United States Korean expedition

From New World Encyclopedia


United States Korean expedition
Koreans who died in Gwangseong Garrison. Albumen silver print by Felice Beato, 1871.
Koreans who died in Gwangseong Garrison. Albumen silver print by Felice Beato, 1871.
Korean name
Hangul 신미양요
Hanja 辛未洋擾
Revised Romanization Sinmiyangyo
McCune-Reischauer Sinmiyangyo


The United States expedition to Korea in 1871 came to be known in Korea as Sinmiyangyo (Korean: 신미양요 ,Western Disturbance of the Year Sinmi) was intended to be a diplomatic mission. During the period of the US Civil War, England, France and other European nations had expanded their foreign trade relations with Asian countries, particularly China and Japan. Now that the Civil War was over, the United States wanted to catch up, and to that end they sought to make a trade agreement with the Joseon Kingdom, as Korea was known at that time. Unfortunately the culture gap between the United States and Joseon was insurmountable, and the mutual misunderstanding led to a military conflict which ultimately yielded no useful results for either side.

Background

Relations between US / Europe / Asia in mid 19th century Ambassador and fleet in China

Attempts at preliminary liasson

Ambassador Low tried to contact Korea Korea responded indirectly; reply was late

Initial Contact

US Fleet arrives, Inquiries about General Sherman

Request Permission to Explore the Coast

US asks permission to search for landing spots Korea does not refuse - to the US this means OK, to the Koreans it means 'no go'

Permission Denied

US proceeds up the river with what they think is tacit permission Korea responds with gunfire to what they consider unauthorized intrusion

Military conflict

some days of fighting, several hundred Koreans killed, and a handful of americans.

Gojong's Advisors

Gojong's advisors tell him the US is a primitive collection of small settlements / contrast to Koreans 4000 years of civilized history

Aftermath

US concludes further conflict will get them nowhere, they withdraw Korea concludes they have successfully driven off the Americans Strengthens Koreas resolve for isolationism


During the United States Civil war, major European countries had added iron-clad ships to their naval fleets, while the US Navy was still led by wooden warships

Europe the first American military action in Korea. It took place predominantly on and around the Korean island of Ganghwa. The American military expeditionary force was in Korea to support a diplomatic delegation sent to establish trade and diplomatic relations with Korea, to ascertain the fate of the General Sherman merchant ship, and to establish a treaty to assure aid for shipwrecked sailors. The conservative nature of the Joseon Dynasty government and the assertiveness of the Americans led to a misunderstanding between the two parties that changed a diplomatic expedition into an armed conflict. The United States won a minor military victory, but as the Koreans refused to open up the country to them (and the U.S. forces in Korea did not have the authority or strength to press the issue) the United States failed to secure their diplomatic objectives.

Initial contact

A Korean carrying empty American bottles and a newspaper. Albumen silver print by Felice Beato, 1871

The expedition consisted of about 650 men (over 500 sailors and 100 Marines) and five ships[1]: USS Colorado, USS Alaska, USS Palos, USS Monocacy, and USS Benicia. On board the Colorado, Rear Admiral John Rodgers' flag ship, was Frederick F. Low, the United States Ambassador to China.[2][3] The Korean forces, known as "Tiger Hunters," were led by general Eo Je-yeon (Korean: 어재연 Hanja: 魚在淵).

The Americans safely made contact with the Korean inhabitants, described as people wearing white clothes, and, when they inquired them about the General Sherman incident, the Koreans were initially reluctant to discuss the topic, so that they may avoid in paying any recompense. The Americans consequently let the Koreans know that their fleet would be exploring the area, and that they meant no harm. As this friendly gesture was misunderstood, and the Korean policy at the time allowed no safe passage for foreign ships into the Han River, for the river led directly to the Korean capital Hanyang (modern Seoul), on June 1 the Korean fortress fired at the fleet upon entrance. The cannons were outdated, poorly positioned and in disrepair such that the Koreans could not lower their aim, and most of the shots sailed over the ships. When, in their judgement, no satisfactory explanation for this action was offered to them, the Americans planned a punitive assault.[3]

The assault

Americans victorious over the Deokjin Garrison.

On June 10th 1871, the Americans attacked Choji Garrison on Ganghwa and met nearly no opposition; they camped nearby overnight. The next morning, they finished destroying the fort and its guns. This same fort had previously been destroyed and rebuilt following the French incursions of 1866, and was later shelled again by the Japanese in 1876 in the events leading to the Treaty of Ganghwa. The Korean forces banded together as guerilla units but, armed with only matchlocks, and being kept in check by American 12 pound howitzers, they could not get within effective firing range. The US troops moved on toward the next objective, Deokjin Garrison (Fort Monocacy).

The Korean forces had abandoned Deokjin and chose to mass together further north. The Marines quickly dismantled this fortress in the same fashion as they did for the Choji garrison. American forces continued to Gwangseong Garrison (the Citadel). By that time, Korean forces had regrouped there en masse. Along the way, some Korean units tried to flank the US forces; they were checked, again, by the strategic placement of artillery on two hills near the Citadel.

Artillery from both ground and USS Monocacy and the other 4 ships offshore pounded the Citadel and the hill directly west of it, in preparation for an assault by US forces. The US troops of nine companies of sailors and one company of Marines, grouped on the facing hill, keeping cover and returning fire.

When a signal was given, the bombardments stopped and the Americans made a charge against the Citadel, with Lt. Hugh McKee in the lead. The slow reload time of the Korean matchlock rifles allowed the Americans, who were armed with superior bolt action rifles, to overwhelm the walls; the Koreans even ended up throwing rocks at the attackers. Lt. McKee, the first to make it into the Citadel, was shot in the groin and speared by the side. After him came Commander Schley, avenging his comrade[4].

The fighting lasted fifteen minutes. To those who saw defeat as inevitable, including General Eo, took their lives by the river. In the end, about 350 Koreans and 3 Americans died (Lt. McKee, Ordinary Seaman Seth Allen, and USMC Pvt. Dennis Hannahan[5]), 9 Americans were wounded, and 20 wounded Koreans were captured.[6] The Korean deputy commander was among the wounded who were captured.[7] The US hoped to use the captives as a bargaining chip to meet with Korean officials, but the Koreans refused, calling the captives cowards and telling the Americans they could keep them as chattel.[citation needed] The Americans met stiff resistance when they made second attempt to continue up the Han River toward Hanyang, and headed to China on July 3rd.[8]

Aftermath

The US diplomatically was not able achieve its objectives, as the Koreans refused to open up the country to them (and the US forces did not have the authority or strength to press further). In fact, these events led the regent Daewon-gun to strengthen his policy of isolation and issue a national proclamation against appeasing the barbarians.[9] However, in 1876, Korea established a trade treaty with Japan after Japanese ships approached Ganghwado and threatened to fire on Seoul. Treaties with European countries and the US soon followed.

The next US military presence in Korea took place at the end of WWII, in 1945; and the next military conflict in Korea, also involving the US, was the 1950-53 Korean War.

The Jemulpo treaty

From April to May 1882 Korea and the United States negotiated and approved a 14 article treaty, which established mutual friendship and defense in case of attack, the ability of Koreans to emigrate to the US, most favored nation trade status, extraterritorial rights for American citizens in Korea, and non-interference of Christian missionaries proselytizing in Korea.

The treaty remained in effect until the annexation of Korea in 1910 by Japan, which maintained control over Korea until the end of World War II.

Notes

  1. The number of ships is confirmed by Lee (1984), p. 264.
  2. Lee (1984), loc. cit.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Colorado Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
  4. Lexington Morning Herald November 28th, 1897
  5. Dispatch from Commodore John Rodgers to the Secretary of the Navy, Corea, June 23, 1871
  6. Nahm (1996), p. 149.
  7. "The Corean War," New York Times, Vol. 20, No. 6215, August 22, 1871
  8. Nahm (1996), p. 149.
  9. Nahm (1986), p. 149-150; Lee (1984), p. 266.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Lee, Ki-baek, tr. by E.W. Wagner & E.J. Shultz (1984). A new history of Korea (rev. ed.). Seoul: Ilchogak. ISBN 89-337-0204-0. 
  • Nahm, Andrew C. (1996). Korea: A history of the Korean people (2nd ed.). Seoul: Hollym. ISBN 1-56591-070-2. 

See also

External links

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