Songhai Empire
The Songhai Empire, also known as the Songhay Empire, was a pre-colonial African state centered in eastern Mali. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, Songhai was one of the largest African empires in history. This empire bore the same name as its leading ethnic group, the Songhai. Its capital was the city of Gao, where a small Songhai state had existed since around 9th century. Its base of power was on the bend of the Niger River in present-day Niger and Burkina Faso.
Origins of the Songhay Empire
Prior to the Songhai Empire, the region had been dominated by the Mali Empire, centered on Timbuktu. Mali grew famous due to their immense riches obtained through trade with the Arab world, and the legendary hajj of Mansa Musa. However by the early 15th century, the Mali Empire was in decline. Disputes over succession weakened the crown and many subjects broke away. The Songhai were one of them, and made the prominent city of Gao their new capital.
Sunni Dynasty
The first great king of Songhai was Sunni Ali. Ali was a Muslim like the Mali kings before him. He was also an efficient warrior who in the 1460s conquered many of the Songhai's neighboring states, including what remained of the Mali Empire. With his control of critical trade routes and cities such as Timbuktu, Sunni Ali brought great wealth to the Songhai Empire, which at its height would surpass the wealth of the Mali.
Askia Dynasty
Sunni Ali was followed by an emperor named Askia Muhammad from the Mandé people, who would preside over Songhai's golden age. Whereas Ali brought conquests, Muhammad brought political reform and revitalization. He set up a complex bureaucracy with separate departments for agriculture, the army, and the treasury, to each of which he appointed supervising officials. A devout Muslim, Muhammad not only completed a pilgrimage to Mecca like Mansa Musa before him, but opened religious schools, constructed mosques, and opened up his court to scholars and poets from throughout the Muslim world.
The Height of the Songhay Empire
Economic Structure
Safe economic trade existed throughout the Empire, due to the 200,000 person army stationed in the provinces. A primary economic source was the goldfields of the Niger River. The Songhai empire would trade with these nearby but independent goldfields; salt was so precious in the region that the people of West Africa would sometimes be prepared to trade gold for equal quantities in salt. Eighty percent of the people lived on small, family-owned farms no more than 10 acres large. The trans-Saharan trade consisted primarily of gold, salt, and slaves. The Julla (merchants) would form partnerships, and the state would protect these merchants, and the port cities on Niger. It was a very strong and powerful trading kingdom. They also made crafts for trade, and for religious purposes. .
Social Structure
Upper classes in society converted to Islam while lower classes continued to follow traditional religions. Sermons emphasize obedience to King. Timbuktu was the educational capital.
Expansion
At its greatest extent, the Songhai lands reached far down the Niger river into modern day Nigeria itself, all the way to the Northeast of modern day Mali, and even to a small part of the Atlantic ocean in the West. There were large cities like Gao and Timbuktu, but 80% of people lived in small family owned farm houses. Songhai would continue to prosper until late into the 16th century, particularly under the long and peaceful rule of Askia Daoud.
Decline of the Songhay Empire
Following Daoud's death, however, a civil war over succession weakened the Empire, leading Morocco Sultan Ahmad I al-Mansur Saadi to dispatch an invasion force under the Judar Pasha. Judar Pasha was a Spaniard by birth, but had been captured as a baby and educated at the Moroccan court. After a cross-Saharan march, Judar's forces razed the salt mines at Taghaza and moved on Gao; when Askia Ishaq II (r. 1588-1591) met Judar at the 1591 Battle of Tondibi, the Songhai forces were routed by the Moroccan's gunpowder weapons despite vastly superior Songhai numbers. Judar sacked Gao, Timbuktu, and Djenné, destroying the Songhai as a regional power. However, governing such a vast empire across such long distances proved too much for the Moroccans, and they soon relinquished control of the region, letting it splinter into dozens of smaller kingdoms.
See also
- The Mali Empire
- Jews of the Bilad el-Sudan (West Africa)
- Jews and Judaism in Africa
Bibliography
- Cissoko, S. M., Timbouctou et l'empire songhay, Paris 1975.
- Hunwick, J., Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire, Leiden 2003.
- Lange, D., Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa, Dettelbach 2004 (the book has a chapter titled "The Mande factor in Gao history", pp. 409-544).
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