New York Times, The

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{{epname|New York Times, The}}
{{Infobox Newspaper
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'''''The New York Times''''' is a [[newspaper]] published in [[New York City]] and distributed internationally. It is owned by The New York Times Company, which publishes 15 other newspapers, including the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' and the ''[[The Boston Globe|Boston Globe]]''. It is the largest metropolitan newspaper in the [[United States]], and it gave its name to the famous [[Times Square]] in Manhattan. Nicknamed the "Gray Lady" for its staid appearance and style, the name is often abbreviated to the ''Times,'' but should not be confused with ''[[The Times]],'' which is published in [[London]], [[United Kingdom]].
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Never the largest newspaper in terms of circulation, ''The New York Times'' is nonetheless highly influential both in the United States and worldwide, the winner of close to 100 [[Pulitzer Prize]]s, with consistently high standard and incisive editorials as well as detailed and broad coverage of international as well as American news. In the last decade or so, its web site has also become one of the top-ranking [[Internet]] news destinations for readers around the world. Its world-famous motto, always printed in the upper left-hand corner of the front page, is: "All the news that's fit to print."
| caption            = The [[September 11]], [[2002]] front page of ''The New York Times''.
 
| type                = Daily [[newspaper]]
 
| format              = [[Broadsheet]]
 
| foundation          = [[1851]]
 
| ceased publication  =
 
| price              =
 
| owners              = [[The New York Times Company]]        | political position  = <!-- **See talk page regarding "political position"** —>
 
| publisher          = [[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.]]
 
| editor              =
 
| language            =
 
| circulation        =
 
| headquarters        = [[New York City]], [[United States|USA]]
 
| ISSN                = 0362-4331
 
| website            = [http://www.nytimes.com/ www.nytimes.com]
 
| price              = USD 1.00 Monday-Saturday<BR> USD 3.50 Sunday<BR> USD 3.50/5.00 Special Editions
 
}}
 
 
 
'''''The New York Times''''' is a [[newspaper]] published in [[New York City]] by [[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr.]] and distributed internationally. It is owned by [[The New York Times Company]], which publishes 15 other newspapers, including the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' and the ''[[The Boston Globe|Boston Globe]]''. It is the largest metropolitan newspaper in the United States. Nicknamed the "Gray Lady" for its staid appearance and style, it is regarded as a [[newspaper of record]] in the [[United States]].<ref name="SVSUHistoricalTimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.svsu.edu/library/newsletterw04/newYorkTimes.htm|title=Historical New York Times|publisher=Saginaw Valley State University|accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref> The name is often abbreviated to the ''Times'', but should not be confused with ''[[The Times]]'', which is published in the [[United Kingdom]].
 
  
 
==History==
 
==History==
''The New York Times'' was founded on [[September 18]], [[1851]] by experienced journalist and politician [[Henry Jarvis Raymond]] and former banker [[George Jones (publisher)|George Jones]] as the ''New-York Daily Times''.  
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''The New York Times'' was founded on September 18, 1851, by journalist and politician [[Henry Jarvis Raymond]] and former banker George Jones as the ''New-York Daily Times''. On September 14, 1857, the ''New-York Daily Times'' lost its hyphen and the word ''Daily'' and became ''The New York Times''.
  
On [[September 14]], [[1857]]the ''New-York Daily Times'' lost its hyphen and the word ''Daily'' and became ''The New York Times''.
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The original intent was to publish the paper every morning except on Sundays. However, during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] the ''Times'' (along with other major dailies) started publishing Sunday issues.
  
The original intent was to publish the paper every morning except on Sundays. However, during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] the ''Times'' (along with other major dailies) started publishing Sunday issues.  
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In 1896, [[Adolph Ochs]], publisher of ''The Chattanooga Times,'' acquired ''The New York Times'' and in 1897, coined the paper's celebrated slogan, "All the news that's fit to print," widely interpreted as a jab at competing papers in New York City (the ''New York World'' and the ''New York Journal American'') that were known for lurid [[yellow journalism]]. Under his guidance, ''The New York Times'' achieved an international scope, circulation, and reputation.
  
Between 1870 and 1871, a series of ''Times'' exposes brought down [[Boss Tweed]] and ended the [[Tweed Ring]]'s domination of New York's city hall.<ref name="timeline1851-80">[http://nytco.com/company-timeline-1851.html ''The New York Times'' Company: ''New York Times Timeline'' 1851-1880]</ref>
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===Notable events===
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Between 1870 and 1871, a series of ''Times'' exposes brought down [[William M. Tweed|Boss Tweed]] and ended the Tweed Ring's domination of New York's city hall.<ref name="timeline1851-80">''New York Times'' Company, [http://nytco.com/company-timeline-1851.html New York Times Timeline 1851-1880.] Retrieved March 24, 2007.</ref>
  
In the [[1876]] presidential election, while other newspapers declared [[Samuel Tilden]] the victor over [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], the ''Times'', under the headline ''A Doubtful Election'', asserted the outcome remained uncertain. After months, an [[electoral commission]] and Congress finally decided the election in Hayes's favor.<ref name="timeline1851-80" />
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In the 1876 presidential election, while other newspapers declared [[Samuel Tilden]] the victor over [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], the ''Times,'' under the headline "A Doubtful Election," asserted the outcome remained uncertain. After months, an electoral commission and Congress finally decided the election in Hayes' favor.<ref name="timeline1851-80" />
  
In the 1884, the Times faced a period of transition from strictly supporting Republican candidates to becoming a politically-independent paper, supporting [[Grover Cleveland]] in his first presidential election in 1884. In the beginning, it took a toll on the income of the ''Times'' but within a few years, the paper regained most of its lost ground and readership.  
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In 1884, the ''Times'' faced a period of transition from strictly supporting Republican candidates to becoming a politically independent paper, supporting [[Grover Cleveland]] in his first presidential election in 1884. In the beginning, it took a toll on the income of the ''Times'' but within a few years, the paper regained most of its lost ground and readership.
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[[Image:Times Square (Tall).jpg|thumb|left|250 px|Looking towards 1 Times Square]]
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The newspaper gave its name to [[Times Square]], in 1904, after it moved to new headquarters on 42nd Street in an area formerly known as Longacre Square. It was here that the New Year's Eve tradition of lowering a lighted ball from the Times building was started by the paper in 1907.<ref>New York Architecture, [http://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID104.htm One Times Square (The Times Tower).] Retrieved March 24, 2007.</ref> After only nine years at Times Square, the paper relocated in 1913 to 229 West 43rd Street. The new headquarters for the newspaper, the New York Times Tower, a skyscraper designed by [[Renzo Piano]] at 620 8th Avenue in Manhattan, opened in June 2007. The original Times Square building, now known as One Times Square, was sold in 1961.
  
In [[1896]], [[Adolph Ochs]], publisher of ''The [[Chattanooga Times]]'', acquired ''The New York Times'' and in [[1897]], he coined the paper's celebrated slogan, "All The News That's Fit To Print," widely interpreted as a jab at competing papers in New York City (the ''[[New York World]]'' and the ''[[New York Journal American]]'') that were known for lurid [[yellow journalism]]. Under his guidance, ''The New York Times'' achieved an international scope, circulation, and reputation.  
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In 1904, the ''Times'' received the first on-the-spot [[wireless]] transmission from a naval battle, a report of the destruction of the Russian fleet at the Battle of Port Arthur in the [[Yellow Sea]] during the [[Russo-Japanese War]].
  
The newspaper gave its name to [[Times Square]] in [[1904]] after it moved to new headquarters on [[42nd Street]] in an area formerly known as [[Longacre Square]]. It was here that the New Year's Eve tradition of lowering a [[Times Square Ball|lighted ball]] from the Times building was started by the paper in [[1907]]. After only nine years in Times Square, the paper relocated in [[1913]] to 229 West 43rd Street, its current headquarters. The original Times Square building, now known as [[One Times Square]], was sold in [[1961]]. A new headquarters for the newspaper, a [[skyscraper]] designed by [[Renzo Piano]], is currently under construction at West 41st Street and [[Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)|8th Avenue]] in [[Manhattan]].
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In 1919, it made its first trans-[[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] delivery to [[London]]. In 1910, the first air delivery of the ''Times'' to [[Philadelphia]] began. In 1920, a "4 A.M. Airplane Edition" was sent by plane to [[Chicago]] so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening.
  
In 1904, the ''Times'' received the first on-the-spot [[wireless]] transmission from a naval battle, a report of the destruction of the Russian fleet at the [[Battle of Port Arthur]] in the [[Yellow Sea]] during the [[Russo-Japanese war]].
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During [[World War II]], two ''Times'' reporters, Harold Denny, in [[North Africa]], and Otto D. Tolischus, in [[Japan]], were held as [[prisoners of war]]. Tolischus was [[torture]]d and accused of [[espionage]]. Both were eventually released.
  
In [[1919]] it made its first trans-Atlantic delivery to [[London]]. In [[1910]], the first air delivery of the ''Times'' to [[Philadelphia]] began.  In [[1920]], a "4 A.M. Airplane Edition" was sent by plane to [[Chicago]] so it could be in the hands of [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] convention delegates by evening.
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A [[crossword puzzle]] began to appear in 1942 as a feature, and the paper bought the [[classical music]] [[radio]] station WQXR the same year. The [[fashion]] section started in 1946. The ''Times'' also started an international edition in 1946, but stopped publishing it in 1967, when it joined with the owners of the ''New York Herald Tribune'' and ''[[The Washington Post]]'' to publish the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' in [[Paris]]; in 2003, the ''Times'' became sole publisher.
  
November 6, [[1928]], on Times Tower, the [[Motograph News Bulletin]], known colloquially as "The Zipper" or "The News Zipper," started flashing its 14,800 bulbs with election results: [[Herbert Hoover]] defeats [[Al Smith]]. Beginning May 18, [[1942]], the zipper went dark in compliance with wartime blackout rules.
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In 1945, William L. Laurence, a science reporter, was drafted by the government to write the official history of the [[atomic bomb]] project. On August 9, he was the only journalist on the mission to bomb [[Nagasaki]].
  
During [[World War II]], two Times reporters, [[Harold Denny]], in [[North Africa]], and [[Otto D. Tolischus]], in [[Japan]], were held as [[prisoners of war]]. Tolischus was tortured and accused of espionage. Both were eventually released.
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In 1964, the paper was the defendant in a [[libel]] case known as ''New York Times Co. v. Sullivan,'' in which the Supreme Court established the actual malice legal test for libel.
  
In 1945, [[William L. Laurence]], a science reporter, was drafted by the government to write the official history of the [[A-bomb]] project. On August 9, he was the only journalist on the mission to bomb [[Nagasaki]].
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The Op-Ed section started appearing in 1970. In 1996, ''The New York Times'' went [[internet|online]], and is one of the top news sites on the web for readers all over the world at www.nytimes.com.
  
The [[The New York Times crossword puzzle|crossword]] began to appear in [[1942]] as a feature, and the paper bought the classical radio station [[WQXR]] in the same year. The fashion section started in [[1946]]. The ''Times'' also started an international edition in 1946, but stopped publishing it in [[1967]], when it joined with the owners of the ''[[New York Herald Tribune]]'' and ''[[The Washington Post]]'' to publish the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' in [[Paris]]. (In [[2003]], the ''Times'' became sole publisher) The [[Op-Ed]] section started appearing in [[1970]].  More recently, in [[1996]], ''The New York Times'' went online, giving access to readers all over the world on the Web at [http://www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com].
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==Controversies==
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The paper, like many news organizations, has often been accused of giving too little or too much play to various events for reasons not related to objective [[journalism]]. One of these allegations is that before and during [[World War II]], the newspaper downplayed accusations that [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[Germany]] had targeted [[Judaism|Jews]] for [[exile|expulsion]] and [[genocide]], at least in part because the publisher, who was Jewish, feared the taint of taking on any "Jewish cause."<ref>Laurel Leff, ''Buried by the Times: The Holocaust and America's Most Important Newspaper'' (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0521812879).</ref>
  
In [[1964]], the paper was the defendant in a libel case known as ''[[New York Times Co. v. Sullivan]]'', in which the [[Supreme Court]] established the [[actual malice]] legal test for [[Slander and libel|libel]].
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Another serious charge was that the ''Times,'' through its coverage of the [[Soviet Union]] by correspondent Walter Duranty, helped to cover up the [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] genocide perpetrated by [[Joseph Stalin]] in the 1930s.<ref name="duranty">''New York Times Company,'' [http://www.nytco.com/company-awards-pulitzer-note.html ''New York Times'' Statement About 1932 Pulitzer Prize Awarded to Walter Duranty.] Retrieved March 24, 2007.</ref>
  
===Pulitzer Prizes===
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In 2003, the ''Times'' admitted that Jayson Blair, one of its reporters, had committed repeated journalistic [[fraud]] over a span of several years.<ref>Dan Barry, David Barstow, Jonathan D. Glater, Adam Liptak and Jacques Steinberg, [http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/11/national/11PAPE.html?ei=5070&en=8dfc464a841fa742&ex=1159243200&pagewanted=print&position Correcting the Record: Times Reporter Who Resigned Leaves Long Trail of Deception.] Retrieved September 10, 2008.</ref> The general professionalism of the paper was questioned, though Blair immediately resigned following the incident. Questions of [[affirmative action]] in journalism were also raised,<ref>Mickey Kaus, [http://www.slate.com/id/2082661/#blair Affirmative retraction at the NYT.] Retrieved September 24, 2006.</ref> since Blair is black. The paper's top two editors&mdash;Howell Raines, the executive editor, and Gerald M. Boyd, managing editor&mdash;resigned their posts following the incident.<ref>Rose Arce and Shannon Troetel, Top New York Times editors quit, CNN. </ref>
{{main|Pulitzer Prizes awarded to the New York Times' staff}}
 
The ''Times'' has won 94 [[Pulitzer Prizes]], far more than any other newspaper.
 
  
===Famous mistakes===
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In April 2004, the ''Times'' reversed its policy of not using the term [[Armenian Genocide]].<ref name="ArmeniapediaTimes">Armeniapedia, [http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=New_York_Times New York Times.] Retrieved September 10, 2008.</ref> Despite publishing dozens of articles about the Armenian Genocide as it progressed, the ''Times'' for a period shied away from using the term in its articles as part of its editorial policy. The [[Turkey|Turkish government]] still denies [[genocide]] occurred. ''Times'' columnist and former reporter Nicholas D. Kristof, who is of [[Armenia]]n descent, has criticized in his ''Times'' column the ongoing denial of the Armenian Genocide by the Turkish government.
[[Image:Hitlertamed.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Things did not turn out as had been anticipated.]]
 
  
On [[January 13]], [[1920]], a ''New York Times'' editorial on page 12 entitled "A Severe Strain on Credulity" ridiculed [[Robert Goddard (scientist)|Robert Goddard]] and his claim that a [[rocket]] would work in space:
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On May 26, 2004, the ''Times'' published a piece entitled "From the Editors" indicating that the paper's reporting of the lead up to the war in [[Iraq]], "especially on the issue of Iraq's weapons and possible Iraqi connections to international terrorists…was not as rigorous as it should have been."<ref name="nytimes20040526">''New York Times,'' [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/30/weekinreview/30bott.html Week in Review 2004: May 30.] Retrieved September 4, 2006.</ref>
:That Professor Goddard, with his "chair" in [[Clark]] College and the countenancing of the [[Smithsonian Institution]], does not know the relation of action to reaction, and of the need to have something better than a vacuum against which to react &ndash; to say that would be absurd. Of course he only seems to lack the knowledge ladled out daily in high schools.
 
  
On [[July 17]], [[1969]], days before ''[[Apollo 11]]'''s landing on the moon, the newspaper published on page 43 a tongue-in-cheek correction:
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In October 2005, ''Times'' reporter Judith Miller was released from [[prison]] after 85 days, when she agreed to testify to Special Prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald’s grand jury after receiving a personal waiver, both by telephone and in writing, of her earlier confidential source agreement with Lewis "Scooter" Libby. No other reporter whose testimony had been sought in the case had received such a direct and particularized release. Her incarceration has helped fuel an effort in Congress to enact a federal shield law, comparable to the state shield laws which protect reporters in 49 of the 50 states. After her second appearance before the grand jury, Miller was released from her contempt of court finding. Miller resigned from the paper on November 9, 2005.
:Further investigation and experimentation have confirmed the findings of [[Isaac Newton]] in the 17th century, and it is now definitely established that a rocket can function in a vacuum as well as in an atmosphere. The Times regrets the error.
 
  
On [[November 15]], [[1992]], the ''Times'' published a list of [[slang]] terms (known as "[[grunge speak]]") that were supposedly used in the [[Seattle]] [[grunge music|grunge]] scene. This was later proven to be a [[hoax]] created by Megan Jasper, a sales representative for [[Sub Pop Records]].
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On December 16, 2005, a ''New York Times'' article revealed that the [[George W. Bush|Bush]] administration had ordered the National Security Agency (NSA) to intercept certain telephone conversations between suspected terrorists in the U.S. and those in other countries without first obtaining court [[warrant]]s for the surveillance, apparently in violation of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA) and without the knowledge or consent of the Congress. A federal judge held that the plan revealed by the ''Times'' was unconstitutional, and hearings have been held on this issue in Congress. The article noted that reporters and editors at the ''Times'' had known about the intelligence-gathering program for approximately a year but had, at the request of White House officials, delayed publication to conduct additional reporting. The Justice Department has launched an investigation to determine the sources of the classified information obtained by the ''Times''. The men who reported the stories, James Risen and Eric Lichtblau, won the [[Pulitzer Prize]] for national reporting in 2006.<ref>Pulitzer Prize, [http://www.pulitzer.org/year/2006/national-reporting/ 2006 Pulitzer Prize Winners—National Reporting.] Retrieved September 10, 2008.</ref>
  
On several occasions the ''Times'' has erroneously published [[List of premature obituaries|premature obituaries]], including:
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===Corporate-influence concerns===
*[[William Baer]] (a [[New York University]] professor) in 1942, as a result of a [[hoax]] by his students
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In their book ''Manufacturing Consent,'' Edward Herman and [[Noam Chomsky]] (1988) analyzed a variety of major U.S. media outlets, with an emphasis on the ''Times,'' and concluded a bias exists which is neither liberal nor conservative in nature, but rather aligned towards the interests of corporate conglomerates, such as those that now own most of these media. Chomsky has explained that this bias functions in all sorts of ways:
*[[Alan Abel]] in 1980, who had faked his own death as an elaborate hoax
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<blockquote>…by selection of topics, by distribution of concerns, by emphasis and framing of issues, by filtering of information, by bounding of debate within certain limits. They determine, they select, they shape, they control, they restrict—in order to serve the interests of dominant, elite groups in the society.<ref name="Chomsky1992">www.chomsky.info, [http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/1992----02.htm Excerpts from Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky interviewed by various interviewers.] Retrieved September 10, 2008.</ref></blockquote>
*[[Katharine Sergava]] (ballet dancer) in 2003, based on an earlier incorrect obituary in ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''.
 
  
===Historical controversies===
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Chomsky also touches on the specific importance this perceived bias has in the ''Times'', saying: <blockquote>…history is what appears in ''The New York Times'' archives; the place where people will go to find out what happened is ''The New York Times''. Therefore it's extremely important if history is going to be shaped in an appropriate way, that certain things appear, certain things not appear, certain questions be asked, other questions be ignored, and that issues be framed in a particular fashion.</blockquote>
The paper, like many news organizations, has often been accused of giving too little or too much play to various events for reasons not related to objective journalism.
 
  
One of these allegations is that before and during [[World War II]], the newspaper downplayed accusations that the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]] had targeted [[Jews]] for [[expulsion]] and [[genocide]], at least in part because the publisher, who was Jewish, feared the taint of taking on any 'Jewish cause'.{{Fact}}
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===Self-examination of bias===
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In summer 2004, the newspaper's then public editor (ombudsman), Daniel Okrent, wrote a piece on the ''Times''<nowiki>'</nowiki> alleged liberal bias.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E7D8173DF936A15754C0A9629C8B63|author=Okrent, Daniel|title="Is The New York Times a Liberal Newspaper?" (Public Editor column)|date=July 25, 2004|accessdate=September 24, 2006|publisher=''The New York Times''}}</ref> He concluded that the ''Times'' did have a liberal bias in coverage of certain social issues, [[homosexuality|gay]] [[marriage]] being the example he used. He claimed that this bias reflected the paper's cosmopolitanism, which arose naturally from its roots as a hometown paper of [[New York City]].
  
Another serious charge is the accusation that the Times, through its coverage of the [[Soviet Union]] by correspondent [[Walter Duranty]] helped to cover up the [[Holodomor|Ukrainian genocide]] perpetrated by [[Joseph Stalin]] in the 1930s.<ref name="duranty">[http://www.nytco.com/company-awards-pulitzer-note.html ''The New York Times'' Company: "''New York Times'' Statement About 1932 Pulitzer Prize Awarded to Walter Duranty"]</ref><ref>[http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/002/791vwuaz.asp ''The Daily Standard'' (June 12, 2003, 1:40:00 PM): "Pulitzer-Winning Lies", by Arnold Beichman]</ref>
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Okrent did not comment at length on the issue of bias in coverage of "hard news," such as fiscal policy, foreign policy, or civil liberties. However, he noted that the paper's coverage of the war in [[Iraq]] war was, among other things, insufficiently critical of the [[George W. Bush]] administration.
  
 
==The ''Times'' today==
 
==The ''Times'' today==
''The New York Times'' is one of the most prominent American daily newspapers, although it trails ''[[USA Today]]'' and the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' in circulation. It has traditionally printed full transcripts of major speeches and debates.  The newspaper is currently owned by [[The New York Times Company]], in which descendants of [[Adolph Ochs|Ochs]], principally the [[Sulzberger family]], maintain a dominant role.
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''The New York Times'' is perhaps the most prominent American daily newspaper, although it trails ''[[USA Today]]'' and the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' in circulation. In March 2007, the paper reported a circulation of 1,120,420 copies on weekdays and 1,627,062 copies on Sundays. The newspaper is currently owned by The New York Times Company, in which descendants of [[Adolph Ochs|Ochs]], principally the Sulzberger family, maintain a dominant role.
 
 
Since winning its first [[Pulitzer Prize]],<ref name="TimesAwards">{{cite web|url=http://www.nytco.com/company-awards.html|title=Our Company:Awards|author=The New York Times Company|accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref> in [[1918]] for its World War I reporting, the ''Times'' has won 94 Pulitzer Prizes, including a record seven in [[2002]]. In 1971 it broke the [[Pentagon Papers]] story, publishing leaked documents revealing that the U.S. government had been painting an unrealistically rosy picture of the progress of the [[Vietnam War]].  This led to ''[[New York Times Co. v. United States]]'' (1971), which declared the government's [[prior restraint]] of the classified documents was unconstitutional. More recently, in 2004 the ''Times'' won a Pulitzer award for a series written by [[David Barstow]] and [[Lowell Bergman]] on employers and workplace safety issues.
 
 
 
The ''Times'' has been going through a downsizing for several years, offering buyouts to workers and cutting expenses,<ref name="TimesCuts500">{{cite web|url=http://www.outsidethebeltway.com/archives/2005/09/new_york_times_fires_500_staffers/|title=New York Times Fires 500 Staffers|first=James|last=Joyner|publisher=Outside the Beltway|accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref> in common with a general trend among print newsmedia. At the end of 2005 it had over 350 full time reporters and about 40 photographers, in addition to hundreds of free-lance contributors who work for the paper more occasionally.
 
 
 
The ''Times'' is based in [[New York City]]. It has 16 news bureaus in the New York region, 11 national news bureaus and 26 foreign news bureaus.<ref name="TimesProperties">{{cite web|url=http://www.nytco.com/company-properties-times.html#nyt|title=Our Company:Business Units|author=The New York Times Company|accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref> In recent years, it has sought to strengthen its status as a national newspaper by increasing to twenty its number of printing locations, allowing early morning distribution in many additional markets.
 
 
 
In [[2006]], the paper reported a circulation of roughly 1,142,464
 
copies on weekdays and 1,683,855 copies on Sundays.<ref name="TimesCirculation>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytco.com/investors-nyt-circulation.html|title=Investors: Circulation Data|author=The New York Times Company|accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref>  In the New York City metropolitan area, the paper costs $1.00 Monday through Saturday and $3.50 on Sunday.  Elsewhere the Sunday edition costs $5.00.  New home delivery subscribers may receive a discount.  [http://homedelivery.nytimes.com/HDS/SubscriptionAcquisition.do?mode=SubscriptionAcquisition&ExternalMediaCode=W16AH]
 
 
 
The newspaper continues to own classical [[WQXR-FM|WQXR]] (96.3 FM) and [[WQEW]] (1560 AM). The classical format was simulcast on both frequencies until the early 1990s, when the big-band and standards format of WNEW-AM (now [[WBBR]]) moved from 1130 AM to 1560. The AM station changed its call letters from WQXR to WQEW. By the beginning of the 21st century, ''The Times'' had begun leasing WQEW to [[ABC Radio]] for its [[Radio Disney]] format, which continues on 1560 AM to this day.
 
 
 
The ''Times'' had a separate Television guide from March 1988 to April 2006. It was the last major newspaper to not outsource its [[television]] guide's editorial content to a [[Print syndication|syndication]] service such as Tribune Media Services, though the latter company compiled the data for the guide's TV grids. Blurbs (short, haiku-like summaries) for the listings of theatrical and television movies were based on the opinions of Times critics but edited to a succinct form by the former film critic [[Howard Thompson (film critic)|Howard Thompson]], Lawrence Van Gelder and Anita Gates.
 
  
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Since winning its first [[Pulitzer Prize]],<ref name="TimesAwards">{{cite web|url=http://www.nytco.com/company-awards.html|title=Our Company:Awards|author=The New York Times Company|accessdate=July 4, 2006}}</ref> in 1918 for its [[World War I]] reporting, the ''Times'' has won 98 Pulitzers, including a record seven in 2002. In 1971 it broke the "Pentagon Papers" story, publishing leaked documents revealing that the U.S. government had been painting an unrealistically rosy picture of the progress of the [[Vietnam War]]. This led to ''New York Times Co. v. United States'' (1971), which declared the government's prior restraint of the classified documents was unconstitutional. In 2004, the ''Times'' won a Pulitzer for a series written by David Barstow and Lowell Bergman on employers and workplace [[safety]] issues.
 
<div class="infobox" style="width: 20em;">
 
<div class="infobox" style="width: 20em;">
 
''The New York Times'' is printed at the following sites:
 
''The New York Times'' is printed at the following sites:
  
[[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]; [[Austin, Texas]]; [[Atlanta, Georgia]]; [[Billerica, Massachusetts]]; [[Canton, Ohio]]; [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]]; [[College Point, New York]]; [[Concord, California]]; [[Dayton, Ohio]] (Sunday only); [[Denver, Colorado]]; [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida]]; [[Gastonia, North Carolina]]; [[Edison, New Jersey]]; [[Spartanburg, South Carolina]]; [[Lakeland, Florida]]; [[Phoenix, Arizona]]; [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]]; [[Springfield, Virginia]]; [[Kent, Washington]]; [[Torrance, California]] and [[Toronto, Canada]].<ref name="TimesProperties" />
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Ann Arbor, [[Michigan]]; Austin, [[Texas]]; Atlanta, [[Georgia (state)|Georgia]]; Billerica, [[Massachusetts]]; Canton, [[Ohio]]; [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]; College Point, [[New York]]; Concord, [[California]]; Dayton, Ohio (Sunday only); Denver, [[Colorado]]; Fort Lauderdale, [[Florida]]; Gastonia, [[North Carolina]]; Edison, [[New Jersey]]; Spartanburg, [[South Carolina]]; Lakeland, Florida; Phoenix, Arizona; Minneapolis, [[Minnesota]]; Springfield, [[Virginia]]; Kent, [[Washington]]; Torrance, California and [[Toronto]], [[Canada]].</div>
 
 
</div>
 
  
===Major sections===
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Though based in [[New York City]], The ''Times'' has 16 news bureaus in the New York region, 11 national news bureaus and 26 foreign news bureaus. It has sought to strengthen its status as a national newspaper by increasing to twenty its number of printing locations, allowing early morning distribution in many additional markets.
The newspaper is organized in three sections:
 
  
;1. '''News''' : Includes [[International]], [[United States|National]], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], [[Business]], [[Technology]], [[Science]], [[Health]], [[Sport]]s, [[New York metropolitan area|New York Region]], [[Education]], [[Weather]], and [[Obituary|Obituaries]].
+
The newspaper continues to own classical WQXR (96.3 FM) and WQEW (1560 AM).  
;2. '''Opinion''' : Includes [[Editorial]]s, [[Op-Ed]]s and [[Letter to the editor|Letters to the Editor]].
 
;3. '''Features''' : Includes [[Arts]], [[Film|Movies]], [[Theatre|Theater]], [[Travel]], NYC Guide, Dining & [[Wine]], Home & Garden, [[Fashion]] & Style, [[Crossword]], [[The New York Times Book Review]], [[The New York Times Magazine]], and Week in Review
 
 
 
===Style===
 
When referring to people, it uses titles, rather than unadorned last names (except among the sports pages, in which last names stand alone).  Its headlines tend to be verbose, and, for major stories, come with subheadings giving further details, although it is moving away from this style.  It stayed with an 8-column format years after other papers had switched to 6, and it was one of the last newspapers to adopt color photography, with the first color photograph on the front page appearing on [[October 16]], [[1997]]. In the absence of a major headline, the day's most important story generally appears in the top-righthand column.
 
 
 
The [[typeface]]s used for the headlines include [[Cheltenham (typeface)|Cheltenham]]. The text is set in [[Imperial (typeface)|Imperial]].
 
  
 
===Web presence===
 
===Web presence===
The ''Times'' has had a strong presence on the web since [[1995]], and has been ranked one of the top web sites. It is accessible via [http://www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com] and [http://www.nyt.com www.nyt.com]. It has a general policy of keeping articles freely available for a week and charges subscription for older articles. Accessing some articles requires registration, though this restriction can be bypassed by using a link generator or in some cases through ''Times'' [[RSS (file format)|RSS]] feeds.[http://nytimes.blogspace.com/genlink] The website had 555 million pageviews in March [[2005]].<ref name="March2005Pageviews">{{cite web|url=http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/nyt-digital/index.jsp?epi-content=GENERIC&newsId=20050418006138&ndmHsc=v2*A1039266000000*B1133914259000*DgroupByDate*J2*N1001162&newsLang=en&beanID=555004527&viewID=news_view|title=The New York Times Company Reports NYTimes.com's Record-Breaking Traffic for March|author=The New York Times|publisher=BusinessWire|accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref>
+
The ''Times'' has had a strong presence on the web since 1995, and has been ranked one of the top web sites. It is accessible via www.nytimes.com or www.nyt.com As part of its being the de facto newspaper of record, the ''Times'' makes available almost its entire site to readers without a subscription (although usually requiring site registration). ''Times'' news archives from 1987 to the present are available at no charge, as well as those from 1851 to 1922, which are in the public domain.
  
For the month of March 2006, NYTimes.com had a strong traffic, with 11.6 million unique visitors and continues to rank as the number one newspaper site. NYT Company consolidation (which includes About.com) is the 12th most-visited parent company, with 37.7 million unique visitors.<ref name="March2006Pageviews">{{cite web|url=http://www.nytdigital.com/learn/pdf/NYTDMar06.pdf|title=Nielsen NetRatings NetView March 2006 for NYTimes.com|author=The New York Times|publisher=BusinessWire|accessdate=2006-07-24}}</ref>
+
Created via a collaboration between the newspaper and [[Microsoft]], "Times Reader" is a desktop-based web application designed for reading the ''Times'' on your computer screen, mimicking the look-and-feel of the print newspaper. It is available only to subscribers on both the Windows PC and [[Mac]] platforms.
  
In September [[2005]], the paper decided to begin subscription based  service for daily columns in a program known as ''[[TimesSelect]]''. This was unusual in that it included previously free editorial columns, and so it consequently led to attempts to work around it such as Never Pay Retail<ref name="NeverPayRetail">{{cite web|url=http://www.johntabin.com/neverpayretail/|title=Never Pay Retail|last=Tabin|first=John|accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref> and the posting of TimesSelect material by bloggers.<ref name="WiredTimesSelectGoof">{{cite web|url=http://www.wired.com/news/culture/0,1284,68938,00.html|title=Goof Lets Times' Content Go Free|first=Cyrus|last=Farivar|date=2006-09-22|accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref> One of the reasons for this new service was to move from a large dependency on ad revenue.
+
== Notes ==
 
+
<references/>
''TimesSelect'' is free for print copy subscribers [http://www.nytimes.com/products/timesselect/hd/index.html?incamp=ts:sell_pages_hd_2], online readers can access it for $7.95 per month, about the cost of two Sunday editions, or can get a year subscription for $49.95 per year [http://www.nytimes.com/products/timesselect/whatis.html].
 
 
 
''Times'' columnists such as [[Nicholas Kristof]] and [[Thomas Friedman]] have made their criticisms of ''TimesSelect'' clear, with Friedman going so far as to say "I hate it. It pains me enormously because it’s cut me off from a lot, a lot of people, especially because I have a lot of people who reading me overseas, like in India and whatnot, and so I hate it ... I feel totally cut off from my audience."<ref name="SlateSuellontropScooplet">{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2143479|title=Touting Mark Warner - Suellentrop's secret scooplet|first=Mickey|last=Kaus|publisher=Slate|date=2006-06-18|accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref><ref name="HatesSubscriptionWall">{{cite web|url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/dog/2006/06/13/ny-times-columnist-hates-subscription-wall|title=NY Times columnist hates subscription wall|first=Martin|last=Stabe|publisher=Online Press Gazette|date=2006-06-13|accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref> in a video interview conducted at the 2006 [[Webby Awards]].<ref name="YouTubeInterview">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cVSBEElfDpA|title=Thomas Friedman at Webbys|accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref> Most for-pay NYT editorials are available online shortly after their publication through blog searches.  As of late January 2006 online reproduction of ''Select'' content is extremely difficult to find on commercial websites.
 
 
 
===Management and employees===
 
====Publishers====
 
*[[Adolph Ochs]] ([[1896]]-[[1935]])
 
*[[Arthur Hays Sulzberger]] ([[1935]]-[[1961]])
 
*[[Orvil Dryfoos]] ([[1961]]-[[1963]])
 
*[[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger|Arthur Ochs "Punch" Sulzberger]] ([[1963]]-[[1992]])
 
*[[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr.]] ([[1992]]- )
 
  
====Executive editors====
+
==References==
*[[Turner Catledge]] ([[1964]]-[[1968]])
+
*Berry, Nicholas O. ''Foreign Policy and the Press: An Analysis of the New York Times' Coverage of U.S. Foreign Policy''. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313274193.
*[[James Reston]] ([[1968]]-[[1969]])
+
*Davis, Elmer. ''History of the New York Times, 1851-1921''.
*position vacant ([[1969]]-[[1976]])
+
*Hess, John. 2003. ''My Times: A Memoir of Dissent''. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 1-58322-604-4.
*[[A.M. Rosenthal|Abe Rosenthal]] ([[1977]]-[[1986]])
+
*Jones, Alex S., and Susan E. Tifft. 2000. ''The Trust: The Private and Powerful Family Behind The New York Times''. Back Bay Books. ISBN 0316836311.
*[[Max Frankel]] ([[1986]]-[[1994]])
+
*Mnookin, Seth. 2004. ''Hard News: The Scandals at The New York Times and Their Meaning for American Media''. New York: Random House. ISBN 1400062446.
*[[Joseph Lelyveld]] ([[1994]]-[[2001]])
+
*Siegal, Allan M., and William G. Connolly. 1999. ''The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage.'' New York: Times Books. ISBN 0812963881.
*[[Howell Raines]] ([[2001]]-[[2003]])
+
*Talese, Gay. 1969. ''The Kingdom and the Power''. New York: World Publishing Company. ISBN 0844662844.
*[[Bill Keller]] ([[2003]]- )
 
 
 
====Current Masthead====
 
'''The News Sections'''
 
* [[Bill Keller]], Executive Editor
 
* Jill Abramson, Managing Editor
 
* John M. Geddes, Managing Editor
 
* Jonathan Landman, Deputy Managing Editor
 
* Richard L. Berke, Assistant Managing Editor
 
* Tom Bodkin, Assistant Managing Editor
 
* Susan Edgerley, Assistant Managing Editor
 
* Glenn Kramon, Assistant Managing Editor
 
* Gerald Marzorati, Assistant Managing Editor
 
* Michele Mcnally, Assistant Managing Editor
 
* William E. Schmidt, Assistant Managing Editor
 
* Craig R. Whitney, Assistant Managing Editor
 
 
 
'''Business Management'''
 
* Scott H. Heekin-Canedy, President, General Manager
 
* Dennis L. Stern, Senior V.P., Deputy General Manager
 
* Denise F. Warren, Senior V.P., Chief Advertising Officer
 
* Alyse Myers, Senior V.P., Chief Marketing Officer
 
* Alexis Buryk, Senior V.P., Advertising
 
* Thomas K. Carley, Senior V.P., Planning
 
* Yasmin Namini, Senior V.P., Circulation
 
* David A. Thurm, Senior V.P., Chief Information Officer
 
* Roland A. Caputo, V.P., Chief Financial Officer
 
* Terry L. Hayes, V.P.,  Labor Relations
 
* Thomas P. Lombardo, V.P., Production
 
* Muriel Watkins, V.P., Human Resources
 
* Cristian L. Edwards, President, News Services
 
* Vivian Schiller, Senior V.P., General Manager, Nytimes.Com
 
* Michael Oreskes, Editor, International Herald Tribune
 
 
 
====Current columnists====
 
 
 
'''Op-Ed Columnists'''
 
*[[David Brooks (journalist)|David Brooks]], Thursday, Sunday
 
*[[Maureen Dowd]], Wednesday, Saturday
 
*[[Thomas L. Friedman]], Wednesday, Friday
 
*[[Bob Herbert]], Monday Thursday
 
*[[Nicholas D. Kristof]], Tuesday, Sunday
 
*[[Paul Krugman]], Monday Friday
 
*[[Frank Rich]], Sunday
 
'''Former Op-Ed Columnists'''
 
[[Russell Baker]], [[Gail Collins]], [[Anthony Lewis]], [[Flora Lewis]], [[Anna Quindlen]], [[James Reston]], [[A. M. Rosenthal]], [[William Safire]], [[John Tierney (journalist)|John Tierney]], [[Tom Wicker]]
 
 
 
'''News Columnists'''
 
* [[Dave Anderson]], Weekly
 
* [[Peter Applebome]] Wednesday, Sunday
 
* [[Harvey Araton]], Weekly
 
* [[Dan Barry]], Wednesday, Saturday
 
* [[Roger Cohen]], Wednesday, Saturday
 
* [[Clyde Haberman]], Tuesday, Friday
 
* [[William C. Rhoden]], Weekly
 
* [[Selena Roberts]], Weekly
 
* [[George Vecsey]], Weekly
 
* [[John Vinocur]], Tuesday
 
 
 
'''Business Columnists'''
 
* [[Floyd Norris]], Friday
 
* [[Gretchen Morgenson]], Sunday
 
* [[Joseph Nocera]], Saturday
 
 
 
====Other famous personnel====
 
* [[Jon Pareles]], Pop Music Critic
 
* [[Neil Strauss]], Freelance music writer
 
* [[Sia Michel]], Freelance music writer
 
 
 
===Controversies in the 2000s===
 
In 2003, the ''Times'' admitted that [[Jayson Blair]], one of its reporters, had committed repeated [[Journalism scandals|journalistic fraud]] over a span of several years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/11/national/11PAPE.html?ei=5070&en=8dfc464a841fa742&ex=1159243200&pagewanted=print&position=|author=Dan Barry, David Barstow, Jonathan D. Glater, Adam Liptak and Jacques Steinberg|title="Correcting the Record: Times Reporter Who Resigned Leaves Long Trail of Deception"|publisher=''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]''|date=May 13, 2003|accessdate=2006-09-22}}</ref> The general professionalism of the paper was questioned, though Blair immediately resigned following the incident. Questions of [[affirmative action]] in journalism were also raised,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2082661/#blair|author=Kaus, Mickey|title="Affirmative retraction at the NYT" also titled "Keller in the Cellar?"|date=May 12, 2003|publisher=''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' online magazine|accessdate=2006-09-24}}</ref><ref>Shafer, Jack, "The Jayson Blair Project How did he bamboozle the New York Times?" "Pressbox" column, ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' online magazine, May 8, 2003</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/18/opinion/18public.html?ei=5070&en=71d8d06f8322b11c&ex=1159243200&pagewanted=print|author=Calame, Byron|title="Preventing a Second Jason Blair" ("The Public Editor" column)|date=June 18, 2006|publisher=''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]''|accessdate=2006-09-22}}</ref> since Blair is [[African American|black]]. The paper's top two editors &ndash; [[Howell Raines]], the executive editor, and [[Gerald M. Boyd]], managing editor &ndash; resigned their posts following the incident.[http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/Northeast/06/05/nytimes.resigns/]
 
 
 
In April 2004 the ''Times'' reversed its policy of not using the term [[Armenian Genocide]].<ref name="ArmeniapediaTimes">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=New_York_Times|title=New York Times|encyclopedia=Armeniapedia|accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref> Despite publishing dozens of articles about the Armenian Genocide as it progressed,<ref name="ArmediapediaArticles">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Armenian_Genocide_Contemporary_Articles|title=Armenian Genocide Contemporary Articles|encyclopedia=Armeniapedia|accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref> the ''Times'' for a period shied away from using the term in its articles as part of its editorial policy.  The [[Turkey|Turkish Government]] still denies [[genocide]] occurred. ''Times'' columnist and former reporter [[Nicholas D. Kristof]], who is of Armenian descent, has criticized in his ''Times'' column the ongoing denial of the Armenian Genocide by the Turkish government.
 
 
 
On May 26, 2004, the ''Times'' published a piece entitled "From the Editors" indicating that the paper's reporting of the lead up to the war in Iraq, "especially on the issue of Iraq's weapons and possible Iraqi connections to international terrorists...was not as rigorous as it should have been."<ref name="nytimes20040526">[http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/30/weekinreview/30bott.html Week in Review 2004 May 30]</ref>
 
 
 
In October 2005, ''Times'' reporter [[Judith Miller]] was released from prison after 85 days, when she agreed to testify to Special Prosecutor [[Patrick Fitzgerald]]’s grand jury after receiving a personal waiver, both on the phone and in writing, of her earlier confidential source agreement with [[Lewis "Scooter" Libby]]. No other reporter whose testimony had been sought in the case had received such a direct and particularized release. Her incarceration has helped fuel an effort in Congress to enact a [[Federal Shield law]], comparable to the state shield laws which protect reporters in 49 of the 50 states. After her second appearance before the grand jury, Miller was released from her contempt of court finding. Miller resigned from the paper on 9 November 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://judithmiller.org/news/#76|author=Judith Miller|title="Judith Miller's Farewell"|date=2005-11-09|accessdate=2006-11-04}}</ref>
 
 
 
In a similar case, in late 2001, ''Times'' reporters (including [[Judith Miller]]) were leaked information about government actions against the [[Holy Land Foundation]] and the [[Global Relief Foundation]], two Islamic charities suspected of funding terrorist organizations.  After a grand jury was convened in [[Illinois]] to consider an indictment against the leakers, the ''Times'' refused to cooperate with the prosecutor’s request for the reporters to identify their confidential sources.  When the government attempted to subpoena phone records of the reporters, the ''Times'' sought an injunction. The Federal District Court in New York agreed with the ''Times'' on the basis of a [[First Amendment]] and [[common law]] reporters’ privilege and barred the government from seeing the records.  However, that decision was recently reversed by the [[U.S. Court  of Appeals]].
 
 
 
On December 16, 2005, a ''New York Times'' article revealed that the Bush administration had ordered the [[National Security Agency]] (NSA) to intercept certain telephone conversations between suspected terrorists in the U.S. and those in other countries without first obtaining court warrants for the surveillance, apparently in violation of the [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978]] (FISA) and without the knowledge or consent of the Congress.  A federal judge recently held that the plan revealed by the ''Times'' was unconstitutional, and hearings have been held on this issue in Congress. The article noted that reporters and editors at the ''Times'' had known about the intelligence-gathering program for approximately a year but had, at the request of White House officials, delayed publication to conduct additional reporting. The Justice Department has launched an investigation to determine the sources of the classified information obtained by the ''Times''. The men who reported the stories, [[James Risen]] and [[Eric Lichtblau]], won the [[Pulitzer Prize]] for national reporting in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pulitzer.org/year/2006/national-reporting/|author=Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism|title="2006 Pulitzer Prize Winners - NATIONAL REPORTING"|publisher=''The Pulitzer Board''|date=2006|accessdate=2006-11-04}}</ref>
 
 
 
In an article on [[June 23]], [[2006]], The Times  (along with the [[Wall Street Journal]][http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/wsj/access/1065158031.html?dids=1065158031:1065158031&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jun+23%2C+2006&author=Glenn+R.+Simpson&pub=Wall+Street+Journal&edition=Eastern+edition&startpage=A.1&type=91_1996&desc=Treasury+Tracks+Financial+Data+In+Secret+Program],[[Washington Post]][http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/1065118181.html?dids=1065118181:1065118181&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&fmac=&date=Jun+23%2C+2006&author=&desc=Bank+Records+Secretly+Tapped] and the [[Los Angeles Times]][http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-swift23jun23,0,6482687.story]) revealed the existence of the [[Terrorist Finance Tracking Program]], a [[CIA]]/[[Department of Treasury]] program to detect terrorist financing though access to the database of the [[Brussels]]-based [[Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication]] ("[[SWIFT]]").
 
 
 
The newspaper's Public Editor, [[Byron Calame]] originally supported publication but later changed his mind. In an [[August 13]], [[2006]] column he wrote "I haven't found any evidence in the intervening months that the surveillance program was illegal.... The lack of appropriate oversight—to catch any abuses in the absence of media attention—was a key reason I originally supported publication. I think, however, that I gave it too much weight."<ref name="nytimes20061022">[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/22/opinion/22pubed.html?pagewanted=2]</ref>
 
Times Editor [[Bill Keller]] responded to Calame’s mea culpa in a letter to Calame posted on Calame's online blog on [[November 6]], [[2006]]. Keller felt that Calame’s premise that “the press should not reveal sensitive secret information unless there is a preponderance of evidence that the information exposes illegal or abusive actions by the government” set too high a bar. Keller explained that “The banking story landed in the context of a national debate about the concentration of executive power. The Swift program was the latest in a series of programs carried out without the customary checks and balances — in this case, Congressional oversight. Key members of Congress who would normally be apprised of such a program and who would be expected to monitor its safeguards only learned of the program because we did.”<ref name="publiceditor.blogs.nytimes.com">[ http://publiceditor.blogs.nytimes.com/?p=75#more-75]</ref>
 
In [[September]] [[2006]], the Belgian government declared that the SWIFT dealings with U.S. government authorities were, in fact, a breach of Belgian and European privacy laws.[http://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=F40611F63D540C7A8EDDA00894DE404482]
 
 
 
====Corporate-influence concerns====
 
In their book ''[[Manufacturing Consent]]'', [[Edward Herman]] and [[Noam Chomsky]] analyze a variety of major U.S. media outlets, with an emphasis on the ''Times'', and conclude a bias exists which is neither liberal nor conservative in nature, but rather aligned towards the interests of corporate conglomerates, such as those that now own most of these media.  Chomsky has explained that this bias functions in all sorts of ways:
 
 
 
<blockquote>"...by selection of topics, by distribution of concerns, by emphasis and framing of issues, by filtering of information, by bounding of debate within certain limits. They determine, they select, they shape, they control, they restrict — in order to serve the interests of dominant, elite groups in the society."<ref name="Chomsky1992">{{cite web|url=http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/1992----02.htm|title=Excerpts from Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky interviewed by various interviewers|accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref></blockquote>
 
 
 
Chomsky also touches on the specific importance this perceived bias has in the ''Times'', saying: <blockquote>"...history is what appears in ''The New York Times'' archives; the place where people will go to find out what happened is ''The New York Times''. Therefore it's extremely important if history is going to be shaped in an appropriate way, that certain things appear, certain things not appear, certain questions be asked, other questions be ignored, and that issues be framed in a particular fashion."<ref name="Chomsky1992">{{cite web|url=http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/1992----02.htm|title=Excerpts from Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky interviewed by various interviewers|accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref></blockquote>
 
 
 
The ''Times'' has also been criticized{{fact}} for allowing [[ExxonMobil|Exxon-Mobil Corporation]] to run a regular paid "[[advertorial]]" commentary piece on its editorial page, although the practice is common in other U.S. newspapers.
 
 
 
====Self-examination of bias====
 
In summer 2004, the newspaper's then public editor ([[ombudsman]]), [[Daniel Okrent]], wrote a piece on the ''Times''<nowiki>'</nowiki> alleged liberal bias.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E7D8173DF936A15754C0A9629C8B63|author=Okrent, Daniel|title="Is The New York Times a Liberal Newspaper?" (Public Editor column)|date=2004-07-25|accessdate=2006-09-24|publisher='''The New York Times'''}}</ref>  He concluded that the ''Times'' did have a liberal bias in coverage of certain social issues, [[Same-sex marriage|gay marriage]] being the example he used.  He claimed that this bias reflected the paper's [[cosmopolitanism]], which arose naturally from its roots as a hometown paper of [[New York City]].
 
 
 
Okrent did not comment at length on the issue of bias in coverage of "hard news", such as fiscal policy, foreign policy, or civil liberties. However, he noted that the paper's coverage of the [[Iraq war]] was, among other things, insufficiently critical of the George W. Bush administration (see below).  In May 2005 Okrent was succeeded by [[Byron Calame]].
 
 
 
Additionally in a post-[[Jayson Blair]] report to [[Bill Keller]],<ref name="ReadersTrust">{{cite web|url=http://www.nytco.com/pdf/siegal-report050205.pdf|title=Preserving Our Readers' Trust|first=Daniel|last=Okrent|format=pdf|date=2005-05-02|accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref> a committee of ''Times'' employees noted:
 
 
 
<blockquote>Nothing we recommend should be seen as endorsing a retreat from tough-minded reporting of abuses of power by public or private institutions. In part because the ''Times'' ' editorial page is clearly liberal, the news pages do need to make more effort not to seem monolithic.</blockquote>
 
 
 
==See also==
 
* [[CIA leak grand jury investigation]]
 
* [[New York Times Best Seller list]]
 
* [[Media of New York City]]
 
* ''[[Current History]]''
 
* [[Bulldog edition]]
 
* [[Norimitsu Onishi]]
 
* [[John Bertram Oakes]]
 
* [[David E. Sanger]]
 
* [[Don Van Natta, Jr.]]
 
 
 
==Further reading==
 
* Berry; Nicholas O. ''Foreign Policy and the Press: An Analysis of the New York Times' Coverage of U.S. Foreign Policy'' (Greenwood. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=27100019 1990])
 
* Davis; Elmer. ''History of the New York Times, 1851-1921'' [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9199060 (1921)]
 
* Hess, John. ''My Times: A Memoir of Dissent'', Seven Stories Press (2003), cloth, ISBN 1-58322-604-4; trade paperback, Seven Stories Press (2003), ISBN 1-58322-622-2
 
* Jones, Alex S. and Susan E. Tifft. ''The Trust: The Private and Powerful Family Behind The New York Times.'' Back Bay Books (2000), ISBN 0-316-83631-1.
 
* Mnookin, Seth. ''Hard News: The Scandals at The New York Times and Their Meaning for American Media'', Random House (2004), cloth, ISBN 1-4000-6244-6.
 
* [[Gay Talese|Talese, Gay]]. ''The Kingdom and the Power'', World Publishing Company, New York, Cleveland (1969), ISBN 0-8446-6284-4.
 
 
 
*''[[The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage]], revised edition. Allan M. Siegal and William G. Connolly. New York: Times Books, 1999. ISBN 0-8129-6388-1. Self-indexed.
 
 
 
== Footnotes ==
 
<div class="references-small">
 
<references/>
 
</div>
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
*''[http://www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times on the Web]''
+
All links retrieved April 30, 2023.
*[http://www.wqxr.com/ WQXR, the ''Times''' radio station]
 
*[http://www.nytco.com/company-timeline-1851.html Official history of the Times]
 
*"[http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/26/international/middleeast/26FTE_NOTE.html The Times and Iraq]," ''New York Times'', May 26, 2004.
 
*Daniel Okrent, "[http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/30/weekinreview/30bott.html Weapons of Mass Destruction? Or Mass Distraction?]" ''New York Times'', May 30, 2004.
 
*Daniel Okrent, "[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E7D8173DF936A15754C0A9629C8B63 THE PUBLIC EDITOR; Is The New York Times a Liberal Newspaper?]" ''New York Times'', July 25, 2004
 
*[http://www.timeswatch.com/ Times Watch], weblog documenting alleged examples of liberal bias in the ''Times'', run by the [[Media Research Center]]
 
*[http://www.nameimmersion.com/ Names Frequency], name frequency documentation in NYT
 
*[http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110008585 Fit and Unfit to Print]: the [[Wall Street Journal]] replies to the ''Times'' on the subject of the press's obligations in wartime
 
*[http://www.newsfollowup.com/leakgate1.htm Plamegate timeline, AIPAC / Franklin Pentagon mole indictment, Niger yellowcake connections? at NewsFollowUp.com].
 
*[http://www.ontheirtoes.blogspot.com/ Times/WaPo Watch], Criticism of the New York Times from a progressive perspective
 
*[http://discoursedb.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times The New York Times] at Discourse DB
 
 
 
 
 
  
 +
*[http://discoursedb.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times The ''New York Times''] at Discourse DB.
 +
*''[http://www.nytimes.com/ The ''New York Times'' on the Web.]
  
 
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Latest revision as of 15:40, 30 April 2023


The New York Times is a newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. It is owned by The New York Times Company, which publishes 15 other newspapers, including the International Herald Tribune and the Boston Globe. It is the largest metropolitan newspaper in the United States, and it gave its name to the famous Times Square in Manhattan. Nicknamed the "Gray Lady" for its staid appearance and style, the name is often abbreviated to the Times, but should not be confused with The Times, which is published in London, United Kingdom.

Never the largest newspaper in terms of circulation, The New York Times is nonetheless highly influential both in the United States and worldwide, the winner of close to 100 Pulitzer Prizes, with consistently high standard and incisive editorials as well as detailed and broad coverage of international as well as American news. In the last decade or so, its web site has also become one of the top-ranking Internet news destinations for readers around the world. Its world-famous motto, always printed in the upper left-hand corner of the front page, is: "All the news that's fit to print."

History

The New York Times was founded on September 18, 1851, by journalist and politician Henry Jarvis Raymond and former banker George Jones as the New-York Daily Times. On September 14, 1857, the New-York Daily Times lost its hyphen and the word Daily and became The New York Times.

The original intent was to publish the paper every morning except on Sundays. However, during the Civil War the Times (along with other major dailies) started publishing Sunday issues.

In 1896, Adolph Ochs, publisher of The Chattanooga Times, acquired The New York Times and in 1897, coined the paper's celebrated slogan, "All the news that's fit to print," widely interpreted as a jab at competing papers in New York City (the New York World and the New York Journal American) that were known for lurid yellow journalism. Under his guidance, The New York Times achieved an international scope, circulation, and reputation.

Notable events

Between 1870 and 1871, a series of Times exposes brought down Boss Tweed and ended the Tweed Ring's domination of New York's city hall.[1]

In the 1876 presidential election, while other newspapers declared Samuel Tilden the victor over Rutherford B. Hayes, the Times, under the headline "A Doubtful Election," asserted the outcome remained uncertain. After months, an electoral commission and Congress finally decided the election in Hayes' favor.[1]

In 1884, the Times faced a period of transition from strictly supporting Republican candidates to becoming a politically independent paper, supporting Grover Cleveland in his first presidential election in 1884. In the beginning, it took a toll on the income of the Times but within a few years, the paper regained most of its lost ground and readership.

Looking towards 1 Times Square

The newspaper gave its name to Times Square, in 1904, after it moved to new headquarters on 42nd Street in an area formerly known as Longacre Square. It was here that the New Year's Eve tradition of lowering a lighted ball from the Times building was started by the paper in 1907.[2] After only nine years at Times Square, the paper relocated in 1913 to 229 West 43rd Street. The new headquarters for the newspaper, the New York Times Tower, a skyscraper designed by Renzo Piano at 620 8th Avenue in Manhattan, opened in June 2007. The original Times Square building, now known as One Times Square, was sold in 1961.

In 1904, the Times received the first on-the-spot wireless transmission from a naval battle, a report of the destruction of the Russian fleet at the Battle of Port Arthur in the Yellow Sea during the Russo-Japanese War.

In 1919, it made its first trans-Atlantic delivery to London. In 1910, the first air delivery of the Times to Philadelphia began. In 1920, a "4 A.M. Airplane Edition" was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening.

During World War II, two Times reporters, Harold Denny, in North Africa, and Otto D. Tolischus, in Japan, were held as prisoners of war. Tolischus was tortured and accused of espionage. Both were eventually released.

A crossword puzzle began to appear in 1942 as a feature, and the paper bought the classical music radio station WQXR the same year. The fashion section started in 1946. The Times also started an international edition in 1946, but stopped publishing it in 1967, when it joined with the owners of the New York Herald Tribune and The Washington Post to publish the International Herald Tribune in Paris; in 2003, the Times became sole publisher.

In 1945, William L. Laurence, a science reporter, was drafted by the government to write the official history of the atomic bomb project. On August 9, he was the only journalist on the mission to bomb Nagasaki.

In 1964, the paper was the defendant in a libel case known as New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, in which the Supreme Court established the actual malice legal test for libel.

The Op-Ed section started appearing in 1970. In 1996, The New York Times went online, and is one of the top news sites on the web for readers all over the world at www.nytimes.com.

Controversies

The paper, like many news organizations, has often been accused of giving too little or too much play to various events for reasons not related to objective journalism. One of these allegations is that before and during World War II, the newspaper downplayed accusations that Nazi Germany had targeted Jews for expulsion and genocide, at least in part because the publisher, who was Jewish, feared the taint of taking on any "Jewish cause."[3]

Another serious charge was that the Times, through its coverage of the Soviet Union by correspondent Walter Duranty, helped to cover up the Ukrainian genocide perpetrated by Joseph Stalin in the 1930s.[4]

In 2003, the Times admitted that Jayson Blair, one of its reporters, had committed repeated journalistic fraud over a span of several years.[5] The general professionalism of the paper was questioned, though Blair immediately resigned following the incident. Questions of affirmative action in journalism were also raised,[6] since Blair is black. The paper's top two editors—Howell Raines, the executive editor, and Gerald M. Boyd, managing editor—resigned their posts following the incident.[7]

In April 2004, the Times reversed its policy of not using the term Armenian Genocide.[8] Despite publishing dozens of articles about the Armenian Genocide as it progressed, the Times for a period shied away from using the term in its articles as part of its editorial policy. The Turkish government still denies genocide occurred. Times columnist and former reporter Nicholas D. Kristof, who is of Armenian descent, has criticized in his Times column the ongoing denial of the Armenian Genocide by the Turkish government.

On May 26, 2004, the Times published a piece entitled "From the Editors" indicating that the paper's reporting of the lead up to the war in Iraq, "especially on the issue of Iraq's weapons and possible Iraqi connections to international terrorists…was not as rigorous as it should have been."[9]

In October 2005, Times reporter Judith Miller was released from prison after 85 days, when she agreed to testify to Special Prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald’s grand jury after receiving a personal waiver, both by telephone and in writing, of her earlier confidential source agreement with Lewis "Scooter" Libby. No other reporter whose testimony had been sought in the case had received such a direct and particularized release. Her incarceration has helped fuel an effort in Congress to enact a federal shield law, comparable to the state shield laws which protect reporters in 49 of the 50 states. After her second appearance before the grand jury, Miller was released from her contempt of court finding. Miller resigned from the paper on November 9, 2005.

On December 16, 2005, a New York Times article revealed that the Bush administration had ordered the National Security Agency (NSA) to intercept certain telephone conversations between suspected terrorists in the U.S. and those in other countries without first obtaining court warrants for the surveillance, apparently in violation of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA) and without the knowledge or consent of the Congress. A federal judge held that the plan revealed by the Times was unconstitutional, and hearings have been held on this issue in Congress. The article noted that reporters and editors at the Times had known about the intelligence-gathering program for approximately a year but had, at the request of White House officials, delayed publication to conduct additional reporting. The Justice Department has launched an investigation to determine the sources of the classified information obtained by the Times. The men who reported the stories, James Risen and Eric Lichtblau, won the Pulitzer Prize for national reporting in 2006.[10]

Corporate-influence concerns

In their book Manufacturing Consent, Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky (1988) analyzed a variety of major U.S. media outlets, with an emphasis on the Times, and concluded a bias exists which is neither liberal nor conservative in nature, but rather aligned towards the interests of corporate conglomerates, such as those that now own most of these media. Chomsky has explained that this bias functions in all sorts of ways:

…by selection of topics, by distribution of concerns, by emphasis and framing of issues, by filtering of information, by bounding of debate within certain limits. They determine, they select, they shape, they control, they restrict—in order to serve the interests of dominant, elite groups in the society.[11]

Chomsky also touches on the specific importance this perceived bias has in the Times, saying:

…history is what appears in The New York Times archives; the place where people will go to find out what happened is The New York Times. Therefore it's extremely important if history is going to be shaped in an appropriate way, that certain things appear, certain things not appear, certain questions be asked, other questions be ignored, and that issues be framed in a particular fashion.

Self-examination of bias

In summer 2004, the newspaper's then public editor (ombudsman), Daniel Okrent, wrote a piece on the Times' alleged liberal bias.[12] He concluded that the Times did have a liberal bias in coverage of certain social issues, gay marriage being the example he used. He claimed that this bias reflected the paper's cosmopolitanism, which arose naturally from its roots as a hometown paper of New York City.

Okrent did not comment at length on the issue of bias in coverage of "hard news," such as fiscal policy, foreign policy, or civil liberties. However, he noted that the paper's coverage of the war in Iraq war was, among other things, insufficiently critical of the George W. Bush administration.

The Times today

The New York Times is perhaps the most prominent American daily newspaper, although it trails USA Today and the Wall Street Journal in circulation. In March 2007, the paper reported a circulation of 1,120,420 copies on weekdays and 1,627,062 copies on Sundays. The newspaper is currently owned by The New York Times Company, in which descendants of Ochs, principally the Sulzberger family, maintain a dominant role.

Since winning its first Pulitzer Prize,[13] in 1918 for its World War I reporting, the Times has won 98 Pulitzers, including a record seven in 2002. In 1971 it broke the "Pentagon Papers" story, publishing leaked documents revealing that the U.S. government had been painting an unrealistically rosy picture of the progress of the Vietnam War. This led to New York Times Co. v. United States (1971), which declared the government's prior restraint of the classified documents was unconstitutional. In 2004, the Times won a Pulitzer for a series written by David Barstow and Lowell Bergman on employers and workplace safety issues.

The New York Times is printed at the following sites:

Ann Arbor, Michigan; Austin, Texas; Atlanta, Georgia; Billerica, Massachusetts; Canton, Ohio; Chicago, Illinois; College Point, New York; Concord, California; Dayton, Ohio (Sunday only); Denver, Colorado; Fort Lauderdale, Florida; Gastonia, North Carolina; Edison, New Jersey; Spartanburg, South Carolina; Lakeland, Florida; Phoenix, Arizona; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Springfield, Virginia; Kent, Washington; Torrance, California and Toronto, Canada.

Though based in New York City, The Times has 16 news bureaus in the New York region, 11 national news bureaus and 26 foreign news bureaus. It has sought to strengthen its status as a national newspaper by increasing to twenty its number of printing locations, allowing early morning distribution in many additional markets.

The newspaper continues to own classical WQXR (96.3 FM) and WQEW (1560 AM).

Web presence

The Times has had a strong presence on the web since 1995, and has been ranked one of the top web sites. It is accessible via www.nytimes.com or www.nyt.com As part of its being the de facto newspaper of record, the Times makes available almost its entire site to readers without a subscription (although usually requiring site registration). Times news archives from 1987 to the present are available at no charge, as well as those from 1851 to 1922, which are in the public domain.

Created via a collaboration between the newspaper and Microsoft, "Times Reader" is a desktop-based web application designed for reading the Times on your computer screen, mimicking the look-and-feel of the print newspaper. It is available only to subscribers on both the Windows PC and Mac platforms.

Notes

  1. 1.0 1.1 New York Times Company, New York Times Timeline 1851-1880. Retrieved March 24, 2007.
  2. New York Architecture, One Times Square (The Times Tower). Retrieved March 24, 2007.
  3. Laurel Leff, Buried by the Times: The Holocaust and America's Most Important Newspaper (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0521812879).
  4. New York Times Company, New York Times Statement About 1932 Pulitzer Prize Awarded to Walter Duranty. Retrieved March 24, 2007.
  5. Dan Barry, David Barstow, Jonathan D. Glater, Adam Liptak and Jacques Steinberg, Correcting the Record: Times Reporter Who Resigned Leaves Long Trail of Deception. Retrieved September 10, 2008.
  6. Mickey Kaus, Affirmative retraction at the NYT. Retrieved September 24, 2006.
  7. Rose Arce and Shannon Troetel, Top New York Times editors quit, CNN.
  8. Armeniapedia, New York Times. Retrieved September 10, 2008.
  9. New York Times, Week in Review 2004: May 30. Retrieved September 4, 2006.
  10. Pulitzer Prize, 2006 Pulitzer Prize Winners—National Reporting. Retrieved September 10, 2008.
  11. www.chomsky.info, Excerpts from Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky interviewed by various interviewers. Retrieved September 10, 2008.
  12. Okrent, Daniel (July 25, 2004). "Is The New York Times a Liberal Newspaper?" (Public Editor column). The New York Times. Retrieved September 24, 2006.
  13. The New York Times Company. Our Company:Awards. Retrieved July 4, 2006.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Berry, Nicholas O. Foreign Policy and the Press: An Analysis of the New York Times' Coverage of U.S. Foreign Policy. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313274193.
  • Davis, Elmer. History of the New York Times, 1851-1921.
  • Hess, John. 2003. My Times: A Memoir of Dissent. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 1-58322-604-4.
  • Jones, Alex S., and Susan E. Tifft. 2000. The Trust: The Private and Powerful Family Behind The New York Times. Back Bay Books. ISBN 0316836311.
  • Mnookin, Seth. 2004. Hard News: The Scandals at The New York Times and Their Meaning for American Media. New York: Random House. ISBN 1400062446.
  • Siegal, Allan M., and William G. Connolly. 1999. The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage. New York: Times Books. ISBN 0812963881.
  • Talese, Gay. 1969. The Kingdom and the Power. New York: World Publishing Company. ISBN 0844662844.

External links

All links retrieved April 30, 2023.

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