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[[Image:Skade by Frölich.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Skaði, by Frølich]]
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In [[Norse Mythology|Norse mythology]], '''Skaði''' (Anglicized as '''Skadi''') is a [[jotun|giantess]], daughter of Thjazi, wife of [[Njord]] and stepmother of [[Freyr]] and [[Freyja]]. She was also esteemed as a huntress and was known as the "Snowshoe Goddess" for her mode of conveyance through the frozen wilds.
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[[Image:Skade by Frölich.jpg|right|thumb|200px|An etching of Skaði, by Frølich.]]
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In [[Norse Mythology|Norse mythology]], '''Skaði''' (Anglicized as '''Skadi''') is a female giant, daughter of Thjazi, wife of [[Njord]], and stepmother of [[Freyr]] and [[Freyja]]. She is esteemed as a huntress and is known as the "Snowshoe Goddess" for her connection to the frozen wilderness.
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Skadi is best known in conjunction with her husband ([[Njord]]) and her step-children ([[Freyr]] and [[Freyja]]). She is a bold and courageous female character in the Norse epics, who challenged male-dominated society by demanding that the [[Aesir|Æsir]] (a clan of gods) compensate her for the death of her father.
  
==Skadi in a Norse Context==
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==Etymology==
As a Norse deity, Skadi belonged to a complex religious, mythological and cosmological belief system shared by the Scandinavian and Germanic peoples. This mythological tradition, of which the Scandinavian (and particularly Icelandic) sub-groups are best preserved, developed in the period from the first manifestations of religious and material culture in approximately 1000 BCE until the Christianization of the area, a process that occurred primarily from 900-1200 CE.<ref>Lindow, 6-8. Though some scholars have argued against the homogenizing effect of grouping these various traditions together under the rubric of “Norse Mythology,” the profoundly exploratory/nomadic nature of Viking society tends to overrule such objections. As Thomas DuBois cogently argues, “[w]hatever else we may say about the various peoples of the North during the Viking Age, then, we cannot claim that they were isolated from or ignorant of their neighbors…. As religion expresses the concerns and experiences of its human adherents, so it changes continually in response to cultural, economic, and environmental factors. Ideas and ideals passed between communities with frequency and regularity, leading to and interdependent and intercultural region with broad commonalities of religion and worldview.” (27-28).</ref> The tales recorded within this mythological corpus tend to exemplify a unified cultural focus on physical prowess and military might.  
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Skadi's name means "damage" or "shade," which reflects a possible belief in her status as a frost-giant and a bringer of cold, winter, and death.<ref>Turville-Petre, 164.</ref> It is believed by some mythologists that in the early days of Norse mythology, Skaði was venerated as a goddess of the hunt, and rivaled the goddesses [[Frigg]] and [[Freyja]] in terms of significance and popularity. However, she seems to have faded into the background during the progression of [[Scandinavia|Scandinavian]] beliefs, and little of her memory survives in lore or artifact. Despite this fact, it is noted that:
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:Skadi is made to boast [in the mythic corpus] of her temples and sanctuaries. [Further,] a number of place names, particularly in eastern Sweden, are believed to represent an original ''Skađavé'' (Skadi's temple), ''Skađalundr'' (Skadi's grove) and suchlike.<ref>Turville-Petre, 165.</ref>
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Both of these factors provide cogent support for the theory of Skadi's erstwhile importance.
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Further, since Skadi is a giantess (perhaps of frost-giant stock), her marriage to Njord, which parallels [[Freyr]]'s marriage to Gerd, presents an intriguing mythological puzzle. What is the meaning of a union between a fertility god and a goddess of winter? Scholarly opinion on this issue varies, with some arguing for a socio-historical perspective (that, "because of their lower hierarchical status, the vanir cannot choose wives from among the aesir and must take them from the giants")<ref>Lindow, 268-269.</ref> and others arguing for a metaphorical perspective (that "in Norse myths, as in others, fertility and death are intimately related").<ref>Turville-Petre, 165.</ref>
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==Skadi in a Norse context==
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As a Norse deity, Skadi belonged to a complex religious, mythological, and cosmological belief system shared by the Scandinavian and Germanic peoples. This mythological tradition, of which the Scandinavian (and particularly Icelandic) sub-groups are best preserved, developed in the period from the first manifestations of religious and material culture in approximately 1000 B.C.E. until the Christianization of the area, a process that occurred primarily from 900-1200 C.E.<ref>Lindow, 6-8.</ref> The tales recorded within this mythological corpus tend to exemplify a unified cultural focus on physical prowess and military might.  
 
   
 
   
Within this framework, Norse cosmology postulates three separate "clans" of deities: the Aesir, the Vanir, and the Jotun. The distinction between Aesir and Vanir is relative, for the two are said to have made peace, exchanged hostages, intermarried and reigned together after a prolonged war, which the Aesir had finally won. In fact, the most major divergence between the two groups is in their respective areas of influence, with the Aesir representing war and conquest, and the Vanir representing exploration, fertility and wealth.<ref>More specifically, Georges Dumézil, one of the foremost authorities on the Norse tradition and a noted comparitivist, argues quite persuasively that the Aesir / Vanir distinction is a component of a larger triadic division (between ruler gods, warrior gods, and gods of agriculture and commerce) that is echoed among the Indo-European cosmologies (from Vedic India, through Rome and into the Germanic North). Further, he notes that this distinction conforms to patterns of social organization found in all of these societies. See Georges Dumézil's Gods of the Ancient Northmen (especially pgs. xi-xiii, 3-25) for more details.</ref> The ''Jotun'', on the other hand, are seen as a generally malefic (though wise) race of giants who represented the primary adversaries of the Aesir and Vanir.
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Within this framework, Norse cosmology postulates three separate "clans" of deities: The [[Aesir]], the [[Vanir]], and the [[Jotun]]. The distinction between Aesir and Vanir is relative, for the two are said to have made peace, exchanged hostages, intermarried, and reigned together after a prolonged war. In fact, the most significant divergence between the two groups is in their respective areas of influence, with the Aesir representing war and conquest, and the Vanir representing exploration, fertility and wealth. The ''Jotun,'' on the other hand, are seen as a generally malefic (though wise) race of giants who represented the primary adversaries of the Aesir and Vanir.
  
 
Skadi was best known in conjunction with her husband ([[Njord]]) and her step-children ([[Freyr]] and [[Freyja]]). However, her attested affiliation with hunting and hunters suggests that she may, at one time, have been a more important figure than the surviving literature suggests.
 
Skadi was best known in conjunction with her husband ([[Njord]]) and her step-children ([[Freyr]] and [[Freyja]]). However, her attested affiliation with hunting and hunters suggests that she may, at one time, have been a more important figure than the surviving literature suggests.
  
 
==Attributes==
 
==Attributes==
As mentioned above (and as was the case with many secondary members of the pantheon), Skadi is best known through her familial connections to [[Njord]] (and, indirectly, to [[Freyr]] and [[Freyja]]). However, the giantess is best known for her connections to her storied father: the [[Jotun|giant]] Thjazi.<ref>See Lindow, 268, for a listing of these references.</ref In fact, she is described continuing to dwell in her father's ancestral keep:
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Skadi was known for her familial connections to [[Njord]] (and, indirectly, to [[Freyr]] and [[Freyja]]). However, the giantess was primarily renowned for her devotion to her murdered father (the [[Jotun|giant]] Thjazi)<ref>Lindow, 268.</ref> and she is described as continuing to dwell in her father's ancestral keep:
 
:The sixth [heavenly abode] is Thrymheim, | where Thjazi dwelt,
 
:The sixth [heavenly abode] is Thrymheim, | where Thjazi dwelt,
 
:The giant of marvelous might;
 
:The giant of marvelous might;
 
:Now Skathi abides, | the god's fair bride,
 
:Now Skathi abides, | the god's fair bride,
:In the home that her father had.<ref>"Grimnismol" (11) in the ''Poetic Edda'', translated and with notes by Henry Adams Bellows. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1936. Accessed online at [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/poe/poe06.htm sacred-texts.com].</ref>
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:In the home that her father had.<ref>Henry Adams Bellows, [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/poe/poe06.htm ''Poetic Edda,''] Sacred Texts. Retrieved May 14, 2008.</ref>
  
Although Skadi is a giantess, she (similar to Loki) is traditionally counted among the Æsir, not only because of her marriage to Njord, but also from kennings that describe her as a goddess and in various lists of Ásynjur (female [[Aesir]]) throughout ''Skáldskaparmál'' that include her name.<ref>See, for example, ''Skáldskaparmál'' XXXIII, Brodeur 143.</ref>
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Although Skadi was a giantess, she (similar to Loki) was traditionally counted among the Æsir, as evidenced by poetic kennings that describe her as a goddess and by various lists of Ásynjur (female [[Aesir]]) throughout ''Skáldskaparmál'' that include her name.<ref>Brodeur, 143.</ref>
  
Aside from her familial connections (and her general grouping with female Aesir), Skadi also possess an interesting and distinctive character. In a "gender-bending" move (described [[Skadi#Death of Thjazi|below]]), the giantess takes it upon herself to visit Asgard and demand vengeance for her father's death. In general, she is also affiliated with the more-typically male pursuits of tracking and hunting: "And she goes, for the more part on snow-shows and with a bow and arrow, and shoots beasts; she is called Snowshoe-Goddess or Lady of the Snowshoes."<ref>Snorri Sturluson, Gylfaginning XXIII, Brodeur 37.</ref> Unfortunately, too few sources describing this aspect of her character remain extant into the present, so it is difficult to speculate on the socio-historical relevance of this characterization.
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Aside from her familial connections (and her general grouping with female Aesir), Skadi also possessed an interesting and distinctive character. In a "gender-bending" move, the giantess took it upon herself to visit Asgard and demand vengeance for her father's death. Furthermore, she was affiliated with the stereotypically male pursuits of tracking and hunting: "And she goes, for the more part on snow-shows and with a bow and arrow, and shoots beasts; she is called Snowshoe-Goddess or Lady of the Snowshoes."<ref>Brodeur, 37.</ref>  
  
==Mythic Accounts==
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==Mythic accounts==
 
===Death of Thjazi===
 
===Death of Thjazi===
:''See also'': [[Njord]]
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After the death of Skadi's father (the giant Thjazi), the giantess armed herself and sallied out to [[Asgard]] to seek revenge. However, instead of agreeing to battle, the gods demurred, offering her "reconciliation and atonement" for her loss. This reconciliation took two forms: First, they promised the giantess her choice of husbands from among the [[Aesir]] (albeit with a peculiar proviso); and, second, they offered to make her laugh (as she was broken-hearted from the death of her father and thought that she would never laugh again).
After the death of Skadi's father (the giant Thjazi (which is descibed [[Idun#Mythic Accounts|elsewhere]])), the giantess armed herself and sallied out to [[Asgard]] to seek revenge. However, instead of agreeing to battle, the gods demurred, offering her "reconciliation and atonement" for her loss. This reconciliation took two forms: first, they promised the giantess her choice of husbands from among the Aesir (albeit with a peculiar proviso); and, second, they offered to make her laugh (as she broken-heartedly stated that she would never feel mirth again in a world without her father).
 
  
In fulfilling the first condition, the assembled Aesir stated that she could "choose for herself a husband from among the Aesir and choose by the feet only, seeing no more of him."<ref>Snorri Sturluson, ''Skáldskaparmál'' I, Brodeur 91-92.</ref> Walking down the line of eligible gods, the giantess selected the most graceful pair of feet &ndash; assuming that they belonged to the beautiful [[Balder]]. To her surprise, they belonged to the much older [[Njord]], who agreed to be her husband.
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In fulfilling the first condition, the assembled Aesir stated that she could select "for herself a husband from among the Aesir and choose by the feet only, seeing no [other part of his body to make her decision]."<ref>Snorri Sturluson, ''Skáldskaparmál'' I, Brodeur 91-92.</ref> Walking down the line of eligible gods, the giantess selected the most graceful pair of feetassuming that they belonged to the beautiful [[Balder]]. To her surprise, they belonged to the much older [[Njord]], who agreed to be her husband.
  
Next, in attempting to provoke a response from the giantess, [[Loki]] performed a masochistically vulgar (though comedic) act, tying one end of a cord around the beard of a goat and the other end around his testicles. "Each gave way in turn, and each of the two screeched loudly; then Loki let himself fall onto Skadi's knee [perhaps causing further damage to his private parts], and she laughed."<ref>Snorri Sturluson, ''Skáldskaparmál'' I, Brodeur 92.</ref> Thus, the Aesir fulfilled the requirements of the reconciliation. However, to further express their sorrow over the giant's death, Odin also "took Thjazi's eyes and cast them up into the heavens, and made of them two stars,"<ref>''ibid''.</ref> ensuring that part of him would live forever.
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Next, in attempting to provoke a response from the giantess, [[Loki]] performed a masochistically vulgar (though comedic) act, namely tying one end of a cord around the beard of a goat and the other end around his testicles. The god then goaded the goat to run, and "each gave way in turn, and each of the two screeched loudly; then Loki let himself fall onto Skadi's knee [perhaps causing further damage to his private parts], and she laughed."<ref>Snorri Sturluson, ''Skáldskaparmál'' I, Brodeur 92.</ref> Thus, the Aesir fulfilled the requirements of the reconciliation. Additionally, to further commemorate the giant's death, it is said that [[Odin]] "took Thjazi's eyes and cast them up into the heavens, and made of them two stars,"<ref>Ibid.</ref> ensuring that part of him would live forever.
  
 
===Marriage to Njord===
 
===Marriage to Njord===
:''See also'': [[Njord]]
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Though the two attempted to make the best of their union, their differences made this difficult. Skadi's mountain homeland was too bleak and desolate for the sea-god, and Njord's seaside abode was too damp for his giant bride. As a compromise, they decided to alternate, first spending nine days in ''Nóatún,'' followed by nine in Thyrmheim (Skadi's father's erstwhile abode). Snorri's ''Gylfaginning'' describes the response of the couple to this arrangement:
Though the two attempted to make the best of their union, their differences made this difficult. Skadi's mountain homeland was too bleak and desolate for the sea-god, and Njord's seaside abode was too damp for his giant bride. As a compromise, they decided to alternate, first spending nine days in Nóatún, followed by nine in Thyrmheim (Skadi's father's erstwhile abode). Snorri's ''Gylfaginning'' describes the response of the two to this arrangement:
 
 
:But when Njordr came down from the mountain back to Nóatún, he sang this lay:
 
:But when Njordr came down from the mountain back to Nóatún, he sang this lay:
:&nbsp;&nbsp;Loath were the hills to me,     I was not long in them,
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:&nbsp;&nbsp;Loath were the hills to me, I was not long in them,
 
:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;            Nights only nine;
 
:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;            Nights only nine;
 
:&nbsp;&nbsp;To me the wailing of wolves seemed ill,
 
:&nbsp;&nbsp;To me the wailing of wolves seemed ill,
 
:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;            After the song of swans.
 
:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;            After the song of swans.
:Then [[Skadi]] sang this:
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:Then Skadi sang this:
 
:&nbsp;&nbsp;Sleep could I never      on the sea-beds,
 
:&nbsp;&nbsp;Sleep could I never      on the sea-beds,
 
:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;            For the wailing of waterfowl;
 
:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;            For the wailing of waterfowl;
:&nbsp;&nbsp;He wakens me,       who comes from the deep
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:&nbsp;&nbsp;He wakens me, who comes from the deep
 
:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;            The sea-mew every morn.<ref>Snorri Sturluson, ''Gylfaginning'' XXIII, Brodeur 37.</ref>
 
:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;            The sea-mew every morn.<ref>Snorri Sturluson, ''Gylfaginning'' XXIII, Brodeur 37.</ref>
 
In some sources, it is suggested that the two ultimately separated and that Skadi returned to Thrymheim.
 
In some sources, it is suggested that the two ultimately separated and that Skadi returned to Thrymheim.
  
The euhmeristic account in the ''Ynglinga saga'' expands upon the suggestion that Njord and Skadi separated, stating that after leaving Njord (a royal hostage), she married Odin (the king). In this relationship, she bore him many sons, some of whom would go on to found a dynasty of [[earl|jarl]]s. Of these offspring, many heroic odes remain:
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The euhmeristic account in the ''Ynglinga saga'' expands upon the suggestion that Njord and Skadi separated, stating that after leaving Njord (a royal hostage), she married [[Odin]] (the king). In this relationship, she bore him many sons, some of whom would allegedly go on to found a Scandinavian royal dynasty. These noble offspring were immortalized in many heroic odes, one of which is quoted in the saga itself:
 
:To Asa's son Queen Skade bore
 
:To Asa's son Queen Skade bore
:Saeming, who dyed his shield in gore,
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:Saeming, who dyed his shield in gore,
 
:The giant-queen of rock and snow,
 
:The giant-queen of rock and snow,
 
:Who loves to dwell on earth below,
 
:Who loves to dwell on earth below,
Line 52: Line 60:
 
:Sprung from the rocks that rib the sea,
 
:Sprung from the rocks that rib the sea,
 
:To Odin bore full many a son,
 
:To Odin bore full many a son,
:Heroes of many a battle won.<ref>''Yngling Saga'', (9) [http://omacl.org/Heimskringla/ynglinga.html Laing's translation].</ref>
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:Heroes of many a battle won.<ref>Laing, [http://omacl.org/Heimskringla/ynglinga.html ''Ynglinga Saga'' (9).] Retrieved May 14, 2008.</ref>
  
===Skadi as Secondary Character===
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===Skadi as secondary character===
In addition to the accounts described above, Skadi plays a small role in a number of other important tales. For example, in some versions of the ''Skírnismál'', which describes [[Freyr]]'s yearning for the giantess [[Gerd]], Skadi prompts the god's servant to involve himself in assuaging his master's heart-sickness.<ref>"Skirnismol" in the ''Poetic Edda'', translated and with notes by Henry Adams Bellows. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1936. Accessed online at [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/poe/poe06.htm sacred-texts.com]. 108 ff.</ref>
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In addition to the accounts described above, Skadi plays a small role in a number of other important tales. For example, she figures into some versions of the ''Skírnismál'', which describes [[Freyr]]'s yearning for the giantess [[Gerd]]. In it, Skadi prompts the god's servant (Skirnir) to involve himself in assuaging his master's heart-sickness.<ref>Henry Adams Bellows, [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/poe/poe06.htm sacred-texts.com ''Poetic Edda.''] Retrieved May 14, 2008.</ref>
  
More significantly, Skadi is also involved the events following [[Balder]]'s death. Specifically, after [[Loki]] orchestrates the murder of the beloved god, he is punished by being bound to a rock beneath the world with the entrails of his son. As part of this punishment, "Skathi [Skadi] took a poison-snake and fastened it up over Loki's face, and the poison dropped thereon."<ref>"Lokasenna" in the ''Poetic Edda'', translated and with notes by Henry Adams Bellows. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1936. Accessed online at [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/poe/poe06.htm sacred-texts.com]. 172.</ref> Perhaps her rage against the trickster god emerged from the fact that he was intimately involved in the death of her father:
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More significantly, Skadi is also involved the events following [[Balder]]'s death. After [[Loki]] orchestrates the murder of the beloved god, he is punished by being bound to a rock beneath the world with the entrails of his son. As part of this punishment, "Skathi [Skadi] took a poison-snake and fastened it up over Loki's face, and the poison dropped thereon."<ref>Ibid.</ref> Perhaps her rage against the trickster god emerged from the fact that he was intimately involved in the death of her father:
 
:''Loki spake'':
 
:''Loki spake'':
 
:I was first and last | at the deadly fight
 
:I was first and last | at the deadly fight
:There where Thjazi we caught.<ref>"Lokasenna" (50) in the ''Poetic Edda'', translated and with notes by Henry Adams Bellows. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1936. Accessed online at [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/poe/poe06.htm sacred-texts.com].</ref>
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:There where Thjazi we caught.<ref>Ibid.</ref>
 
 
==Theories==
 
It is believed by some mythologists that in the early days of Norse mythology, Skaði was venerated as a goddess of the hunt, and rivaled the goddesses [[Frigg]] and [[Freyja]] in terms of significance and popularity. However, she seems to have faded into the background during the progression of [[Scandinavia|Scandinavian]] beliefs, and little of her survives in lore or artifact.
 
 
 
(hunt goddess - connection to Ull (also discussed in T-P))
 
 
 
It is interesting to note that Skaði's name appears in the oldest place names in Scandinavia.
 
 
 
Her name could mean "damage" or "shade, shadow" - both of which are compatible with her status as a frost-giant (and thus a being of cold, winter, and death).<ref>Turville-Petre, 164)</ref>
 
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
<references />
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<references/>
  
==Bibliography==
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==References==
* Björnsson, Eysteinn (ed.). ''Snorra-Edda: Formáli & Gylfaginning : Textar fjögurra meginhandrita''. 2005. http://www.hi.is/~eybjorn/gg/
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* Bellows, Henry Adams. [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/poe/poe00.htm sacred-texts.com ''Poetic Edda.] Retrieved May 14, 2008.
 
* DuBois, Thomas A. ''Nordic Religions in the Viking Age''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8122-1714-4.
 
* DuBois, Thomas A. ''Nordic Religions in the Viking Age''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8122-1714-4.
* Dumézil, Georges. ''Gods of the Ancient Northmen''. Edited by Einar Haugen; Introduction by C. Scott Littleton and Udo Strutynski. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. ISBN 0-520-02044-8.
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* Dumézil, Georges. ''Gods of the Ancient Northmen''. Edited by Einar Haugen. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. ISBN 0-520-02044-8.
* Grammaticus, Saxo. ''The Danish History'' (Volumes I-IX). Translated by Oliver Elton (Norroena Society, New York, 1905). Accessed online at [http://omacl.org/DanishHistory/ The Online Medieval & Classical Library].
+
* Grammaticus, Saxo. ''The Danish History''. Translated by Oliver Elton. New York: Norroena Society, 1905.
* Lindow, John. ''Handbook of Norse mythology''. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2001. ISBN 1-57607-217-7.
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* Lindow, John. ''Handbook of Norse Mythology''. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2001. ISBN 1-57607-217-7.
* Munch, P. A. ''Norse Mythology: Legends of Gods and Heroes''. In the revision of Magnus Olsen; translated from the Norwegian by Sigurd Bernhard Hustvedt. New York: The American-Scandinavian foundation; London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1926.
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* Munch, P. A. ''Norse Mythology: Legends of Gods and Heroes''. Translated by Sigurd Bernhard Hustvedt. New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1926.
* Orchard, Andy. ''Cassell's Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend''. London: Cassell; New York: Distributed in the United States by Sterling Pub. Co., 2002. ISBN 0-304-36385-5.
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* Orchard, Andy. ''Cassell's Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend''. London: Cassell, 2002. ISBN 0-304-36385-5.
* Sturlson, Snorri. ''The Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson: Tales from Norse Mythology''. Introduced by Sigurdur Nordal; Selected and translated by Jean I. Young. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1954. ISBN 0-520-01231-3.
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* Sturlson, Snorri. ''The Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson: Tales from Norse Mythology''. Translated by Jean I. Young. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1954. ISBN 0-520-01231-3.
* Snorri Sturluson. ''The Prose Edda''. Translated from the Icelandic and with an introduction by Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur. New York: American-Scandinavian foundation, 1916. ''Available online at http://www.northvegr.org/lore/prose/index.php''.
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* Sturluson, Snorri. ''The Prose Edda''. Translated by Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur. New York: American-Scandinavian foundation, 1916.
* Turville-Petre, Gabriel. Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964.
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* Sturluson, Snorri. ''Ynglinga Saga''. Translated by Samuel Laing. London, 1844.
* "Völuspá" in ''The Poetic Edda''. Translated and with notes by Henry Adams Bellows. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1936. Accessed online at [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/poe/poe00.htm sacred-texts.com].
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* Turville-Petre, Gabriel. ''Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia.'' New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964.
 
 
{{NorseMythology}}
 
 
 
[[Category:Hunting goddesses]]
 
[[Category:Norse goddesses]]
 
[[Category:Norse giants]]
 
 
 
[[da:Skade (nordisk mytologi)]]
 
[[de:Skadi]]
 
[[et:Skadi]]
 
[[es:Skadi]]
 
[[fr:Skadi]]
 
[[hr:Skadi]]
 
[[is:Skaði]]
 
[[it:Skaði]]
 
[[lt:Skadi]]
 
[[hu:Szkádi]]
 
[[nl:Skadi (godin)]]
 
[[ja:スカディ]]
 
[[no:Skade]]
 
[[pl:Skadi]]
 
[[pt:Skade]]
 
[[ro:Skadi]]
 
[[ru:Скади]]
 
[[sh:Skadi]]
 
[[sv:Skade]]
 
 
 
==References==
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
[[Category: Philosophy and religion]]
 
[[Category: Philosophy and religion]]

Latest revision as of 16:33, 22 September 2015

An etching of Skaði, by Frølich.

In Norse mythology, Skaði (Anglicized as Skadi) is a female giant, daughter of Thjazi, wife of Njord, and stepmother of Freyr and Freyja. She is esteemed as a huntress and is known as the "Snowshoe Goddess" for her connection to the frozen wilderness.

Skadi is best known in conjunction with her husband (Njord) and her step-children (Freyr and Freyja). She is a bold and courageous female character in the Norse epics, who challenged male-dominated society by demanding that the Æsir (a clan of gods) compensate her for the death of her father.

Etymology

Skadi's name means "damage" or "shade," which reflects a possible belief in her status as a frost-giant and a bringer of cold, winter, and death.[1] It is believed by some mythologists that in the early days of Norse mythology, Skaði was venerated as a goddess of the hunt, and rivaled the goddesses Frigg and Freyja in terms of significance and popularity. However, she seems to have faded into the background during the progression of Scandinavian beliefs, and little of her memory survives in lore or artifact. Despite this fact, it is noted that:

Skadi is made to boast [in the mythic corpus] of her temples and sanctuaries. [Further,] a number of place names, particularly in eastern Sweden, are believed to represent an original Skađavé (Skadi's temple), Skađalundr (Skadi's grove) and suchlike.[2]

Both of these factors provide cogent support for the theory of Skadi's erstwhile importance.

Further, since Skadi is a giantess (perhaps of frost-giant stock), her marriage to Njord, which parallels Freyr's marriage to Gerd, presents an intriguing mythological puzzle. What is the meaning of a union between a fertility god and a goddess of winter? Scholarly opinion on this issue varies, with some arguing for a socio-historical perspective (that, "because of their lower hierarchical status, the vanir cannot choose wives from among the aesir and must take them from the giants")[3] and others arguing for a metaphorical perspective (that "in Norse myths, as in others, fertility and death are intimately related").[4]

Skadi in a Norse context

As a Norse deity, Skadi belonged to a complex religious, mythological, and cosmological belief system shared by the Scandinavian and Germanic peoples. This mythological tradition, of which the Scandinavian (and particularly Icelandic) sub-groups are best preserved, developed in the period from the first manifestations of religious and material culture in approximately 1000 B.C.E. until the Christianization of the area, a process that occurred primarily from 900-1200 C.E.[5] The tales recorded within this mythological corpus tend to exemplify a unified cultural focus on physical prowess and military might.

Within this framework, Norse cosmology postulates three separate "clans" of deities: The Aesir, the Vanir, and the Jotun. The distinction between Aesir and Vanir is relative, for the two are said to have made peace, exchanged hostages, intermarried, and reigned together after a prolonged war. In fact, the most significant divergence between the two groups is in their respective areas of influence, with the Aesir representing war and conquest, and the Vanir representing exploration, fertility and wealth. The Jotun, on the other hand, are seen as a generally malefic (though wise) race of giants who represented the primary adversaries of the Aesir and Vanir.

Skadi was best known in conjunction with her husband (Njord) and her step-children (Freyr and Freyja). However, her attested affiliation with hunting and hunters suggests that she may, at one time, have been a more important figure than the surviving literature suggests.

Attributes

Skadi was known for her familial connections to Njord (and, indirectly, to Freyr and Freyja). However, the giantess was primarily renowned for her devotion to her murdered father (the giant Thjazi)[6] and she is described as continuing to dwell in her father's ancestral keep:

The sixth [heavenly abode] is Thrymheim, | where Thjazi dwelt,
The giant of marvelous might;
Now Skathi abides, | the god's fair bride,
In the home that her father had.[7]

Although Skadi was a giantess, she (similar to Loki) was traditionally counted among the Æsir, as evidenced by poetic kennings that describe her as a goddess and by various lists of Ásynjur (female Aesir) throughout Skáldskaparmál that include her name.[8]

Aside from her familial connections (and her general grouping with female Aesir), Skadi also possessed an interesting and distinctive character. In a "gender-bending" move, the giantess took it upon herself to visit Asgard and demand vengeance for her father's death. Furthermore, she was affiliated with the stereotypically male pursuits of tracking and hunting: "And she goes, for the more part on snow-shows and with a bow and arrow, and shoots beasts; she is called Snowshoe-Goddess or Lady of the Snowshoes."[9]

Mythic accounts

Death of Thjazi

After the death of Skadi's father (the giant Thjazi), the giantess armed herself and sallied out to Asgard to seek revenge. However, instead of agreeing to battle, the gods demurred, offering her "reconciliation and atonement" for her loss. This reconciliation took two forms: First, they promised the giantess her choice of husbands from among the Aesir (albeit with a peculiar proviso); and, second, they offered to make her laugh (as she was broken-hearted from the death of her father and thought that she would never laugh again).

In fulfilling the first condition, the assembled Aesir stated that she could select "for herself a husband from among the Aesir and choose by the feet only, seeing no [other part of his body to make her decision]."[10] Walking down the line of eligible gods, the giantess selected the most graceful pair of feet—assuming that they belonged to the beautiful Balder. To her surprise, they belonged to the much older Njord, who agreed to be her husband.

Next, in attempting to provoke a response from the giantess, Loki performed a masochistically vulgar (though comedic) act, namely tying one end of a cord around the beard of a goat and the other end around his testicles. The god then goaded the goat to run, and "each gave way in turn, and each of the two screeched loudly; then Loki let himself fall onto Skadi's knee [perhaps causing further damage to his private parts], and she laughed."[11] Thus, the Aesir fulfilled the requirements of the reconciliation. Additionally, to further commemorate the giant's death, it is said that Odin "took Thjazi's eyes and cast them up into the heavens, and made of them two stars,"[12] ensuring that part of him would live forever.

Marriage to Njord

Though the two attempted to make the best of their union, their differences made this difficult. Skadi's mountain homeland was too bleak and desolate for the sea-god, and Njord's seaside abode was too damp for his giant bride. As a compromise, they decided to alternate, first spending nine days in Nóatún, followed by nine in Thyrmheim (Skadi's father's erstwhile abode). Snorri's Gylfaginning describes the response of the couple to this arrangement:

But when Njordr came down from the mountain back to Nóatún, he sang this lay:
  Loath were the hills to me, I was not long in them,
    Nights only nine;
  To me the wailing of wolves seemed ill,
    After the song of swans.
Then Skadi sang this:
  Sleep could I never on the sea-beds,
    For the wailing of waterfowl;
  He wakens me, who comes from the deep
    The sea-mew every morn.[13]

In some sources, it is suggested that the two ultimately separated and that Skadi returned to Thrymheim.

The euhmeristic account in the Ynglinga saga expands upon the suggestion that Njord and Skadi separated, stating that after leaving Njord (a royal hostage), she married Odin (the king). In this relationship, she bore him many sons, some of whom would allegedly go on to found a Scandinavian royal dynasty. These noble offspring were immortalized in many heroic odes, one of which is quoted in the saga itself:

To Asa's son Queen Skade bore
Saeming, who dyed his shield in gore,—
The giant-queen of rock and snow,
Who loves to dwell on earth below,
The iron pine-tree's daughter, she
Sprung from the rocks that rib the sea,
To Odin bore full many a son,
Heroes of many a battle won.[14]

Skadi as secondary character

In addition to the accounts described above, Skadi plays a small role in a number of other important tales. For example, she figures into some versions of the Skírnismál, which describes Freyr's yearning for the giantess Gerd. In it, Skadi prompts the god's servant (Skirnir) to involve himself in assuaging his master's heart-sickness.[15]

More significantly, Skadi is also involved the events following Balder's death. After Loki orchestrates the murder of the beloved god, he is punished by being bound to a rock beneath the world with the entrails of his son. As part of this punishment, "Skathi [Skadi] took a poison-snake and fastened it up over Loki's face, and the poison dropped thereon."[16] Perhaps her rage against the trickster god emerged from the fact that he was intimately involved in the death of her father:

Loki spake:
I was first and last | at the deadly fight
There where Thjazi we caught.[17]

Notes

  1. Turville-Petre, 164.
  2. Turville-Petre, 165.
  3. Lindow, 268-269.
  4. Turville-Petre, 165.
  5. Lindow, 6-8.
  6. Lindow, 268.
  7. Henry Adams Bellows, Poetic Edda, Sacred Texts. Retrieved May 14, 2008.
  8. Brodeur, 143.
  9. Brodeur, 37.
  10. Snorri Sturluson, Skáldskaparmál I, Brodeur 91-92.
  11. Snorri Sturluson, Skáldskaparmál I, Brodeur 92.
  12. Ibid.
  13. Snorri Sturluson, Gylfaginning XXIII, Brodeur 37.
  14. Laing, Ynglinga Saga (9). Retrieved May 14, 2008.
  15. Henry Adams Bellows, sacred-texts.com Poetic Edda. Retrieved May 14, 2008.
  16. Ibid.
  17. Ibid.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Bellows, Henry Adams. sacred-texts.com Poetic Edda. Retrieved May 14, 2008.
  • DuBois, Thomas A. Nordic Religions in the Viking Age. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8122-1714-4.
  • Dumézil, Georges. Gods of the Ancient Northmen. Edited by Einar Haugen. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. ISBN 0-520-02044-8.
  • Grammaticus, Saxo. The Danish History. Translated by Oliver Elton. New York: Norroena Society, 1905.
  • Lindow, John. Handbook of Norse Mythology. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2001. ISBN 1-57607-217-7.
  • Munch, P. A. Norse Mythology: Legends of Gods and Heroes. Translated by Sigurd Bernhard Hustvedt. New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1926.
  • Orchard, Andy. Cassell's Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. London: Cassell, 2002. ISBN 0-304-36385-5.
  • Sturlson, Snorri. The Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson: Tales from Norse Mythology. Translated by Jean I. Young. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1954. ISBN 0-520-01231-3.
  • Sturluson, Snorri. The Prose Edda. Translated by Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur. New York: American-Scandinavian foundation, 1916.
  • Sturluson, Snorri. Ynglinga Saga. Translated by Samuel Laing. London, 1844.
  • Turville-Petre, Gabriel. Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964.

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