Difference between revisions of "Purana" - New World Encyclopedia
Scott Dunbar (talk | contribs) |
Scott Dunbar (talk | contribs) m (→Origin) |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Images OK}} | {{Images OK}} | ||
| − | ''''Purana'''' (Sanskrit meaning "ancient" or "old") is the name of a genre of popular Indian scriptures, primarily found in Hinduism, that are usually written in the form of stories about specific gods. In Indian religious literature, the designation 'Purana' confers on a text an aura of | + | ''''Purana'''' (Sanskrit meaning "ancient" or "old") is the name of a genre of popular Indian scriptures, primarily found in Hinduism, that are usually written in the form of stories about specific gods. In Indian religious literature, the designation 'Purana' confers on a text an aura of authority and antiquity. Puranas normally give prominence to a certain deity (e.g. [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]] or [[Krishna]], [[Durga]]) and depict other gods as subservient. As such they are popular texts among specific Hindu [[bhakti]] movements and sectarian schools. They are often written in the vernacular making them widely accessible to a mass audience. Two famous [[Vaisnava]] Puranas are the "Vishnu Purana" and the "Bhavatam Purana." |
There are many Indian texts that go by the name of Purana. Most are usually are concerned with mythical and historical narrations. These texts are vast in number and scattered all over the [[India]]n subcontinent. | There are many Indian texts that go by the name of Purana. Most are usually are concerned with mythical and historical narrations. These texts are vast in number and scattered all over the [[India]]n subcontinent. | ||
| − | + | ==Origin== | |
| − | Traditionally, in Hindu mythology, the Puranas are said to have been composed by the sage [[Vyasa]], the narrator of the [[Mahabharata]] epic. Vyasa | + | Traditionally, in Hindu mythology, the Puranas are said to have been composed by the sage [[Vyasa]], the narrator of the [[Mahabharata]] epic. In Sanskrit, Vyasa means 'Divider,' and some scholars have interpreted this to mean 'Editor'. <ref>''Purana Perennis'' - Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts - edited by Wendy Doniger. ISBN 0-7914-1381-0 </ref> |
| − | + | Even though the word "Purana" literally means "old" or "ancient" in Sanskrit, there is some scholarly debate about their historical origin, and due to the multiplicity of texts that carry this name, not all are ancient. Some are of comparativley recent origin and use the title Purana to gain respect for their content. However, ancient references to Puranas appear in the Atharvaveda 11.7.24 and the Satapatha Brahmana 11.5.6.8. and 13.4.3.13.<ref>Subhash Kak 1994, '''The astronomical ??? of the Rgveda'''</ref> There are also references to the Puranas in the [[Upanishads]] where the [[Itihasa]]-Purana is mentioned.<ref>Chandogya Upanishad 3.4.1-2, 7.1.2-4, 7.2.1, 7.7.1 Moghe 1997</ref> The Itihasa-Purana was considered the "fifth Veda" according to the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad.<ref>Brhadaranyaka Upanisad 2.4.10, 4.1.2, 4.5.11. Satapatha Brahmana (SBE, Vol. 44, pp. 98, 369). Moghe 1997:160</ref> Scholars argue that some contents of the Puranas may date to an earlier period.<ref>e.g. Bryant 2001:139</ref> | |
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
| − | Puranas fall into the category of Hindu scripture known as ''[[Smrti]]'' (tradition). There are numerous Hindu Puranas that are enumerated and classified in multiple ways | + | Puranas fall into the category of Hindu scripture known as ''[[Smrti]]'' (tradition). There are numerous Hindu Puranas that are enumerated and classified in multiple ways, and the canonical lists of Puranas vary from place to place and from time to time. |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
Traditionally, it is said that there are eighteen Mahapuranas and eighteen Upapuranas. According to the ''Padma Purana,''<ref> ''Padma Purana, Uttara-khanda,'' 236.18-21</ref> it is said that six belong to the quality (''guna'') of goodness, six to passion, and six to ignorance: | Traditionally, it is said that there are eighteen Mahapuranas and eighteen Upapuranas. According to the ''Padma Purana,''<ref> ''Padma Purana, Uttara-khanda,'' 236.18-21</ref> it is said that six belong to the quality (''guna'') of goodness, six to passion, and six to ignorance: | ||
| Line 31: | Line 21: | ||
*Ignorance (Tamas): Matsya Purana, Kurma purana, Linga Purana, Shiva Purana, Skanda Purana, Agni Purana | *Ignorance (Tamas): Matsya Purana, Kurma purana, Linga Purana, Shiva Purana, Skanda Purana, Agni Purana | ||
| − | Mahā- (meaning: 'great', 'mighty') and Upa- (meaning: 'lower', 'additional') Puranas are written in Sanskrit by [[caste|Brahmins]]. Traditionally<ref> ''Matsya Purana'' 53.65</ref> they are said to narrate five subjects, called Panca-laksana (Sanskrit 'five distinguishing marks'), which are: | + | |
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | Puranas can also be classified into the following categories: | ||
| + | |||
| + | * ''Mahāpurāṇas'' and ''Upapurāṇas'' - Written in Sanskrit, by [[caste|Brahmin]]s. They usually adhere to the 'Panca-laksana' typology (see below). They tell of the creation of the universe and the human race, narrate the genealogies of kings and saints, and contain assorted narratives, stories, and philosophical and religious topics. Mahā- (meaning: 'great', 'mighty') and Upa- (meaning: 'lower', 'additional') Puranas are written in Sanskrit by [[caste|Brahmins]]. Traditionally<ref> ''Matsya Purana'' 53.65</ref> they are said to narrate five subjects, called Panca-laksana (Sanskrit 'five distinguishing marks'), which are: | ||
# Sarga - The creation of the universe. | # Sarga - The creation of the universe. | ||
# Pratisarga - Secondary creations, mostly re-creations after dissolution. | # Pratisarga - Secondary creations, mostly re-creations after dissolution. | ||
| Line 42: | Line 37: | ||
Some Upapuranas are: Sanat-kumara, Narasimha, Brihan-naradiya, Siva-rahasya, Durvasa, Kapila, Vamana, Bhargava, Varuna, Kalika, Samba, Nandi, Surya, Parasara, Vasishtha, Devi-Bhagavata, Ganesa, and Hamsa. <ref>These have been studied by the Bengali scholar R. C. Hazra. See his ''Studies in the Upapuranas, vol. I'', Calcutta, Sanskrit College, 1958. ''Studies in the Upapuranas, vol. II'', Calcutta, Sanskrit College, 1979. ''Studies in Puranic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs'', Delhi, Banarsidass, 1975. More recently they have been studied by Ludo Rocher in ''The Puranas'' - A History of Indian Literature. Vol. II, fasc. 3, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1986.</ref> Most of these have not been critically edited yet, and are available mostly through devotional publications, in multiple versions and recensions. | Some Upapuranas are: Sanat-kumara, Narasimha, Brihan-naradiya, Siva-rahasya, Durvasa, Kapila, Vamana, Bhargava, Varuna, Kalika, Samba, Nandi, Surya, Parasara, Vasishtha, Devi-Bhagavata, Ganesa, and Hamsa. <ref>These have been studied by the Bengali scholar R. C. Hazra. See his ''Studies in the Upapuranas, vol. I'', Calcutta, Sanskrit College, 1958. ''Studies in the Upapuranas, vol. II'', Calcutta, Sanskrit College, 1979. ''Studies in Puranic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs'', Delhi, Banarsidass, 1975. More recently they have been studied by Ludo Rocher in ''The Puranas'' - A History of Indian Literature. Vol. II, fasc. 3, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1986.</ref> Most of these have not been critically edited yet, and are available mostly through devotional publications, in multiple versions and recensions. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Included among the texts of distinctly lesser importance that also bear the name Puranas are | ||
| + | |||
| + | * ''Sthala Purāṇas'' - Scriptures usually extolling the virtues of a certain Hindu [[temple]], which narrate stories of the temple's creation and spiritual history. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * ''Kula Purāṇas'' - Scriptures that deal with the origin and legends of a particular [[caste]]. | ||
The Puranas, being in Sanskrit, are usually not directly accessible to the common person as read texts. They are, however, available in vernacular translations and are disseminated by Brahmin scholars, who read from them and tell their stories, usually in Katha sessions (in which a travelling brahmin settles for a few weeks in a temple and narrates parts of a Purana, usually with a Bhakti perspective). | The Puranas, being in Sanskrit, are usually not directly accessible to the common person as read texts. They are, however, available in vernacular translations and are disseminated by Brahmin scholars, who read from them and tell their stories, usually in Katha sessions (in which a travelling brahmin settles for a few weeks in a temple and narrates parts of a Purana, usually with a Bhakti perspective). | ||
| − | |||
==Notable Puranas== | ==Notable Puranas== | ||
| − | * ''The Bhagavata Purana'' - It is concerned with Vishnu Bhakti, telling of the exploits and deeds of Vishnu's [[Avatar]] | + | * ''The Bhagavata Purana'' - It is concerned with Vishnu Bhakti, telling of the exploits and deeds of Vishnu's [[Avatar]]. Its tenth canto (its longest) narrates the deeds of Krishna and, probably for the first time in Sanskrit, tells of his exploits as a child, a theme later elaborated by many [[Bhakti movement]]s. <ref> ''Viraha-Bhakti - The Early History of Krsna Devotion in South India'' - Friedhelm Hardy. ISBN 0-19-564916-8 </ref> |
* ''The Devi-bhagavata Purana'' - an Upapurana extolling the virtues of the goddess Durga as the supreme being. It has become (along with the Devi Mahatmya of the Mārkandeya Purana) a basic text for [[Devi]] worshipers. <ref> ''The Triumph of the Goddess - The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the DevI-BhAgavata PuraNa,'' Brown Mackenzie. ISBN 0-7914-0363-7 </ref> | * ''The Devi-bhagavata Purana'' - an Upapurana extolling the virtues of the goddess Durga as the supreme being. It has become (along with the Devi Mahatmya of the Mārkandeya Purana) a basic text for [[Devi]] worshipers. <ref> ''The Triumph of the Goddess - The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the DevI-BhAgavata PuraNa,'' Brown Mackenzie. ISBN 0-7914-0363-7 </ref> | ||
* ''The Skanda Purana'' - probably the longest of all. A vast storehouse of parables, legends and stories, with multiple versions and recensions. Many untraced quotes from a Purana are conveniently attributed to this Purana. <ref> ''The Scrapbook of Undeserved Salvation: The Kedara Khanda of the Skanda Purana'' In ''Purana Perennis,'' edited by Wendy Doniger,p. 59-83 </ref> | * ''The Skanda Purana'' - probably the longest of all. A vast storehouse of parables, legends and stories, with multiple versions and recensions. Many untraced quotes from a Purana are conveniently attributed to this Purana. <ref> ''The Scrapbook of Undeserved Salvation: The Kedara Khanda of the Skanda Purana'' In ''Purana Perennis,'' edited by Wendy Doniger,p. 59-83 </ref> | ||
Revision as of 08:21, 5 October 2006
'Purana' (Sanskrit meaning "ancient" or "old") is the name of a genre of popular Indian scriptures, primarily found in Hinduism, that are usually written in the form of stories about specific gods. In Indian religious literature, the designation 'Purana' confers on a text an aura of authority and antiquity. Puranas normally give prominence to a certain deity (e.g. Shiva, Vishnu or Krishna, Durga) and depict other gods as subservient. As such they are popular texts among specific Hindu bhakti movements and sectarian schools. They are often written in the vernacular making them widely accessible to a mass audience. Two famous Vaisnava Puranas are the "Vishnu Purana" and the "Bhavatam Purana."
There are many Indian texts that go by the name of Purana. Most are usually are concerned with mythical and historical narrations. These texts are vast in number and scattered all over the Indian subcontinent.
Origin
Traditionally, in Hindu mythology, the Puranas are said to have been composed by the sage Vyasa, the narrator of the Mahabharata epic. In Sanskrit, Vyasa means 'Divider,' and some scholars have interpreted this to mean 'Editor'. [1]
Even though the word "Purana" literally means "old" or "ancient" in Sanskrit, there is some scholarly debate about their historical origin, and due to the multiplicity of texts that carry this name, not all are ancient. Some are of comparativley recent origin and use the title Purana to gain respect for their content. However, ancient references to Puranas appear in the Atharvaveda 11.7.24 and the Satapatha Brahmana 11.5.6.8. and 13.4.3.13.[2] There are also references to the Puranas in the Upanishads where the Itihasa-Purana is mentioned.[3] The Itihasa-Purana was considered the "fifth Veda" according to the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad.[4] Scholars argue that some contents of the Puranas may date to an earlier period.[5]
Classification
Puranas fall into the category of Hindu scripture known as Smrti (tradition). There are numerous Hindu Puranas that are enumerated and classified in multiple ways, and the canonical lists of Puranas vary from place to place and from time to time.
Traditionally, it is said that there are eighteen Mahapuranas and eighteen Upapuranas. According to the Padma Purana,[6] it is said that six belong to the quality (guna) of goodness, six to passion, and six to ignorance:
- Goodness (Sattva): Vishnu Purana, Bhagavata Purana, Naradeya Purana, Garuda Purana, Padma Purana, Varaha Purana
- Passion (Rajas): Brahmanda Purana, Brahma Vaivarta Purana, Markandeya Purana, Bhavishya Purana, Vamana Purana, Brahma Purana
- Ignorance (Tamas): Matsya Purana, Kurma purana, Linga Purana, Shiva Purana, Skanda Purana, Agni Purana
Puranas can also be classified into the following categories:
- Mahāpurāṇas and Upapurāṇas - Written in Sanskrit, by Brahmins. They usually adhere to the 'Panca-laksana' typology (see below). They tell of the creation of the universe and the human race, narrate the genealogies of kings and saints, and contain assorted narratives, stories, and philosophical and religious topics. Mahā- (meaning: 'great', 'mighty') and Upa- (meaning: 'lower', 'additional') Puranas are written in Sanskrit by Brahmins. Traditionally[7] they are said to narrate five subjects, called Panca-laksana (Sanskrit 'five distinguishing marks'), which are:
- Sarga - The creation of the universe.
- Pratisarga - Secondary creations, mostly re-creations after dissolution.
- Vamśa - Genealogy of gods and sages.
- Manvañtara - The creation of the human race and the first human beings.
- Vamśānucaritam - Dynastic histories.
Most Mahapuranas and Upapuranas deal with these subject matters, although the bulk of their text consists of historical and religious narratives. Some scholars have suggested that these 'distinguishing marks' are shared by other traditional religious scriptures of the world (e.g. the Bible) [8]. Most use an abundance of religious and philosophical concepts in their narration, from Bhakti to Samkhya.
Some Upapuranas are: Sanat-kumara, Narasimha, Brihan-naradiya, Siva-rahasya, Durvasa, Kapila, Vamana, Bhargava, Varuna, Kalika, Samba, Nandi, Surya, Parasara, Vasishtha, Devi-Bhagavata, Ganesa, and Hamsa. [9] Most of these have not been critically edited yet, and are available mostly through devotional publications, in multiple versions and recensions.
Included among the texts of distinctly lesser importance that also bear the name Puranas are
- Sthala Purāṇas - Scriptures usually extolling the virtues of a certain Hindu temple, which narrate stories of the temple's creation and spiritual history.
- Kula Purāṇas - Scriptures that deal with the origin and legends of a particular caste.
The Puranas, being in Sanskrit, are usually not directly accessible to the common person as read texts. They are, however, available in vernacular translations and are disseminated by Brahmin scholars, who read from them and tell their stories, usually in Katha sessions (in which a travelling brahmin settles for a few weeks in a temple and narrates parts of a Purana, usually with a Bhakti perspective).
Notable Puranas
- The Bhagavata Purana - It is concerned with Vishnu Bhakti, telling of the exploits and deeds of Vishnu's Avatar. Its tenth canto (its longest) narrates the deeds of Krishna and, probably for the first time in Sanskrit, tells of his exploits as a child, a theme later elaborated by many Bhakti movements. [10]
- The Devi-bhagavata Purana - an Upapurana extolling the virtues of the goddess Durga as the supreme being. It has become (along with the Devi Mahatmya of the Mārkandeya Purana) a basic text for Devi worshipers. [11]
- The Skanda Purana - probably the longest of all. A vast storehouse of parables, legends and stories, with multiple versions and recensions. Many untraced quotes from a Purana are conveniently attributed to this Purana. [12]
- The Bhavishya Purana - Apart from its other content, it is said to contain references to the Judeo-Christian creation myth (Adam and Eve are referred to as Adama and Havyavati), the Judeo-Christian flood myth, Moses, Jesus (referred to as Iśa - 'God'), Mohammad (referred to as Mahāmada - 'great intoxication/lust'), Queen Victoria (as Queen Vicyavati), etc. It also contains references to a certain Demon language (apparently English) containing words such as 'February'.
Sthala Puranas
This corpus of texts narrates the virtues and stories connected with a certain temple or shrine (the word 'Sthala' means 'Place' in Sanskrit). There are numerous Sthala Puranas, most written in vernaculars, some with Sanskrit versions as well. Most claim to have a Sanskrit origin, and some of the Sanskrit versions also appear in a Mahapurana or an Upapurana. Some Tamil Sthala Puranas. [13]
Kula Puranas
These are mostly Caste Puranas (the word 'Kula' means 'Family' or 'Tribe' in Sanskrit). They deal with a specific caste's origin myth, stories and legends. The caste purana is an important source for caste identity and is usually contested by other, rival, castes. This subgenre is usually in the vernacular and might at times be oral. [14]
This subgenre has been little researched. But it is rather well documented in the Caste section of the British Census of India Report and the various Gazzeteers. [15]
Non Hindu Puranas
There are many Jain Puranas, dealing with Jain myths, history and legends.[16] Studies and translations of this particular genre are meagre. Arguably, some Buddhist Mahāyāna Sūtras seem to have some characteristics of Puranas.
Notes
- ↑ Purana Perennis - Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts - edited by Wendy Doniger. ISBN 0-7914-1381-0
- ↑ Subhash Kak 1994, The astronomical ??? of the Rgveda
- ↑ Chandogya Upanishad 3.4.1-2, 7.1.2-4, 7.2.1, 7.7.1 Moghe 1997
- ↑ Brhadaranyaka Upanisad 2.4.10, 4.1.2, 4.5.11. Satapatha Brahmana (SBE, Vol. 44, pp. 98, 369). Moghe 1997:160
- ↑ e.g. Bryant 2001:139
- ↑ Padma Purana, Uttara-khanda, 236.18-21
- ↑ Matsya Purana 53.65
- ↑ 'Purana as Brahminic Ideology', Velcheru Narayana Rao in Purana Perennis - "Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts" - edited by Wendy Doniger,p. 85-100. ISBN 0-7914-1381-0
- ↑ These have been studied by the Bengali scholar R. C. Hazra. See his Studies in the Upapuranas, vol. I, Calcutta, Sanskrit College, 1958. Studies in the Upapuranas, vol. II, Calcutta, Sanskrit College, 1979. Studies in Puranic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs, Delhi, Banarsidass, 1975. More recently they have been studied by Ludo Rocher in The Puranas - A History of Indian Literature. Vol. II, fasc. 3, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1986.
- ↑ Viraha-Bhakti - The Early History of Krsna Devotion in South India - Friedhelm Hardy. ISBN 0-19-564916-8
- ↑ The Triumph of the Goddess - The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the DevI-BhAgavata PuraNa, Brown Mackenzie. ISBN 0-7914-0363-7
- ↑ The Scrapbook of Undeserved Salvation: The Kedara Khanda of the Skanda Purana In Purana Perennis, edited by Wendy Doniger,p. 59-83
- ↑ Tamil Temple Myths - Sacrifice and Divine Marriage in the South Indian Saiva Tradition - David Dean Shulman. ISBN 0-691-06415-6
- ↑ 'Kulapuranas' - Pulikonda Subbachary in Folklore in Modern India, edited by Jawaharlal Handoo, p. 125-142. ISBN 81-7342-055-6
- ↑ See for example Castes and Tribes of Southern India Vols I-V, Thurston Edgar. Cosmo Publication, Delhi.
- ↑ 'Jaina Puranas: A Puranic Counter Tradition' - Padmanabh S. Jaini in Purana Perennis, p. 207-49. And 'An Overview of the Jaina Puranas' - John E. Cort in Purana Perennis, p.185-206.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Wendy Doniger (ed.) Purana Perennis - Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts ISBN 0-7914-1381-0
- S.G. Moghe (ed.), Professor Kane's contribution to Dharmasastra literature, 1997, New Delhi: D.K. Printworld (P) Ltd. ISBN 81-246-0075-9
- `Verbal Narratives: Performance and Gender of the Padma Purana', by T.N. Sankaranarayana in Chanted Narratives - The Katha Vachana Tradition, Edited by Molly Kaushal, p. 225-234. ISBN 81-246-0182-8
- 'Purana as Brahminic Ideology', Velcheru Narayana Rao in Purana Perennis - "Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts" - edited by Wendy Doniger,p. 85-100. ISBN 0-7914-1381-0
- These have been studied by the Bengali scholar R. C. Hazra. See his Studies in the Upapuranas, vol. I, Calcutta, Sanskrit College, 1958. Studies in the Upapuranas, vol. II, Calcutta, Sanskrit College, 1979. Studies in Puranic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs, Delhi, Banarsidass, 1975.
- Ludo Rocher in The Puranas - A History of Indian Literature. Vol. II, fasc. 3, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1986.
- Viraha-Bhakti - The Early History of Krsna Devotion in South India - Friedhelm Hardy. ISBN 0-19-564916-8
- The Triumph of the Goddess - The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the DevI-BhAgavata PuraNa, Brown Mackenzie. ISBN 0-7914-0363-7
- The Scrapbook of Undeserved Salvation: The Kedara Khanda of the Skanda Purana In Purana Perennis, edited by Wendy Doniger,p. 59-83
- Tamil Temple Myths - Sacrifice and Divine Marriage in the South Indian Saiva Tradition - David Dean Shulman. ISBN 0-691-06415-6
- 'Kulapuranas' - Pulikonda Subbachary in Folklore in Modern India, edited by Jawaharlal Handoo, p. 125-142. ISBN 81-7342-055-6
External links
- Texts
- Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam Full text of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, with the original Sanskrit, word-for-word meanings, translation, and commentary.
- The Vishnu Purana Full text of the H.H. Wilson translation at sacred-texts.com
- Synopses
- Contents of 18 Puranas and a list of Upapuranas (lesser Puranas) (a Java applet)
- Extensive synopsis of several Maha Puranas
- Synopsis of Puranas at Urday.com
- Other
- Agni Purana - A synopsis
- Bhagavat Purana in Gujarati with reference of characters
- Garuda Purana extensive extracts
Credits
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.
