Qu Yuan
File:Qu Yuan 2.jpg Qu Yuan | |
| Qu Yuan's Names | |
|---|---|
| Simplified Chinese: | 屈原 |
| Traditional Chinese: | 屈原 |
| Pinyin: | Qū Yuán |
| Family name: | Qu |
| Traditional Chinese: | 屈 |
| Simplified Chinese: | 屈 |
| Given name: | Ping |
| Traditional Chinese: | 平 |
| Simplified Chinese: | 平 |
| Courtesy name (字): | Yuan |
| Traditional Chinese: | 原 |
| Simplified Chinese: | 原 |
| Alias Given name (自名): | Zhengze |
| Traditional Chinese: | 正則 |
| Simplified Chinese: | 正则 |
| Alias Courtesy name (别字): | Lingjun |
| Traditional Chinese: | 霛均 |
| Simplified Chinese: | 灵均 |
Qu Yuan (Chinese: 屈原; pinyin: Qū Yuán) (ca. 340 B.C.E. - 278 B.C.E.) was a Chinese patriotic poet from southern Chu during the Warring States Period. His works are mostly found in an anthology of poetry known as Chu Ci. His death is commemorated on Duan Wu or Tuen Ng Festival (端午节/端午節), commonly known as the Dragon Boat Festival in the West.
Biography
Qu Yuan was a minister in the government of the state of Chu, descended of nobility and a champion of political loyalty and truth eager to maintain the Chu state's sovereignty. Qu Yuan advocated a policy of alliance with the other kingdoms of the period against the hegemonic state of Qin, which threatened to dominate them all. The legend has it that the Chu king, however, fell under the influence of other corrupt, jealous ministers who slandered Qu Yuan, and banished his most loyal counselor. It is said that Qu Yuan returned first to his family's home town. In his exile, he spent much of this time collecting legends and rearranging folk odes while travelling the countryside, producing some of the greatest poetry in Chinese literature while expressing his fervent love for his state and his deepest concern for its future. However, modern analysis of Qu Yuan's work suggests that Qu Yuan and the Chu King were actually homosexual lovers, and therefore Qu Yuan's dismissal from the imperial court and subsequent suicide were likely due to his failed relationship with the King.[1]
According to legend, his anxiety brought him to an increasingly troubled state of health; during his depression, he would often take walks near a certain well, during which he would look upon his reflection in the water and be his own person, thin and gaunt. In the legend, this well became known as the "Face Reflection Well." Today on a hillside in Xiangluping in Hubei province's Zigui, there is a well which is considered to be the original well from the time of Qu Yuan.
In 278 B.C.E., learning of the capture of his country's capital, Ying, by General Bai Qi of the state of Qin, Qu Yuan is said to have written the lengthy poem of lamentation called "Lament for Ying" and later to have waded into the Miluo river in today's Hunan Province holding a great rock in order to commit ritual suicide as a form of protest against the corruption of the era.
The origin of the Duan Wu Festival
Popular legend has it that villagers carried their dumplings and boats to the middle of the river and desperately tried to save him, but were unsuccessful. In order to keep fish and evil spirits away from his body, they beat drums and splashed the water with their paddles. They threw rice into the water as a food offering to Qu Yuan and to distract the fish away from his body. However, late one night, the spirit of Qu Yuan appeared before his friends and told them that he died because of a river dragon. He asked his friends to wrap their rice into three-cornered silk packages to ward off the dragon. These packages became a traditional food known as zong zi, although the lumps of rice are now wrapped in reed leaves instead of silk. The act of racing to search for his body in boats gradually became the cultural tradition of dragon boat racing, which is held on the anniversary of his death every year.
Today, people still eat zongzi and participate in dragon boat races to commemorate Qu Yuan's sacrifice on the Duan Wu festival, the fifth day of the fifth month of the Chinese lunar calendar.
Reputation
Qu Yuan is generally recognised as the first great Chinese poet with record. He initiated the style of Sao, which is named after his work Li Sao, in which he abandoned the classic four-character verses used in poems of Shi Jing and adopted verses with varying lengths, which gives the poem more rhythm and latitude in expression. Qu Yuan is also regarded as one of the most prominent figures of Romanticism in Chinese literature, and his masterpieces influenced some of the greatest Romanticist poets in Tang Dynasty such as Li Bai and Du Fu.
Other than his literary influence, Qu Yuan is also held as the earliest patriotic poet in China history. His political idealism and unbendable patriotism have served as the model for Chinese intellectuals to this day.
Works
Scholars have debated the authenticity of several of Qu Yuan's works since the Western Han dynasty (202 B.C.E. - 9). The most authoritative historical record, Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian (Shi Ji) mentions five of Qu Yuan's works:
- Li Sao
- Tian Wen
- Zhao Hun
- Ai Ying ("Lament for Ying")
- Huai Sha
According to Wang Yi of the Eastern Han dynasty (ca. 25 C.E. - 220 C.E.), a total of 25 works can be attributed to Qu Yuan:
- Li Sao
- Jiu Ge (consisting of 11 pieces)
- Tian Wen
- Jiu Zhang (consisting of 9 pieces)
- Yuan You
- Pu Ju
- Yu Fu
Wang Yi chose to attribute Zhao Hun to a poet of the Western Han dynasty, Song Yu; most modern scholars, however, consider Zhao Hun to be Qu Yuan's original work, whereas Yuan You, Pu Ju, and Yu Fu are believed to have been composed by others.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
External links
- "Qu Yuan {Chu Yuan}, the great poet"
- "Rice Dumpling Recipe - What they used to feed the fish"
- "The Dragon Boat Festival" (article reproduced from Volume 1, number 2 of the newsletter of Families with Children from China of the San Francisco Bay Area)
da:Qu Yuan de:Qu Yuan es:Qu Yuan fr:Qu Yuan gl:Qu Yuan zh-classical:屈原 ja:屈原 vi:Khuất Nguyên zh:屈原
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