Difference between revisions of "Rockabilly" - New World Encyclopedia

Revision as of 02:27, 16 December 2022

Bill Haley and Elvis Presley, shown here in Germany in the late 1950s, were two major rock stars who earlier recorded in the rockabilly genre.

Rockabilly is one of the earliest forms of rock and roll as a distinct style of music. It flourished in the mid 1950s based mainly in the American south, and several of its leading practitioners were among the most famous early rock and roll performers.

The classic rockabilly sound was "a brash, lively, unselfconscious hybrid of blues and country," characterized by a "slapping string bass, twanging lead guitar [and] acoustic rhythm guitar - with plenty of echo."^[1]

While usually thought of as a white southern genre, rockabilly's blend of blues and country crossed racial boundaries. Elvis Presley's rockabilly music was popular on northern radio stations that catered to blacks, while white stations often refused to play his records on the grounds that it corrupted the youth. Chuck Berry, on the other hand, is an example of a black musician whose songs—though rarely characterized as rockabilly—often closely resembled it.

The center of classic rockabilly recordings was the Sun Records studios in Memphis, Tennessee. There, Sun owner Sam Phillips discovered such artists as Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, and Jerry Lee Lewis. Other influential artists in the genre included Buddy Holly, Gene Vincent, Roy Orbison, and Conway Twitty. Many of these went on to have important careers in "mainstream" rock and roll. By the late 1950s, rockabilly had fused with rock and roll to such a degree that virtually died out as a distinct musical form. In recent years, various rockabilly revival groups have brought a renewed appreciation for the genre.

Background

In the 1940s, several country acts began performing blues-influenced songs with driving rhythms that anticipated rockabilly. Bill Monroe's up-tempo numbers such as Heavy Traffic Ahead and Rocky Road Blues are examples. The Delmore Brothers recorded such songs as Hillbilly Boogie and Pan American Boogie in 1945. Hank Williams, adding drums and electric guitar, created such pre-rockabilly classics as Move It On Over, Honky-Tonkin' and Hey Good Lookin'. Several other country and swing artists recorded similar sounds.

In 1952, Bill Haley, released Rock the Joint, which some believe was very first true rockabilly recording, replete with slap bass and the hallmark country/blues sound. Tennessee Ernie Ford performed in a similar style on songs such as Smokey Mountain Boogie.

The Heyday of Rockabilly

The Sun Records studio in Memphis

Elvis Presley's 1954 Memphis sessions for Sun Records produced some of the most influential rockabilly recordings. That's All Right Mama, first performed by Arthur Crudup, was a reworking of a blues tune, done with overtones of country music. Presley also recorded a rocking 4/4-time version of the bluegrass standard "Blue Moon of Kentucky," originally a waltz number by Bill Monroe. Elvis sang similar songs on the Louisiana Hayride radio show, where he was billed as The Hillbilly Cat, a title that embodies the rockabilly synthesis.

During roughly the same period of time, a young singer/songwriter in Lubbock, Texas named Buddy Holly was busy taking elements of various musical styles (blues, country, gospel, south of the border, etc.) and melding them into the sound that won him stardom. Holly's pioneering efforts are legendary, and the rockabilly sound was a strong element in much of his work.

Carl Perkins, who also recorded for Sun, is the performer whose recordings most clearly define the rockabilly genre. His "Blue Suede Shoes" is considered a classic of the style. The early recordings of Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash, Dale Hawkins, Charlie Feathers, Hasil Adkins, Gene Vincent, Billy Lee Riley, Johnny Burnette and Roy Orbison are also considered definitive. Early Everly Brothers hits such as Bye Bye Love and Wake Up Little Susie also featured the rockabilly sound. Eddie Cochran and Ricky Nelson, though not southerners, were also are considered rockabilly performers. As mentioned above, several of Chuck Berry's hits were nearly pure rockabilly in style. (See for example: Johnny B. Goode and Sometimes I Will and Again I Think I Won't.) Bill Flagg was the first to name the music rockabilly when he recorded for Tetra Records in 1955−1956. His song Go Cat Go made the National Billboard charts in 1956.

Rockabilly was a vehicle for many women performers to display their musical talents as well. Women like Wanda Jackson and Janis Martin performed a liberating form of rockabilly. Wanda Jackson was the first woman to shed her cowboy hat and boots and opt for rhinestone earrings and high heels when singing rockabilly music. She utilized Elvis' backing group The Jordanaires in her recordings.

Revival

Rockabilly's popularity waned in the early 1960s. The advent of The Beatles, however, brought a later generation into appreciation of such rockabilly classics as Honey Don't, Matchbook, and Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby when the "fab four" covered each of these Carl Perkins songs.

In 1977 Robert Gordon, accompanied by Link Wray on guitar, started a more conscious Rockabilly revival. His cover version of Billy Lee Riley's Red Hot got much radio airplay, and RCA released his album Rock Billy Boogie in 1979. Also in 1979, the popular operatic rock band Queen released Crazy Little Thing Called Love, a rockabilly song which became the number one for a time on the American charts of popular music. In the early 1980s, The Stray Cats had several hit records in the rockabilly style. Another noteworthy rockabilly band of the '80s was the Blasters. Other revivalists followed in the 1990s, including High Noon, Big Sandy and His Fly-Rite Boys, Lone Star Trio, Danny Dean & The Homewreckers, The Racketeers, and others. Bands such as The Cramps, Batmobile and The Meteors merged the rockabilly with punk rock, forming a distinct sub-genre referred to as psychobilly.

In 1997, the Rockabilly Hall of Fame was founded by Bob Timmers to present early rock and roll history and information relative to the artists and personalities involved in this pioneering American music genre.

Several rockabilly festivals take place each year in the United States and Europe. Attendance at these festivals ranges from a few hundred to several thousand. Since the late 1990s the most popular of these has been Viva Las Vegas, which takes place each Easter weekend in Las Vegas.

Samples

Download sample of Elvis Presley's "Good Rockin' Tonight."

Notes

↑ Rockabilly Retrieved December 10, 2007.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

Escott, Colin. Roadkill on the Three-Chord Highway. Routledge, 2002. ISBN 0-415-93783-3
Miller, Jim, ed. The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll. Rolling Stone Press/Random House, 1976. ISBN 0-394-40327-4
Tosches, Nick. Unsung Heroes of Rock 'n' Roll. Harmony Books, 1984. ISBN 0-517-58052-7
Morrison, Craig. Go Cat Go!: Rockabilly Music and its Makers. University of Illinois Press, 1996. ISBN 0-252-06538-7

External links

All links retrieved December 15, 2022.

Credits

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Rockabilly ^history

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History of "Rockabilly"

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[1] Rockabilly Retrieved December 10, 2007.

[1]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[Image:Rockabilly2.JPG|right|thumb|1950's "Rockabilly" book by [[Harlan Ellison]] ]]
+{{Copyedited}}{{Paid}}{{Approved}}{{Images OK}}{{Submitted}}
-'''Rockabilly''' is one of the earliest forms of [[rock and roll]] as a distinct style of music.  It is a fusion of [[blues]], [[Old-time music|hillbilly boogie]], [[bluegrass music]] and [[country music]], and its origins lie in the [[American South]].
+[[Image:Bill-Haely-with-Elvis.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Bill Haley]] and [[Elvis Presley]], shown here in [[Germany]] in the late 1950s, were two major rock stars who earlier recorded in the rockabilly genre.]]
-As [[Peter Guralnick]] writes, "Its rhythm was nervously uptempo, as well as accented on the offbeat, and propelled by a distinctively slapping bass....The sound was further bolstered by generous use of echo, a homemade technique refined independently by [[Sam Phillips]] and [[Leonard Chess]] in Chicago with sewer pipes and [[bathroom acoustics]]."  While recording artists such as [[Bill Haley]] were playing music that fused [[rhythm and blues]], [[western swing]] and country music in the early 1950s, and [[Tennessee Ernie Ford]] performed in a somewhat similar style on songs such as "Smokey Mountain Boogie", they were not playing rockabilly.  As [[Nick Tosches]] writes, "By the early 1950s, it was not uncommon to encounter simultaneous country and rhythm-and-blues recordings of the same song."
+'''Rockabilly''' is one of the earliest forms of [[rock and roll]] as a distinct style of [[music]]. It flourished in the mid 1950s based mainly in the American south, and several of its leading practitioners were among the most famous early rock and roll performers.
-Tosches also points out that the [[Delmore Brothers]] and [[Hank Williams]] were performing, in the late 1940s, music that could be called rock and roll.  But rockabilly was a stripped-down version of its various sources, and thus a specific stylistic moment in the evolution of music that before had existed in many forms.  The rockabilly movement of loud, fast, simple music that communicates directly with the audience was echoed in [[Great Britain]] by the resurgence of [[skiffle]] music.  Both forms contributed materially to the development of rock and roll.
+The classic rockabilly sound was "a brash, lively, unselfconscious hybrid of [[blues]] and [[country music|country]]," characterized by a "slapping string bass, twanging lead guitar [and] acoustic rhythm guitar - with plenty of echo."<ref>[http://www.history-of-rock.com/rockabilly.htm Rockabilly] Retrieved December 10, 2007.</ref>
-[[Bill Flagg]] was the first to name the music when he recorded for Tetra Records in 1955−1956. His song "Go Cat Go" went into the National Billboard charts in 1956. He is a member of the Rockabilly Hall Of Fame.
+While usually thought of as a white southern genre, rockabilly's blend of blues and country crossed racial boundaries. [[Elvis Presley]]'s rockabilly music was popular on northern radio stations that catered to blacks, while white stations often refused to play his records on the grounds that it corrupted the youth. [[Chuck Berry]], on the other hand, is an example of a black musician whose songs&mdash;though rarely characterized as rockabilly&mdash;often closely resembled it.
+{{toc}}
+The center of classic rockabilly recordings was the [[Sun Records]] studios in Memphis, Tennessee. There, Sun owner [[Sam Phillips]] discovered such artists as [[Carl Perkins]], [[Johnny Cash]], Elvis Presley, and [[Jerry Lee Lewis]]. Other influential artists in the genre included [[Buddy Holly]], [[Gene Vincent]], [[Roy Orbison]], and [[Conway Twitty]]. Many of these went on to have important careers in "mainstream" rock and roll. By the late 1950s, rockabilly had fused with rock and roll to such a degree that virtually died out as a distinct musical form. In recent years, various rockabilly revival groups have brought a renewed appreciation for the genre.
-In 1952, [[Bill Haley and the Comets]], released "Rock the Joint" on the Essex label, which is most likely the very first true rockabilly recording. Replete with slap bass and the hallmark, country/blues sound and the first appearance of guitar solo would appear in two years later in his biggest hit, "Rock Around The Clock."
+==Background==
-[[Elvis Presley]]'s 1954 [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] sessions for Sam Phillips's [[Sun Records]] produced arguably the most influential rockabilly recordings.  "That's All Right (Mama)", first performed by [[Arthur Crudup]], was a reworking of a blues tune,  done with overtones of country music.  "Blue Moon of Kentucky", by [[Bill Monroe]], was a bluegrass standard,  done with overtones of blues.  Elvis had been singing similar songs on the [[Louisiana Hayride]] where he was billed as "The Hillbilly Cat", a title that embodies the rockabilly synthesis.
+In the 1940s, several country acts began performing blues-influenced songs with driving rhythms that anticipated rockabilly. [[Bill Monroe]]'s up-tempo numbers such as ''Heavy Traffic Ahead'' and ''Rocky Road Blues'' are examples. The Delmore Brothers recorded such songs as ''Hillbilly Boogie'' and ''Pan American Boogie'' in 1945. [[Hank Williams]], adding drums and electric guitar, created such pre-rockabilly classics as ''Move It On Over,'' ''Honky-Tonkin''' and [http://aolsearch.aol.com/aol/redir?src=audio_search&requestId=d8a0d5f3e47fabc1&clickedItemRank=5&userQuery=hey+good+lookin%27&clickedItemURN=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rocky-52.net%2Fson%2Fson_w%2Fwilliams_hank%2Fwilliams_hank_heygoodlookin.mp3 ''Hey Good Lookin'.''] Several other country and [[country swing|swing]] artists recorded similar sounds.
-During roughly the same period of time, a young singer/songwriter down in Lubbock, Texas named [[Buddy Holly]] was busy taking elements of various musical styles (blues, country, gospel, south of the border, etc...) and melding them into what later became the "Tex-Mex" sound.  Holly's pioneering efforts are legendary, and the rockabilly sound was a strong element in much of his work.
+In 1952, [[Bill Haley]], released [http://aolsearch.aol.com/aol/redir?src=audio_search&requestId=2bf48665586a7264&clickedItemRank=1&userQuery=bill+haley+rock+the+joint&clickedItemURN=http%3A%2F%2Frockroll.kulichki.net%2Frm%2Fbill%2Fbh_rjoin.ram ''Rock the Joint''], which some believe was very first true rockabilly recording, replete with slap bass and the hallmark country/blues sound. [[Tennessee Ernie Ford]] performed in a similar style on songs such as ''Smokey Mountain Boogie.''
-[[Carl Perkins]], who also recorded for Sun, is another performer whose recordings helped to define the genre.  "Blue Suede Shoes", written by Carl, is  considered a classic of the style.  The early recordings of [[Jerry Lee Lewis]], [[Johnny Cash]], [[Dale Hawkins]], [[Charlie Feathers]],  [[Hasil Adkins]], [[Gene Vincent]], [[Billy Lee Riley]], [[Johnny Burnette]] and [[Roy Orbison]] are also considered essential, although Cash, Vincent, Lewis, Burnette and Orbison each went on to perform in other styles.  [[Eddie Cochran]] and [[Ricky Nelson]] also are considered rockabilly performers.
-Rockabilly was also a vehicle for many women performers to display their musical talents as well. Women like Wanda Jackson and Janis Martin performed a liberating form of rockabilly. Wanda Jackson was the first woman to shed her cowboy hat and boots and opt for rhinesone earrings and high heels when singing rockabilly music. She utilized Elvis' backing group the Jordanaires in her recordings.
+==The Heyday of Rockabilly==
+[[Image:Sun studio.jpg|thumb|The Sun Records studio in Memphis]]
+[[Elvis Presley]]'s 1954 Memphis sessions for [[Sun Records]] produced some of the most influential rockabilly recordings. ''That's All Right Mama,'' first performed by Arthur Crudup, was a reworking of a blues tune, done with overtones of country music. Presley also recorded a rocking 4/4-time version of the bluegrass standard "Blue Moon of Kentucky," originally a waltz number by [[Bill Monroe]]. Elvis sang similar songs on the [[Louisiana Hayride]] radio show, where he was billed as ''The Hillbilly Cat,'' a title that embodies the rockabilly synthesis.
-Although the influence of rockabilly, both as a musical style and as a set of attitudes and gestures, has never waned, Holly's death in a plane crash in 1959 tended to mark the end of the classic rockabilly era.
+During roughly the same period of time, a young singer/songwriter in Lubbock, Texas named [[Buddy Holly]] was busy taking elements of various musical styles (blues, country, gospel, south of the border, etc.) and melding them into the sound that won him stardom. Holly's pioneering efforts are legendary, and the rockabilly sound was a strong element in much of his work.
+[[Carl Perkins]], who also recorded for Sun, is the performer whose recordings most clearly define the rockabilly genre. His [http://aolsearch.aol.com/aol/redir?src=audio_search&requestId=6f018d9601ce3b9f&clickedItemRank=5&userQuery=perkins+blue+suede+shoes&clickedItemURN=http%3A%2F%2Fedwill.net%2FFrom%2520CD%2FCarl%2520Perkins%2520-%2520Blue%2520Suede%2520Shoes.mp3 "Blue Suede Shoes"] is considered a classic of the style. The early recordings of [[Jerry Lee Lewis]], [[Johnny Cash]], Dale Hawkins, Charlie Feathers, Hasil Adkins, [[Gene Vincent]], Billy Lee Riley, Johnny Burnette and [[Roy Orbison]] are also considered definitive. Early [[Everly Brothers]] hits such as ''Bye Bye Love'' and ''Wake Up Little Susie'' also featured the rockabilly sound. [[Eddie Cochran]] and [[Ricky Nelson]], though not southerners, were also are considered rockabilly performers. As mentioned above, several of [[Chuck Berry]]'s hits were nearly pure rockabilly in style. (See for example: ''Johnny B. Goode'' and ''Sometimes I Will and Again I Think I Won't''.) Bill Flagg was the first to name the music rockabilly when he recorded for Tetra Records in 1955−1956. His song ''Go Cat Go'' made the National Billboard charts in 1956.
-In 1977 Robert Gordon,accompanied by the legendary Link Wray on guitar,started the Rockabilly revival.His cover version of Billy Lee Riley's ''Red Hot'' got much radio airplay, RCA signed Gordon to a contract and he released the album ''Rock Billy Boogie'' in 1979,this time without Wray.His cover of the Conway Twitty classic ''It's only Make Believe '' got a lot of airplay on country music radio stations.Also in 1979,the very popular Operatic rock band ''Queen'' released ''Crazy little thing called love'',a Rockabilly song which went to #1 on the U.S. charts,a few years later in the early [[1980s]] [[The Stray Cats]] followed,The Stray Cats appeared often on MTV and had many hit records including ''Stray Cat Strut'', ''Rock this Town'', and ''Sexy and 17'',another noteworthy Rockabilly band of the '80s was the Blasters, other revivalists followed in the [[1990s]]like [[High Noon]], Big Sandy and His Fly-Rite Boys, Lone Star Trio, [[Danny Dean & The Homewreckers]] the [[Dave and Deke Combo]], [[The Racketeers]], and many others. And bands like [[The Cramps]], [[Tav Falco's Panther Burns]], [[Reverend Horton Heat]], [[Batmobile]] and more importantly [[The Meteors]] merged the music with [[Punk rock/Horror]], forming a distinct sub-genre  referred to as [[psychobilly]]. [[Dire Straits]] did a rockabilly track, The Bug, on their 1991 album [[On Every Street]].
+Rockabilly was a vehicle for many women performers to display their musical talents as well. Women like Wanda Jackson and Janis Martin performed a liberating form of rockabilly. Wanda Jackson was the first woman to shed her cowboy hat and boots and opt for rhinestone earrings and high heels when singing rockabilly music. She utilized Elvis' backing group The Jordanaires in her recordings.
-Guralnick writes, "Rockabilly is the purest of all rock 'n' roll genres.  That is because it never went anywhere.  It is preserved in perfect isolation within an indistinct time period....".
+==Revival==
-In 1997, the [[Rockabilly Hall of Fame]] was founded by Bob Timmers to present early rock and roll history and information relative to the artists and personalities involved in this pioneering American music genre.
+Rockabilly's popularity waned in the early 1960s. The advent of [[The Beatles]], however, brought a later generation into appreciation of such rockabilly classics as ''Honey Don't,'' ''Matchbook,'' and ''Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby'' when the "fab four" covered each of these [[Carl Perkins]] songs.
-Several rockabilly festivals take place each year; mostly in the U.S. and Europe.  Attendance at these festivals ranges from a few hundred to several thousand.  Since the late '90s the most popular of these has been Viva Las Vegas, which takes place each [[Easter]] weekend in Las Vegas.
+In 1977 Robert Gordon, accompanied by Link Wray on guitar, started a more conscious Rockabilly revival. His cover version of Billy Lee Riley's ''Red Hot'' got much radio airplay, and RCA released his album ''Rock Billy Boogie'' in 1979. Also in 1979, the popular operatic rock band Queen released ''Crazy Little Thing Called Love,'' a rockabilly song which became the number one for a time on the American charts of popular music. In the early 1980s, The Stray Cats had several hit records in the rockabilly style. Another noteworthy rockabilly band of the '80s was the Blasters. Other revivalists followed in the 1990s, including High Noon, Big Sandy and His Fly-Rite Boys, Lone Star Trio, Danny Dean & The Homewreckers, The Racketeers, and others. Bands such as The Cramps, Batmobile and The Meteors merged the rockabilly with [[punk rock]], forming a distinct sub-genre referred to as ''psychobilly''.
-==The Fashion Sub-Culture==
+In 1997, the Rockabilly Hall of Fame was founded by Bob Timmers to present early rock and roll history and information relative to the artists and personalities involved in this pioneering American music genre.
-Devoted followers of Rockabilly music and its fashion are known as ''Rockabillies'', or ''Billys'' within the "scene".  The hairstyle is usually a tame or more exaggerated "pomp" or [[pompadour]] hairstyle as was popular with 1950s artists like [[Buddy Holly]], [[Jerry Lee Lewis]] and revivalists stars from the '80s, [[The Stray Cats]].  This hair style is usually maintained with large amounts of pomade [[hair wax]] from traditional brand names like Royal Crown, [[Black & White Pluko]], [[Murrays]], and [[Layrite]].  It was rumored that [[Elvis Presley]] and [[Johnny Cash]] both used Genuine B&W Pomade to hold up their hair with a thick and shiny look.
+Several rockabilly festivals take place each year in the [[United States]] and [[Europe]]. Attendance at these festivals ranges from a few hundred to several thousand. Since the late 1990s the most popular of these has been Viva Las Vegas, which takes place each [[Easter]] weekend in Las Vegas.
-The clothing is largely reflective of the popular styles worn by the musicians in the 1950s themselves; slacks, pastel colored and Daddy-O styled shirts, baggy coats with the shirt collars worn over the coat collar, [[Brothel creeper]] shoes in every colour of the spectrum, with black and white being the most popular.  Of course Levi jeans (501 or 505) and more casual items are also part of the wardrobe, to include t-shirts and motorcycle jackets.  In regard to fashion, Rockabillies look very similar to other music/fashion subcultures like [[Greasers]], Teds ([[Teddy Boy (youth culture)|Teddy Boys]]) and [[Rockers]] of the same era.  All have a love and respect of classic American cars, British motorcycles, Rock and Roll, and vintage clothing.  And all have a steady and popular revivalist following all over the world.
-The female hairstyle is just evident today as in the '50s within the "scene". Long and short with bangs, in ponytails, or in curls with flowers in the hair. The clothing too reflects the "scene", pencil skirts, halter dresses, sweetheart dress, rockabilly circle skirt, sailor inspired suits, peddle pushers (a.k.a. capris), poodle skirts, cuffed jeans, as well as the western shirts. The shoes, mary jane, saddle shoes, flats, cowboy boots, and the ever so essential peep toe pumps, are a must have for every Rockabilly girl. Rockabillies are also known to use cigarette filters/holder such as Cruella De Vil's in 101 Dalmations.
 == See also ==
-*[[List of Rockabilly musicians]]
+*[[Rock and Rock]]
 *[[Western Swing]]
-*[[Psychobilly]]
-*[[Punkabilly]]
-*[[Cowpunk]]
-*[[Gothabilly]]
-*[[Hard-twang]]
-*[[Deathcountry]]
-*[[Horror punk]]
 *[[Alternative country]]
-*[[Slacker swing]]
-*[[Honky punk]]
 *[[Punk rock]]
-*[[Rockers]]
+*[[Elvis Presley]]
-*[[Greaser (1950s)|Greasers]]
+*[[Carl Perkins]]
-*[[Psycho's]]
+*[[Buddy Holly]]
-*[[Teddy Boy (youth culture)]]
 ==Samples==
-*[[Media:GoodRockin'Tonight.ogg|Download sample]] of [[Elvis Presley]]'s "Good Rockin' Tonight"
+*[[Media:GoodRockin'Tonight.ogg|Download sample]] of [[Elvis Presley]]'s "Good Rockin' Tonight."
-==Further reading==
+==Notes==
-* ''Roadkill on the Three-Chord Highway'', Colin Escott, Routledge, 2002. ISBN 0-415-93783-3
+<references/>
-*Miller, Jim  (editor).  ''The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll''.  (1976).  New York:  Rolling Stone Press/Random House.  ISBN 0-394-40327-4.  ("Rockabilly," chapter written by Guralnick, Peter.  pp. 64-67.)
+==References==
+* Escott, Colin. ''Roadkill on the Three-Chord Highway''. Routledge, 2002. ISBN 0-415-93783-3
+*Miller, Jim, ed. ''The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll''. Rolling Stone Press/Random House, 1976. ISBN 0-394-40327-4
+*Tosches, Nick. ''Unsung Heroes of Rock 'n' Roll''. Harmony Books, 1984. ISBN 0-517-58052-7
+*Morrison, Craig. ''Go Cat Go!: Rockabilly Music and its Makers''. University of Illinois Press, 1996. ISBN 0-252-06538-7
-*Tosches, Nick.  ''Unsung Heroes of Rock 'n' Roll''.  (1984).  New York:  Harmony Books.  ISBN 0-517-58052-7.
+==External links==
+All links retrieved December 15, 2022.
-*Morrison, Craig. ''Go Cat Go!: Rockabilly Music and its Makers''. (1996). Illinois. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06538-7.
-==External links==
-*[http://www.rockabillyhall.com/ Rockabilly Hall Of Fame]
 *[http://www.rockabilly.nl/ BlackCat Rockabilly Europe]
-*[http://www.history-of-rock.com/ The History of Rock and Roll]
+*[http://www.history-of-rock.com/rockabilly.htm#Rockabilly Rockabilly in the History of Rock and Roll]
-*[http://www.the-jime.dk/Rockabilly_Guitar.htm The Rockabilly Guitar Page]
 *[http://www.vivalasvegas.net/ Viva Las Vegas: VLV Rockabilly Weekender]
-*[http://www.heavyrebel.net/ The Heavy Rebel Weekender]
-*[http://www.thehootenanny.com/ Hootenanny Rockabilly/Psychobilly Festival]
-*[http://www.wreckingpit.com/ the wreckingpit]
-*[http://www.rockabillyrules.com/ RockabillyRules.com]
-*[http://www.rockabillyradio.net/ Rockabilly Radio - The voice of Rockabilly!]
 *[http://www.nervous.co.uk/ Nervous Records website with lots of reviews and mp3s]
-*[http://www.planetrockabilly.com/ Planet Rockabilly!]
-*[http://www.rustyandthedragstriptrio.com/ Rusty and the Dragstrip Trio]
-*[http://www.themegatones.tk/ The Megatones]
-*[http://www.tenstrike.de/ Ten Strike - 1000% Raw Rockabilly]
-*[http://www.the-jime.dk/How_To_Play_Rockabilly_Guitar.htm How To Play Rockabilly Guitar]
-*[http://www.kimlenz.com/ Kim Lenz and her Jaguars]
-*[http://www.salvajesrockabilly.com.ar/ Los Salvajes rockabilly]
-*[http://www.rockabilly-clothing.com/ Rockabilly Clothing - The Style, the Culture and more]
-*[http://www.josiekreuzer.com/ Josie Kreuzer]
-*[http://www.straight8s.com/ The Straight 8s]
-*[http://www.rockabilly-cd.com/ Rockabilly CD reviews]
-{{countrymusic}}
-{{rock}}
-[[Category: Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]]
+[[Category:Art, music, literature, sports and leisure]]
 [[Category: Music]]
 {{credit|86318646}}