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| − | [[Image:Tatar woman XVIII century.jpg|200px|thumb|Tatar woman, eighteenth century]]
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| − | The '''Tatars''' are people of [[Turkey|Turkic]] origin living mainly in [[Russia]] but also in [[Poland]] the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic states]] and several other countries. Russian Tatars number approximately six million, and are the second largest [[ethnicity|ethnic group]]. About five million live in diaspora with communities in [[North America]], [[Germany]] and Turkey. Most Russian Tatars belong to the [[Sunni]] branch of [[Islam]]. The name is believed to derive from that of a fifth century [[Mongolia|Mongolian]] tribe. In the thirteenth century, under the leadership of [[Batu Khan]] the Tatars overran large parts of Russia, including [[Siberia]], often called Tartary. Taking part in the [[Mongol invasion of Europe]] they attacked [[Hungary]] and Germany before settling in [[Bulgaria|Voga Bulgaria]]. They established the [[Golden Horde]]. Until the fifteenth century, the Tatar territory was more or less a single polity. Faced with [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] expansion, the empire then disintegrated into a series of small khanates, some of which became vassals of the Ottomans.
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| − | Many Tatars inter-[[married]] with Russian families, including the [[nobility]]. Many assimilated into Russian society and achieved prominent positions in [[government]] and in the [[military]]. The last independent Tatar state to be incorporated into imperial Russia was the [[Crimean Peninsula|Crimea]], which was annexed in 1783. Some Crimean Tatars were accused of collaboration with [[Nazi]] Germany during [[World War II]], and sent into internal exile within the [[Soviet Union]]. There is no evidence that this accusation was justified and the deportation was later denounced by [[Nikita Khrushchev]]. Some have subsequently returned to the Crimea, others have migrated elsewhere. Volga Bulgaria became [[Tartarstan]], a Soviet republic in 1920 and a semi-independent state within the Russian Federation in 1992. Tatars have proven remarkable adept at assimilating into host [[society|societies]] while retaining a sense of their own identity and pride in their heritage. Having spread across the world, they have contributed to multiple [[culture|cultures]], bridged different [[civilization|civilizations]] and illustrate the inter-connectivity of [[humanity|humans]] around the globe. Tatar expansion and conquest opened up channels of [[communication]], made Europeans more aware of the world beyond their borders, enabled [[trade]] and created bonds and links between diverse populations.
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| − | ==Overview==
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| − | '''Tatars''' ([[Tatar language|Tatar]]: Tatarlar/Татарлар), sometimes spelled '''Tartars''', refers to ethnic group mainly inhabiting [[Russia]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Ukraine]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], Bulgaria, [[Romania]], [[Lithuania]], and [[Poland]]. They collectively numbered more than five million in the late twentieth century. Many of them speak the Tatar language, a member of the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] language group, and they have been referred to as a [[Turkic people]]. The original Ta-ta inhabited the north-eastern [[Gobi]] in the fifth century and, after subjugation in the ninth century by the [[Liao dynasty|Khitans]], migrated southward. In the twelfth century, they were subjugated by the [[Mongol Empire]] under [[Genghis Khan]]. Under the leadership of his grandson [[Batu Khan]], they moved westwards, driving with them many stems of the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[Ural-Altaic|Ural-Altay]]ans towards the plains of Russia. In Europe, they were assimilated by the local populations or their name spread to the conquered peoples: [[Kipchaks]], [[Volga Bulgars]], [[Alans]], [[Kimaks]] and others; and elsewhere with [[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] speaking peoples, as well as with remnants of the ancient [[Greek colonies]] in the [[Crimea]] and Caucasians in the [[Caucasus]]. Tatars of [[Siberia]] are survivors of the Turkic population of the [[Ural (region)|Ural]]-[[Altay Mountains|Altaic]] region, mixed to some extent with the speakers of [[Uralic languages]], as well as with Mongols. Later, each group adopted Turkic languages and many adopted [[Islam]]. At the beginning of twentieth century, most of those groups, except the [[Volga Tatars]] and [[Crimean Tatars]] adopted their own ethnic names and now are not referred to as Tatars, being ''Tatars'' or ''Tartars'' only in historical context. Now the name ''Tatars'' is generally applied to two ethnic groups: Volga Tatars (or simply Tatars) and Crimean Tatars. However, some indigenous peoples of Siberia are also traditionally named ''Tatars,'' such as [[Chulym Tatars]].
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| − | The present Tatar inhabitants of [[Eurasia]] form three large groups:
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| − | * those of [[Crimea]], [[Bulgaria]], European Russia and Western Siberia, [[Lithuania]], [[Moldova]], [[Belarus]], [[Poland]], [[Romania]] and [[Turkey]].
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| − | * those of the [[Caucasus]] (in historical context),
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| − | * and those of Eastern [[Siberia]] (in historical context).
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| − | Due to the very loose utilization of the name Tatar, current day Tatars comprise a spectrum of physical appearance, ranking from Mongoloid to Caucasoid. As to the original Tatars from Mongolia, they most likely shared characteristics with the Mongol invaders from Central Asia.
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| − | == Name ==
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| − | [[Image:Kultigin monument.jpg|right|thumb|150px|[[Kul Tigin]] Monument on which the first mention of the ''Tatar'' people is inscribed]]
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| − | The name ''Tatar'' initially appeared amongst the nomadic [[Turkic peoples]] of northeastern [[Mongolia]] in the region around [[Lake Baikal]] in the beginning of the fifth century. These people may have been related to the [[Cumans]] or the [[Kipchaks]]. The Chinese term is ''Dada'' and is a comparatively specific term for [[nomad]]s to the north, emerging in the late Tang. Other names include ''Dadan'' and ''Tatan.''
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| − | As various of these [[nomadic]] groups became part of [[Genghis Khan]]'s army in the early thirteenth century, a fusion of [[Mongol]] and Turkic elements took place, and the invaders of [[Kievan Rus'|Rus]] and [[Hungary]] became known to Europeans as Tatars (or Tartars). After the break up of the [[Mongol Empire]], the Tatars became especially identified with the western part of the empire, which included most of European Russia and was known as the [[Golden Horde]].
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| − | The form ''Tartar'' has its origins in either [[Latin]] or [[French language|French]], coming to Western European languages from the [[Turkish language|Turkish]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] ''Tātār.'' From the beginning the extra ''r'' was present in the Western forms, and according to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] this was most likely due to an association with ''[[Tartarus]]'' ([[Hell]] in [[Greek mythology]]), though some claimed that the name ''Tartar'' was in fact used amongst the Tatars themselves. Nowadays ''Tatar'' is usually used to refer to the people, but ''Tartar'' is still almost always used for derived terms such as [[tartar sauce]] or [[steak tartare]].
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| − | Historically, the term ''Tatar'' or ''Tartar'' has been ambiguously used by Europeans to refer to many different peoples of [[Central Asia|Inner Asia]] and [[North Asia|Northern Asia]]. For example, the Russians referred to various peoples they came into contact with on the [[Eurasia]]n [[steppe]]s as Tatars yet the [[Great Britain|British]] and [[United States|Americans]] generally referred to the [[Manchu]] and related peoples as Tatars when they first arrived in [[China]]. The old [[English language]] designation is now regarded as [[Archaism|archaic]], although the meaning is preserved in the name of the [[Strait of Tartary]] that separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]]. Today, the word is generally confined to meaning one of the following:
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| − | ==Historical meaning of ''Tatars''==
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| − | * [[Ta-ta Mongols]]
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| − | * multi-ethnical population of [[Mongol Empire]]
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| − | * multi-ethnical Muslim population of late Golden Horde (for neighboring peoples, for example, Russians)
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| − | * Turkic Muslim population ([[Volga Tatars]], [[Azeris]]) and some pagan Turkic and Mongolian peoples (such as [[Khakass]]) in the [[Russian Empire]]
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| − | * Russian term for some peoples, incorporated into the [[Muslim nation of Russia]] in the late 19th century (for example, [[Volga Tatars]], [[Nogais]], [[Azeri]])
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| − | * Some ethnic groups in the Soviet Union after the policy of [[Furkinland]], such as the Volga Tatars (or simply Tatars), [[Crimean Tatars]], [[Chulym Tatars]], and groups such as the [[Lipka Tatars]] (other peoples also switched their Russian names to "Tatar" to promote their desire for self-determination).
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| − | ==Tatars==
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| − | The discrimination of the separate stems included under the name is still far from complete. The following subdivisions, however, may be regarded as established:
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| − | Tatars - ''Tatarlar'' or ''Татарлар.'' In modern English only ''Tatar'' is used to refer to Eurasian Tatars; ''Tartar'' has offensive connotations as a confusion with the [[Tartarus]] of [[Greek mythology]], due in part to the popular association of the ferocity of the Mongol tribes with the Greek sub-underworld. In Europe the term ''Tartar'' is generally only used in the historical context for ''Mongolian'' people who appeared in the thirteenth century (the [[Mongol invasions]]) and assimilated into the local population later.
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| − | ===Volga Tatars===
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| − | Volga Tatars live in the central and eastern parts of European Russia and in western [[Siberia]]. In today's Russia the term '''Tatars''' is used to describe '''Volga Tatars''' only. During the census of 2002, Tatars, or Volga Tatars, were officially divided into common Tatars, Astrakhan Tatars, Keräşen Tatars, and Siberian Tatars. Other ethnic groups, such as [[Crimean Tatars]] and [[Chulyms]], were not officially recognized as a part of the multi-ethnic Tatar group and were counted separately.
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| − | ====Kazan (Qazan) Tatars====
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| − | [[Image:Tatars in Kazan 1885 2.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Kazan Tatars]]
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| − | During the eleventh-sixteenth centuries, most [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] tribes lived in what is now Russia and Kazakhstan. The present territory of Tatarstan was inhabited by the [[Volga Bulgaria|Volga Bulgars]] who settled on the Volga in the eighth century and converted to [[Islam]] in 922 during the missionary work of [[Ahmad ibn Fadlan]]. On the Volga, the Bulgars mingled with [[Scythian]] and Finno-Ugric speaking peoples. After the [[Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria|Mongol invasion]], Bulgaria was defeated, ruined and incorporated in the [[Golden Horde]]. Much of the population survived, and there was a certain degree of mixing between it and the [[Kipchak]] Tatars of the Horde during the ensuing period. The group as a whole accepted the ethnonym "Tatars" (finally in the end of nineteenth century; although the name [[Bulgars]] persisted in some places; the majority identified themselves simply as ''the Muslims'') and the language of the Kipchaks; on the other hand, the invaders eventually converted to Islam. As the Horde disintegrated in the fifteenth century, the area became the territory of the [[Kazan khanate]], which was [[Russo-Kazan wars|ultimately conquered by Russia]] in the sixteenth century.
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| − | There is some debate among scholars about the extent of that mixing and the "share" of each group as progenitors of the modern Kazan Tatars. It is relatively accepted that demographically, most of the population was directly descended from the Bulgars. Nevertheless, some emphasize the contribution of the Kipchaks on the basis of the ethnonym and the [[language]], and consider that the modern Tatar ethnogenesis was only completed upon their arrival. Others prefer to stress the Bulgar heritage, sometimes to degree of equating modern Kazan Tatars with Bulgars. They argue that although the Volga Bulgars had not kept their language and their name, their old culture and religion - [[Islam]] - have been preserved. According to scholars who espouse this view, there was very little mixing with Mongol and Turkic aliens after the conquest of Volga Bulgaria, especially in the northern regions that ultimately became [[Tatarstan]]. Some voices even advocate the change of the ethnonym from "Tatars" to "Bulgars" - a movement known as [[Bulgarism]].<ref>Allen J. Frank. 1998. ''Islamic historiography and "Bulghar" identity among the Tatars and Bashkirs of Russia.'' (Leiden, NL: Brill. ISBN 9789004110212), 6.</ref>
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| − | In the 1910s they numbered about half a million in the [[Kazan Governorate]] ([[Tatarstan]], the Kazan Tatars' historical motherland), about 400,000 in each of the governments of [[Ufa]], 100,000 in [[Samara, Russia|Samara]] and [[Simbirsk]], and about 30,000 in [[Vyatka]], [[Saratov]], [[Tambov]], [[Penza]], [[Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Perm]] and [[Orenburg]]. Some 15,000 belonging to the same stem had migrated to [[Ryazan]], or had been settled as prisoners in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in [[Lithuania]] ([[Vilnius]], [[Hrodna|Grodno]] and [[Podolia]]). Some 2000 resided in [[St. Petersburg, Russia|Saint Petersburg]], where they were mostly employed as coachmen and waiters in restaurants. In [[Poland]] they constituted one percent of the population of the district of [[Płock]]. Later they were never counted as separate group of the Tatars.
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| − | The Kazan Tatars speak a [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] language (with a big complement of Russian and Arabic words; see [[Tatar language]]). They have been described as generally middle-sized, broad-shouldered, and the majority have brown and green eyes, a straight nose and salient cheek bones[http://www.xacitarxan.narod.ru/antropos.htm]. Because their ancestors number not only Turkic peoples, but [[Finno-Ugric]] and [[East Iranian languages|Eastern Iranian peoples]] as well, many Kazan Tatars tend to have Caucasoid faces. Around 33.5 percent belong to Southern Caucasoid, 27.5 percent to Northern Caucasoid, 24.5 percent to Lapponoid and 14.5 percent to Mongoloid.<ref>[http://www.xacitarxan.narod.ru/antropos.htm Tatars.] ''Xacitarxan''. Retrieved January 24, 2009.</ref> Most Kazan Tatars practice [[Sunni Islam]].
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| − | Before 1917 in Russia, polygamy was practiced only by the wealthier classes and was a waning institution. The [[Bashkirs]] who live between the [[Kama River|Kama]] and [[Ural River|Ural]] speak the [[Bashkir language]], which is similar to Tatar, and have converted to [[Sunni Islam]].
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| − | Because it is understandable to all groups of Russian Tatars, as well as to the [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]] and [[Bashkirs]], the language of the Volga Tatars became a literary one in the fifteenth century ([[Old Tatar language|İske Tatar tele]]). (However, [[iske imla|being written in Arabic alphabet]], it was spelled variously in the different regions). The old literary language included a lot of Arabic and Persian words. Nowadays the literary language includes European and Russian words instead of Arabic.
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| − | Volga Tatars number nearly 8 millions, mostly in Russia and the republics of the former Soviet Union. While the bulk of the population is to be found in Tatarstan (nearly 2 million) and neighboring regions, significant numbers of Kazan Tatars live in Central Asia, Siberia and the Caucasus. Outside of Tatarstan, urban Tatars usually speak [[Russian language|Russian]] as their first language (in cities such as Moscow, [[Saint-Petersburg]], [[Nizhniy Novgorod]], [[Tashkent]], [[Almaty]], and cities of the [[Ural (region)|Ural]] and western Siberia) and other languages in a worldwide diaspora. Hahn describes most Muslims in Tartarstan as belonging to the "more moderate Hanafi school" and as Russianified, urbanized and secularized.<ref>Gordon M. Hahn. 2007. ''Russia's Islamic threat.'' (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300120776), 174.</ref> Commenting that they are the second largest nationality in the Russian Federation, he notes that they "represent the greatest potential danger to the future of the Russian federal state" if they substitute pursuit of independence for autonomy.
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| − | A significant number of Tatars emigrated during the [[Russian Civil War]], mostly to Turkey and [[Harbin]], China, but resettled to European countries later. Some of them speak Turkish at home.<ref>[http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/premade/9052/autonomy.htm Regional Autonomy for Minority Peoples.] ''Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Peoples Republic of China''. Retrieved January 24, 2009.</ref>, there are still 51,000 Tatars living in Xinjiang province.
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| − | =====Noqrat Tatars=====
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| − | Tatars live in Russia's [[Kirov Oblast]] and [[Tatarstan]].
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| − | =====Perm Tatars=====
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| − | Tatars live in Russia's [[Perm Krai]]. Some of them also have an admixture of [[Komi peoples|Komi]] blood.
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| − | =====Keräşen Tatars=====
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| − | Some Tatars were forcibly Christianized by [[Ivan IV of Russia|Ivan the Terrible]] during the 16th century and later in the 18th century.
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| − | Some scientists suppose that [[Suars]] were ancestors of the Keräşen Tatars, and they had been converted to Christianity by Armenians in the sixth century, while they lived in the Caucasus. Suars, like other tribes (which later converted to Islam) became Volga Bulgars and later the modern [[Chuvash]] (mostly Christians) and Tatars (mostly [[Muslims]]).
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| − | Keräşen Tatars live all over [[Tatarstan]] and in [[Udmurtia]], [[Bashkiria]] and [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]]. Some of them did assimilate among [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]] and Tatars with [[Sunni Muslim]] self-identification. Eighty years of [[Atheism|atheist]]ic Soviet rule made Tatars of both confessions not as religious as they were. As such, differences between Tatars and Keräşen Tatars now is only that Keräşens have Russian names.
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| − | Some Turkic ([[Kuman]]) tribes in [[Golden Horde]] were converted to Christianity in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries ([[Roman Catholic|Catholicism]] and [[Nestorianism]]). Some prayers, written in that time in the ''[[Codex Cumanicus]],'' sound like modern Keräşen prayers, but there is no information about the connection between Christian Kumans and modern Keräşens.
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| − | =====Nağaybäks=====
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| − | Tatars who became [[Cossack]]s (border keepers) and converted to [[Russian Orthodoxy]]. They live in the [[Urals]], the Russian border with [[Kazakhstan]] during the seventeenth-eighteenth century.
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| − | The biggest Nağaybäk village is [[Parizh]], Russia, named after the [[France|French]] capital Paris, due Nağaybäk's participation in [[Napoleonic Wars]].
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| − | =====Tiptär Tatars=====
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| − | Like Noğaybaqs, although they are Sunni Muslims. Some Tiptär Tatars speak Russian or [[Bashkirs|Bashkir]].
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| − | =====Tatar language dialects=====
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| − | There are 3 dialects: Eastern, Central, Western.
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| − | The Western dialect (Misher) is spoken mostly by Mishärs, the Middle dialect is spoken by Kazan and Astrakhan Tatars, and the Eastern (Siberian) dialect is spoken by some groups of Tatars in western Siberia.
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| − | Middle Tatar is the base of literary Tatar Language. The Middle dialect also has subdivisions.
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| − | ====Mişär Tatars====
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| − | Mişär Tatars (or Mishers) are a group of Tatars speaking a dialect of the [[Tatar language]]. They are descendants of [[Kipchaks]] in the Middle [[Oka River]] area and Meschiora where they mixed with the local [[Slavic]] and [[Finno-Ugric]] tribes. Nowadays they live in [[Tambov Oblast|Tambov]], [[Penza Oblast|Penza]], [[Ryazan Oblast|Ryazan]], [[Nizhegorodskaya]] oblasts of Russia and in [[Bashkortostan]] and [[Mordovia]]. They lived near and along the Volga River, in Tatarstan.
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| − | ====Qasím Tatars====
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| − | The Western Tatars have their capital in the town of Qasím ([[Kasimov]] in Russian transcription) in [[Ryazan Oblast]], with a Tatar population of 1100.
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| − | ====Astrakhan Tatars====
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| − | The Astrakhan Tatars (around 80,000) are a group of Tatars, descendants of the [[Astrakhan Khanate]]'s agricultural population, who live mostly in [[Astrakhan Oblast]]. For the 2000 Russian census 2000, most Astrakhan Tatars declared themselves simply as Tatars and few declared themselves as Astrakhan Tatars. A large number of Volga Tatars live in Astrakhan Oblast and differences between them have been disappearing.
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| − | The Astrakhan Tatars are further divided into the Kundrov Tatars and the Karagash Tatars. The latter are also at times called the Karashi Tatars.<ref>James Stuart Olson. 1994. ''An ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires.'' (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313274978), 55.</ref>
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| − | Text from ''Britannica'' 1911:
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| − | <blockquote>The [[Astrakhan]] Tatars number about 10,000 and are, with the [[Kalmyks]], all that now remains of the once so powerful Astrakhan empire. They also are agriculturists and gardeners; while some 12,000 [[Kundrovsk]] Tatars still continue the nomadic life of their ancestors.<ref> ''The Encyclopaedia britannica; a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information,'' 1911 ed. (New York, NY: Encyclopaedia Britannica), 448.</ref></blockquote>
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| − | While Astrakhan (Ästerxan) Tatar is a mixed dialect, around 43,000 have assimilated to the Middle (i.e., Kazan) dialect. Their ancestors are [[Khazars]], [[Kipchaks]] and some [[Volga Bulgars]]. (Volga Bulgars had trade colonies in modern [[Astrakhan Oblast|Astrakhan]] and [[Volgograd Oblast|Volgograd]] oblasts of Russia.)
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| − | The Astrakhan Tatars also assimilated the [[Agrzhan]].<ref>Ronald Wixman. 1984. ''The peoples of the USSR: an ethnographic handbook.'' (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 9780873322034), 15.</ref>
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| − | ====Volga Tatars in the world====
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| − | Places where Volga Tatars live include:
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| − | * [[Ural (region)|Ural]] and Upper [[Kama]] (since 15th century) 15th century - colonization, 16th - 17th century - re-settled by Russians, 17th - 19th century - exploring of Ural, working in the plants
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| − | * West Siberia (since 16th century): 16th - from Russian repressions after conquering of Khanate of Kazan by Russians, 17th - 19th century - exploring of West Siberia, end of 19th - first half of 20th - industrialization, railways constructing, 1930s - [[Josef Stalin]]'s repressions, 1970s - 1990s oil workers
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| − | * Moscow (since 17th century): Tatar feudals in the service of Russia, tradesmen, since 18th - Saint-Petersburg
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| − | * Kazakhstan (since 18th century): 18th – 19th centuries - Russian army officers and soldiers, 1930s – industrialization, since 1950s - settlers on virgin lands - re-emigration in 1990s
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| − | * Finland (since 1804): (mostly Mişärs) - 19th - from a group of some 20 villages in the Sergach region on the Volga River.
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| − | * Central Asia (since 19th century) ([[Uzbekistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Xinjiang]] ) - 19th Russian officers and soldiers, tradesmen, religious emigrants, 1920-1930s - industrialization, Soviet education program for Central Asia peoples, 1948, 1960 - help for Ashgabat and Tashkent ruined by earthquakes - re-emigration in 1980s
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| − | * Caucasus, especially [[Azerbaijan]] (since 19th century) - oil workers (1890s), bread tradesmen
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| − | * Northern China (since 1910s) - railway builders (1910s) - re-emigrated in 1950s
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| − | * East Siberia (since 19th century) - resettled farmers (19th), railroad builders (1910s, 1980s), exiled by the Soviet government in 1930s
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| − | * Germany and Austria - 1914, 1941 - prisoners of war, 1990s - emigration
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| − | * Turkey, Japan, Iran, China, Egypt (since 1918) - emigration
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| − | * UK, USA, Australia, Canada, Argentina, Mexico - (1920s) re-emigration from Germany, Turkey, Japan, China and others. 1950s - prisoners of war from Germany, which did not go back to the USSR, 1990s - emigration after the break up of USSR
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| − | * Sakhalin, Kaliningrad, Belarus, Ukraine, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Karelia - after 1944-45 builders, Soviet military personnel
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| − | * Murmansk Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai, Northern Poland and Northern Germany (1945 - 1990) - Soviet military personnel
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| − | * Israel - wives or husbands of Jews (1990s)
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| − | ===Tatars of East Europe===
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| − | ====Crimean Tatars====
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| − | The [[Crimean Tatars]] constituted the [[Crimean Khanate]] which was annexed by Russia in 1783. The war of 1853 and the laws of 1860-63 and 1874 caused an exodus of the Crimean Tatars.
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| − | Those of the south coast, mixed with Scyth, Greeks and Italians, were well known for their skill in gardening, their honesty, and their work habits, as well as for their fine features. The mountain Tatars closely resemble those of Caucasus, while those of the [[steppe]]s - the Nogais - are decidedly of a mixed origin with Turks and Mongols.
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| − | During World War II, the entire Tatar population in Crimea fell victims to [[Stalin]]'s oppressive policies. In 1944 they were accused of being Nazi collaborators and deported en masse to [[Central Asia]] and other lands of the Soviet Union. Many died of disease and malnutrition. Since the 1980s late, about 250,000 Crimean Tatars have returned to their homeland in the Crimea <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1102303.stm Country profile: Ukraine.] BBC News. Retrieved January 24, 2009.</ref>.
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| − | ====Lithuanian Tatars====
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| − | [[Image:Taniec tatarski.jpg|thumb|right|300px|'Tatar dance' - (Crimean) Tatar soldier (left) fighting with the soldier of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] (right). This was a common occurrence until the eighteenth century.]]
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| − | After [[Tokhtamysh]] was defeated by [[Timur|Tamerlane]], some of his clan sought refuge in [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. They were given land and nobility in return for military service and were known as [[Lipka Tatars]]. They are known to have taken part in the [[Battle of Grunwald]].
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| − | Another group appeared in [[Jagoldai]] Duchy (Lithuania's vassal) near modern [[Kursk]] in 1437 and disappeared later.
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| − | ====Belarusian Tatars====
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| − | Islam spread in [[Belarus]] from the 14th to the 16th century. The process was encouraged by the Lithuanian princes, who invited [[Tatar]] Muslims from the [[Crimea]] and the [[Golden Horde]] as guards of state borders. Already in the 14th century the Tatars had been offered a settled way of life, state posts and service positions. By the end of the 16th century over 100,000 Tatars settled in Belarus and [[Lithuania]], including those hired to government service, those who moved there voluntarily, prisoners of war, etc.
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| − | Tatars in Belarus generally follow [[Sunni]] [[Hanafi]] Islam. Some groups have accepted [[Christianity]] and been assimilated, but most adhere to Muslim religious traditions, which ensures their definite endogamy and preservation of ethnic features. Interethnic marriages with representatives of Belarusian, Polish, Lithuanian, Russian nationalities are not rare, but do not result in total assimilation.
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| − | Originating from different ethnic associations, Belarusian (and also Polish and Lithuanian) Tatars back in ancient days lost their native language and adopted Belarusian, Polish and Russian. However, the liturgy is conducted in the [[Arabic language]], which is known by the clergymen. There are an estimated 5,000-10,000 Tatars in Belarus.
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| − | ====Polish Tatars====
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| − | [[Image:Tatarian Mosque Bohoniki Poland.jpg|250px|thumb|left|[[Tatar]] [[mosque]] in the village of Bohoniki, [[Poland]] ]]
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| − | From the thirteenth to seventeenth centuries various groups of Tatars settled and/or found refuge within the [[Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth]].
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| − | This was promoted especially by the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, because of their deserved reputation as skilled warriors. The Tatar settlers were all granted with [[szlachta]] (~ nobility) status, a tradition that was preserved until the end of the Commonwealth in the eighteenth century. They included the [[Lipka Tatars]] (thirteenth-fourteenth centuries) as well as Crimean and [[Nogai people|Nogay]] Tatars (fifteenth-sixteenth centuries), all of which were noticeable in Polish military history, as well as [[Volga Tatars]] (sixteenth-seventeenth centuries). They all mostly settled in the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], lands that are now in [[Lithuania]] and [[Belarus]].
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| − | Various estimates of the number of Tatars in the Commonwealth in the seventeenth century range from 15,000 persons to 60 villages with mosques. Numerous royal privileges, as well as internal autonomy granted by the monarchs allowed the Tatars to preserve their [[religion]], traditions and [[culture]] over the centuries. The Tatars were allowed to intermarry with Christians, a thing uncommon in Europe at the time. The [[May Constitution]] of 1791 gave the Tatars representation in the Polish [[Sejm]].
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| − | Although by the eighteenth century the Tatars adopted the local language, the Islamic religion and many Tatar traditions (e.g. the [[animal sacrifice|sacrifice]] of bulls in their mosques during the main religious festivals) were preserved. This led to formation of a distinctive Muslim culture, in which the elements of Muslim orthodoxy mixed with religious tolerance and a relatively liberal society. For instance, the women in Lipka Tatar society traditionally had the same rights and status as men, and could attend non-segregated schools.
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| − | About 5500 Tatars lived within the inter-war boundaries of Poland (1920-1939), and a Tatar [[cavalry]] unit had fought for the country's independence. The Tatars had preserved their cultural identity and sustained a number of Tatar organizations, including a Tatar archives, and a museum in Wilno ([[Vilnius]]).
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| − | [[Image:Grupa żołnierzy Pułku Jazdy Tatarskiej 1919 rok.JPG|thumb|250px|Tatar [[Uhlan]]s - soldiers of [[Polish Army]] in 1919]]
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| − | The Tatars suffered serious losses during World War II and furthermore, after the border change in 1945 a large part of them found themselves in the [[Soviet Union]]. It is estimated that about 3000 Tatars live in present-day Poland, of which about 500 declared Tatar (rather than Polish) nationality in the 2002 census. There are two Tatar villages ([[Bohoniki]] and [[Kruszyniany]]) in the north-east of present-day Poland, as well as urban Tatar communities in [[Warsaw]], [[Gdańsk]], [[Białystok]], and [[Gorzów Wielkopolski]]. Tatars in Poland sometimes have a Muslim surname with a Polish ending: ''Ryzwanowicz.''
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| − | The Tatars were relatively noticeable in the Commonwealth military as well as in Polish and Lithuanian political and intellectual life for such a small community. In modern-day Poland, their presence is also widely known, due in part to their noticeable role in the historical novels of [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]], which are universally recognized in Poland. A number of Polish intellectual figures have also been Tatars, e.g. the prominent historian Jerzy Łojek.
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| − | A small community of Polish speaking Tatars settled in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]] in the early 1900s. They established a mosque that is still in use today.
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| − | ==== Dobruja Tatars====
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| − | Tatars were present on the territory of today's [[Romania]] since the 13th century. According to the 2002 census, 24,000 people declared their nationality as Tatar, most of them being Crimean Tatars living in [[Constanţa County]] in the region of [[Dobruja]]. The Crimean Tatars were colonized there by the [[Ottoman Empire]] beginning with the 17'th Century.
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| − | ==Caucasian Tatars==
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| − | These are Tatars who inhabit the upper [[Kuban River|Kuban]], the [[steppe]]s of the lower [[Kuma (Russia)|Kuma]] and the [[Kura]], and the [[Araks]]. In the 19th century they numbered about 1,350,000. This number includes a number of Tatar oil workers who came to the Caucasus from the Middle Volga in the end of the 19th century.
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| − | Now this term is used to describe Tatars, settled in Caucasus. Other explanations, like followers, can be found only in historical context.
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| − | ===Nogais on the Kuma===
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| − | The [[Nogai people|Nogais]] on the [[Kuma River (Russia)|Kuma River]] show traces of a mixture with [[Kalmyks]]. They are nomads, supporting themselves by cattle-breeding and fishing; a few are agriculturists.
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| − | Today Nogais is an independent ethnos, living in the North of [[Dagestan]], where they lived after [[Nogai Horde]]'s defeating in war against Russia and settling [[Kalmyks]] in their lands in 17th century. Nogais was replaced to ''Black Lands'' in the North of [[Daghestan]]. Another part merged with [[Kazakhs]].
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| − | In 16th century Nogais supported [[Crimean Khanate]] and [[Ottoman Empire]], but sometimes robbed [[Crimea]]n, Tatar and [[Bashkir]] lands, although their rulers supported them. In 16th-17th century some defensive walls was constructed in modern [[Tatarstan]] and [[Samara Oblast]].
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| − | In the 1770s and 1780s [[Catherine the Great]] resettled approximately 120,000 Nogais from [[Bessarabia]] and areas northeast of the [[Sea of Azov]] to the Kuban and the Caucasus.<ref>Staples, John R. 2000. [http://www.goshen.edu/mqr/pastissues/apr00staples.html "On Civilizing the Nogais": Mennonite-Nogai Economic Relations, 1825-1860.] ''The Mennonite Quarterly Review.'' Retrieved January 24, 2009.</ref>
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| − | One of the Tatar national heroes, [[Söyembikä]], was Nogai.
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| − | ====Qundra Tatars====
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| − | Some groups of Nogais emigrated to Middle Volga, where were (are) assimilated by Volga Tatars (in terms of language).
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| − | ==Siberian Tatars==
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| − | The [[Siberia]]n Tatars were estimated (1895) at 80,000 of Turkic stock, and about 40,000 had Uralic or Ugric ancestry. They occupy three distinct regions—a strip running west to east from [[Tobolsk]] to [[Tomsk]]—the [[Altay Mountains|Altay]] and its spurs—and South Yeniseisk. They originated in the agglomerations of Turkic stems that, in the region north of the Altay, reached some degree of culture between the 4th and the 5th centuries, but were subdued and enslaved by the Mongols. There are some 500,000 Tatars in Siberia, but 300,000 of them are [[Volga Tatars]] who settled in Siberia during periods of colonization.
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| − | ===Baraba Tatars===
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| − | The Baraba Tatars take their name from one of their stems (Barama). After a strenuous resistance to Russian conquest, and much suffering at a later period from Kyrgyz and Kalmyk raids, they now live by agriculture—either in separate villages or along with Russians.
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| − | After colonization of Siberia by Russians and Volga Tatars, Baraba Tatars used to call themselves ''people of Tomsk'', later ''Moslems'', and came to call themselves ''Tatars'' only in 20th century.
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| − | They numbered at least 150,000 in 1990.
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| − | ==Generic meaning==
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| − | The name Tatars was originally applied to both the Turkic and Mongolic tribes which invaded Europe six centuries ago, and gradually extended to the Turkic tribes mixed with Mongolian or Uralic-speaking peoples in [[Siberia]]. It is used at present in two senses:
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| − | * Quite loosely, to designate any of the Muslim tribes whose ancestors may have spoken Uralic or Altaic languages. Thus some writers talk of the Manchu Tatars.
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| − | * In a more restricted sense, to designate Muslim Turkic-speaking tribes, especially in Russia, who never formed part of the [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuk]] or Ottoman Empire, but made independent settlements and remained more or less cut off from the [[politics]] and [[civilization]] of the rest of the Islamic world.
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| − | * Tatars are partly descendants of the Volga Bulgars. Volga Bulgars were a mixed people, whose ancestors may have included speakers of Scythian, Turkic and Finno-Ugric languages. After coming to the Middle Volga, Bulgars mixed with Finno-Ugric speaking tribes.
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| − | * Bashkirs speak a language very similar to [[Tatar language]]. Nowadays, [[Bashkortostan]]'s officials pursue a policy of forced "Bashkirization" of [[Tatar]]s. However, the number of Tatars in Bashkortostan is almost as high as the number of Bashkirs in their own republic. The 2002 Russian Federation census lists 990,000+ people as self identifying as Tatars in Bashkortostan compared to 1,221,302 self identifying Bashkir.<ref>[http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87 2002 Census.] Russian Federation. Retrieved January 24, 2009.</ref>
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| − | ==Legacy==
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| − | Tatars have proven remarkable adept at assimilating into host societies while retaining a sense of their own identity and pride in their heritage. The Tartars, who have spread across the world, have contributed to multiple cultures, bridged different civilizations and illustrates the inter-connectivity of humans around the globe. The Great Khans whom the Tartars served had a vision of a unified world, under a single [[law|law code]] in which merit would earn recognition, diversity would flourish and trade would bind people together. This experiment did not survive because the empire imploded due to succession disputes and rivalry but while it did huge tracts of the planet experienced the Pax Mongolica, peace and stability. It was said that a virgin carrying a sack of [[gold]] could ride unharmed from one border of the empire to the other.<ref>Lamb, Harold. 1927. [http://www.archive.org/stream/genghiskhantheem035122mbp/genghiskhantheem035122mbp_djvu.txt Genghis Khan: The Emperor of All Men.] London, UK: Butterworth. page 106. Retrieved January 24, 2009.</ref> Tatar expansion and conquest opened up channels of communication, made Europeans more aware of the world beyond their borders, enabled trade and created bonds and links between diverse populations.
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| − | ==Notes==
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| − | <references/>
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| − | ==References==
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| − | * Fakhroutdinov, Ravil. 2004. ''History of the Tatars.'' Kazan, RU: Magarif Publishing House. ISBN 9785776112508.
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| − | * Fisher, Alan W. 1978. ''The Crimean Tatars. Studies of nationalities in the USSR.'' Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 9780817966614.
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| − | * Frank, Allen J. 1998. ''Islamic historiography and "Bulghar" identity among the Tatars and Bashkirs of Russia.'' (Social, economic, and political studies of the Middle East and Asia, v. 61.) Leiden, NL: Brill. ISBN 9789004110212.
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| − | * Hahn, Gordon M. 2007. ''Russia's Islamic threat.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300120776.
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| − | * Olson, James Stuart. 1994. ''An ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires.'' Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313274978.
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| − | * Parker, Edward Harper. 1969. ''A thousand years of the Tartars.'' New York, NY: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 9780389010371.
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| − | * Schildgen, Brenda Deen. 2001. ''Pagans, Tartars, Moslems, and Jews in Chaucer's Canterbury tales.'' Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813021072.
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| − | * Vásáry, István. 2007. ''Turks, Tatars and Russians in the 13th-16th centuries.'' Aldershot, UK: Burlington, VT. ISBN 9780754659297.
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| − | * Wixman, Ronald. 1984. ''The peoples of the USSR: an ethnographic handbook.'' Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 9780873322034.
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| − | *{{1911}}
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | *[http://www.tatarworld.com/ The official web-site of Qirim Tatar Cultural Association of Canada]. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
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| − | *[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+su0112) Tatars in Congress Library (1989)]. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
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| − | *[http://members.tripod.com/~Groznijat/fadlan/rorlich1.html The Origins of the Volga Tatars]. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
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| − | *[http://www.angelfire.com/on/paksoy/crimean.html Crimean Tatars. By H. B. Paksoy]. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
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| − | *[http://www.tatar.net/ Tatar.Net]. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
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| − | *[http://www.tatarzy.tkb.pl/ Polish Tatars]. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
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| − | *[http://www.vatankirim.net/tarih/tatarkimleng.htm The Question of National Identity among Tatars in the 20th Century]. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
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| − | [[Category:History]]
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| − | [[Category:History of Asia]]
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| − | [[Category:History of Europe]]
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| − | {{Credit|260627419}}
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