Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks, England: Bradt, 1993. ISBN 0946983984
* Fitzgerald, William Walter Augustine. 1970. ''Travels in the coastlands of British East Africa and the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba''.
+
* Fitzgerald, William Walter Augustine. ''Travels in the Coastlands of British East Africa and the Islands of Zanzibar and Pemba''. Kessinger Publishing, 2010. ISBN 978-1161663792
* Lyne, Robert Nunez. 1905. ''Zanzibar in contemporary times: a short history of the southern east in the nineteenth century''. London: Darf. ISBN 1850771731 and ISBN 9781850771739
+
* Lyne, Robert Nunez. ''Zanzibar in contemporary times: a short history of the southern east in the nineteenth century''. London: Darf, 1905. ISBN 978-1850771739
* Craster, John Evelyn Edmund. 1913. ''Pemba, the spice island of Zanzibar''. London: T.F. Unwin.  
+
* Newman, Henry Stanley. ''Banani: The Transition from Slavery to Freedom in Zanzibar and Pemba''. General Books LLC, 2010. ISBN 978-1152869011
* Uğur, Hatice. 2005. ''Osmanlı Afrikası'nda bir sultanlık: Zengibar''. Küre Yayınları, 23. Aksaray, İstanbul: Küre Yayınları. ISBN 9756614242 and ISBN 9789756614242
+
* Rizk, Mohamed El-Mohammady. ''Women in Taarab: The Performing Art in East Africa''. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 2007. ISBN 3631532083
 +
* Ruete, Emilie. ''Memoirs of an Arabian Princess from Zanzibar''. New York, NY: M. Wiener Pub., 1989. ISBN 978-1558760073
 +
* Uğur, Hatice. ''Osmanlı Afrikası'nda bir sultanlık: Zengibar''. Küre Yayınları, 23. Aksaray, İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2005. ISBN 9789756614242
 +
* Williams, Lizzie.  ''Africa Overland''. New Holland Publishers, 2005. ISBN 1770071873
 +
* Yeager, Rodger. ''Tanzania: an African experiment Profiles''. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989. ISBN 0813306930
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
{{Wikisource1913CatholicEnc|Zanzibar}}
+
All links retrieved October 15, 2020.
All links Retrieved April 21, 2008.
+
 
*[http://unimaps.com/tanzania1886/index.html Map of Zanzibar and Tanganyika in 1886]
 
 
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4167807.stm Joy as Zanzibar flies new flag]
 
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4167807.stm Joy as Zanzibar flies new flag]
*[http://www.discovertanzania.org/zanzibar.asp Zanzibar]
+
 
*[http://www.kempinski-zanzibar.com/en/about/index.htm?item_id=38460 Essential Zanzibar Guide]
 
  
 
[[Category:Geography]]
 
[[Category:Geography]]
 
[[Category:Islands]]
 
[[Category:Islands]]
 
[[Category:Africa]]
 
[[Category:Africa]]
 
+
[[Category:Former Countries]]
 
+
[[Category:Territories]]
 
{{credit|Zanzibar|209278275|Taarab|203707875}}
 
{{credit|Zanzibar|209278275|Taarab|203707875}}

Revision as of 00:51, 17 April 2023

Zanzibar
Flag of Zanzibar
Flag
Official seal of Zanzibar
Seal
Map of Zanzibar's main island
Map of Zanzibar's main island
Zanzibar is part of Tanzania
Zanzibar is part of Tanzania
Coordinates: 6°8′S 39°19′E
Country Tanzania
Islands Unguja and Pemba
Capital Zanzibar City
Settled 1000 C.E.
Government
 - Type semi-autonomous part of Tanzania
 - President Ali Mohammed Shein
Area [1]
 - Total 2,643 km² (1,020.5 sq mi)
Population (2004)
 - Total 1,070,000

Zanzibar is an archipelago in the Indian Ocean 22 miles (35 km) off the coast of East Africa, of numerous small islands and two large ones: Unguja (the main island, sometimes informally referred to as 'Zanzibar'), and Pemba Island. The archipelago was once the separate state of Zanzibar, which united with Tanganyika to form Tanzania (derived from the two names), and still enjoys a high degree of autonomy within the union. The capital of Zanzibar, located on the island of Unguja, is Zanzibar City. The city's old quarter, known as Stone Town, is a World Heritage Site.

Zanzibar's main industries are spices (which include cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon and pepper), raffia, and tourism. Zanzibar is also the home of the endemic Zanzibar Red Colobus and the elusive Zanzibar Leopard.

Zanzibar is sometimes referred to as the "Spice Islands," a term that is also associated with the Maluku Islands in Indonesia. Pemba Island is the only island apart from Zanzibar that still produces cloves on a major basis which is a primary source of spice income for the islands. Sometimes called "a jewel in the lap of Africa," the archipelago has become a popular tourist destination.

Geography

The Zanzibar Archipelago consists of several islands lying off the coast of East Africa in the Indian Ocean:[2]

  • Unguja Island, the largest, sometimes referred to as Zanzibar
  • Pemba Island, the second largest
  • Prison Island
  • Bawe Island
  • Chapwani Island
  • Chumbe Island
  • Mnemba Island
  • Misali Island
Did you know?
The archipelago of Zanzibar was a separate state which united with Tanganyika to form Tanzania and still enjoys a high degree of autonomy within the union

In 1964 these islands joined with Tanganyika on the mainland to form the United Republic of Tanzania. Zanzibar (Unguja) island, the largest in the archipelago, covers 637 square miles (1,651 square km), while Pemba, the next largest, covers 350 square miles (906 square km).

These islands are believed to have once been part of the African continent, having separated during the Miocene (Pemba) and Pliocene (Unguja) epochs. The islands are formed from a base of limestone, which, through time, erosion, and earth movement, have formed a variety of soils such as clays, loams, red earths, and sands. Flat areas of coral limestone also occur.[3]

The island of Unguja is low-lying with small ridges along its central north–south axis. Masingini, the highest point of the central ridge system, is 390 feet (119 m) above sea level. The island's higher ground is slightly rolling, giving birth to several small rivers and streams. Believed to have once been covered by dense evergreen forest, what remains are small patches of indigenous forest and isolated large trees. Coconut palms, thicket vegetation and grass are abundant.

A tropical, humid climate lends to an annual average rainfall of 60 to 80 inches (1,500 to 2,000 mm), which is consistent and well-distributed throughout the islands. Northeast trade winds blow from December to March and southeast trade winds from May to October. Periods of “long rains” occur from March to May, while “short rains” fall October through December.[3]

Agreeable climate and fertile soil give rise to a variety of tropical crops, most importantly the export-crops of cloves and coconuts. Food grown for local consumption include rice, cassava, yams, and tropical fruit. The surrounding waters provide fish, also an important component of the native diet.

Fauna include the African pig, civet cat, forest duiker, lemur, leopard (a variety peculiar to Zanzibar), mongoose, two species of monkey, and pigmy antelope. Numerous species of bats and snakes exist.[3]

History

Photograph of woman from Zanzibar by Coutinho brothers, c. 1890.

The presence of microlithic tools attests to 20,000 years of human occupation of Zanzibar. The islands became part of the historical record of the wider world when Arab traders discovered them and used them as a base for voyages between Arabia, India, and Africa. Unguja offered a protected and defensible harbor, so although the archipelago offered few products of value, the Arabs settled at what became Zanzibar City (Stone Town) as a convenient point from which to trade with East African coastal towns. They established garrisons on the islands and built the first mosque in the Southern hemisphere.[4]

During the Age of Exploration, the Portuguese Empire was the first European power to gain control of Zanzibar, and kept it for nearly 200 years. In 1698 Zanzibar fell under the control of the Sultanate of Oman, which developed an economy of trade and cash crops, with a ruling Arab elite. Plantations were developed to grow spices, hence the moniker of the Spice Islands (a name also used of Dutch colony the Moluccas, now part of Indonesia). Another major trade good was ivory, the tusks of elephants killed in mainland Africa. The third pillar of the economy was slaves, giving Zanzibar an important place in the Arab slave trade, the Indian Ocean equivalent of the better-known Triangular Trade. Zanzibar City was the main trading port of the East African slave trade, with about 50,000 slaves a year passing through the city.[5] The Sultan of Zanzibar controlled a substantial portion of the East African coast, known as Zanj, which included Mombasa and Dar es Salaam, and trading routes which extended much further inland, such as to Kindu on the Congo River.

Flag of the historical Sultanate of Zanzibar.

Sometimes gradually, sometimes by fits and starts, control came into the hands of the British Empire; part of the political impetus for this was the nineteenth-century movement for the abolition of the slave trade. The relationship between Britain and the nearest relevant colonial power, Germany, was formalized by the 1890 Helgoland-Zanzibar Treaty, in which Germany pledged not to interfere with British interests in insular Zanzibar. That year, Zanzibar became a protectorate (not a colony) of Britain. From 1890 to 1913, traditional viziers were appointed to govern as puppets, switching to a system of British residents (effectively governors) from 1913 to 1963. The death of one sultan and the succession of another of whom the British did not approve led to the Anglo-Zanzibar War. On the morning of August 27, 1896, ships of the Royal Navy destroyed the Beit al Hukum Palace; a cease fire was declared 45 minutes later, and the bombardment subsequently became known as "The Shortest War in History."

The islands gained independence from Britain in December 1963 as a constitutional monarchy. A month later, the bloody Zanzibar Revolution, in which several thousand Arabs and Indians were killed and thousands more expelled,[6] established the Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba. That April, the republic merged with the mainland former colony of Tanganyika, or more accurately, was subsumed by the much larger entity. This United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar was soon renamed as a portmanteau, the United Republic of Tanzania, of which Zanzibar remains a semi-autonomous region.

Political status

The new flag of Zanzibar was hoisted for the first time in January 2005.

Although Zanzibar is part of Tanzania, it elects its own president who is head of government for matters internal to the island. It also has its own Revolutionary Council and House of Representatives (with 50 seats, directly elected by universal suffrage to serve five-year terms) to make laws especially for it; these make up the semi-autonomous Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar.

The Island of Unguja comprises three administrative regions: Zanzibar Central/South, Zanzibar North and Zanzibar Urban/West. On the Island of Pemba are the two regions Pemba North and Pemba South.

Since the early 1990s, the politics of the archipelago have been marked by repeated clashes between two political parties: the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) and the Civic United Front (CUF). Violence erupted over contested elections in 2000 and 2005, with the CUF claiming both times to have had their rightful victory stolen from them. Following 2005, negotiations between the two parties aiming at the long-term resolution of the tensions as well as a power-sharing accord took place, but suffered repeated setbacks, most notably in April 2008, when the CUF walked away from the negotiating table following a CCM call for a referendum to approve of what had been presented as a done deal on the power-sharing agreement.

Economy

Prior to the development of eastern African mainland ports, Zanzibar was the trade focus of the region and enjoyed an important entrepôt trade. Pemba Island was once the world's leading clove producer, although when the national government decided to privatize the clove market, the island went into an economic slump. Zanzibar exports spices, seaweed and fine raffia (palms used in textiles and construction). It also has a large fishing and dugout canoe production. Tourism is a major foreign currency earner. Agriculture and fishing are also important aspects of the islands' economy.

Demographics and culture

Stone Town
Stone Town with Sultan Palace

Zanzibar is a conservative, Sunni Muslim society, although there are also followers of Christianity and Hinduism. Zanzibaris are an eclectic mixture of ethnic backgrounds, indicative of the islands' colorful history. Widespread intermarriage between Shirazis and Africans gave rise to a coastal community with distinctive features, and a language derived in part from Arabic. It is the most common language—a highly Arabicized form of Swahili, known as Kiswahili. Use of pure Arabic is generally confined to scholars and recent arrivals from Arab lands. English is also widely used and understood.[3]

Zanzibar was originally populated by Bantu-speaking peoples, the Hadimu and Tumbatu. The earliest arrivals to the islands, they were expropriated during the nineteenth century from the western and more fertile parts of the island by later arrivals, notably Arabs. Its history was influenced by the Arabs, Persians, Indians, Portuguese, British and the African mainland.

Stone Town, Zanzibar's capital city, is a place of winding lanes, circular towers, carved wooden doors, raised terraces and beautiful mosques. Named for its many multi-story "stone" buildings, these structures are actually constructed with coral and mortar, not stone. Of the 1,700 "stone" buildings, 1,100 have been classified as having architectural significance. There are 23 "landmark buildings," two cathedrals, over 50 Mosques, 157 balconies, verandahs and loggias and more than 200 carved doors. Zanzibar's Stone Town has been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.[7] Important architectural features are the Livingstone house, the Guliani Bridge, and the House of Wonders.

House of Wonders

The town of Kidichi features the hammam (Persian baths), built by immigrants from Shiraz, Iran during the reign of Barghash bin Said.

According to local legend, the music known as taarab was begun by Sultan Seyyid Barghash bin Said, and rose to prominence in 1928. Influenced by music from cultures with a historical presence in East Africa, including those from East Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, the Middle East and Europe, it began in Zanzibar, and soon spread throughout the region. The word Taarab comes from Arabic, meaning "having joy with music."[8]

Zanzibar was the first region in Africa to introduce color television, in 1973. The current TV station is called TvZ.[9] The first television service on mainland Tanzania was not introduced until some twenty years later.

Notes

  1. Education in Zanzibar – Southern and Eastern African Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality. Sacmeq.org. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
  2. Lizzie Williams, Africa Overland (New Holland Publishers, 2005, ISBN 1770071873).
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2008, Zanzibar.
  4. David Else and Sarah Chanter, Guide to Zanzibar (Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks, England: Bradt, 1993, ISBN 0946983984).
  5. Robert Caputo, October 2001, Swahili Coast, East Africa's Ancient Crossroads National Geographic. Retrieved April 30, 2008.
  6. Rodger Yeager, Tanzania: an African experiment Profiles (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989, ISBN 0813306930), 27.
  7. Zanzibar Unveiled, Islands that lie "like a jewel in the lap of Africa" Retrieved April 30, 2008.
  8. Mohamed El-Mohammady Rizk, Women in Taarab: the performing art in East Africa (Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 2007, ISBN 3631532083).
  9. TvZ. Retrieved January 31, 2012.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Craster, John Evelyn Edmund. Pemba, The Spice Island of Zanzibar. London: T.F. Unwin, 1913. ASIN B0006AGX1Y
  • Else, David, and Sarah Chanter. Guide to Zanzibar. Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks, England: Bradt, 1993. ISBN 0946983984
  • Fitzgerald, William Walter Augustine. Travels in the Coastlands of British East Africa and the Islands of Zanzibar and Pemba. Kessinger Publishing, 2010. ISBN 978-1161663792
  • Lyne, Robert Nunez. Zanzibar in contemporary times: a short history of the southern east in the nineteenth century. London: Darf, 1905. ISBN 978-1850771739
  • Newman, Henry Stanley. Banani: The Transition from Slavery to Freedom in Zanzibar and Pemba. General Books LLC, 2010. ISBN 978-1152869011
  • Rizk, Mohamed El-Mohammady. Women in Taarab: The Performing Art in East Africa. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 2007. ISBN 3631532083
  • Ruete, Emilie. Memoirs of an Arabian Princess from Zanzibar. New York, NY: M. Wiener Pub., 1989. ISBN 978-1558760073
  • Uğur, Hatice. Osmanlı Afrikası'nda bir sultanlık: Zengibar. Küre Yayınları, 23. Aksaray, İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2005. ISBN 9789756614242
  • Williams, Lizzie. Africa Overland. New Holland Publishers, 2005. ISBN 1770071873
  • Yeager, Rodger. Tanzania: an African experiment Profiles. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989. ISBN 0813306930

External links

All links retrieved October 15, 2020.

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