Protozoa

Protozoa (in Greek proto = first and zoa = animals) are single-celled eukaryotes (organisms whose cells have nuclei) that commonly show characteristics usually associated with animals, most notably mobility and heterotrophy. They are often grouped in the kingdom Protista together with the plant-like algae and fungus-like water molds and slime molds. In some newer schemes, however, most algae are classified in the kingdoms Plantae and Chromista, and in such cases the remaining forms may be classified as a kingdom Protozoa. The name is misleading, since they are not animals (with the possible exception of the Myxozoa).

Protozoan have traditionally been divided on the basis of their means of locomotion, although this is no longer believed to represent genuine relationships:

• Flagellates
• Amoeboids
• Sporozoans
  • Apicomplexa
  • Myxozoa
  • Microsporidia
• Ciliates

Most protozoans are too small to be seen with the naked eye — most are around 0.01–0.05 mm, although forms up to 0.5 mm are still fairly common — but can easily be found under a microscope. Protozoa are ubiquitous throughout aqueous environments and the soil, and play an important role in their ecology. Protozoa occupy a range of trophic levels. As predators upon unicellular or filamentous algae, bacteria, and microfungi, protozoa play a role both as herbivores and as consumers in the decomposer link of the food chain. Protozoa also play a vital role in controlling bacteria population and biomass. As components of the micro- and meiofauna, protozoa are an important food source for microinvertebrates. Thus, the ecological role of protozoa in the transfer of bacterial and algal production to successive trophic levels is important. Protozoa such as the malaria parasites, trypanosomes and leishmania are also important as parasites and symbionts of multicellular animals.

Encystment - Under certain adverse conditions, some protozoa produce a protective capsule called a cyst. A cyst permits the organism to survive when food, moisture, or oxygen is lacking, when temperatures are not suitable, or when toxic chemicals are present. A cyst also enables a parasitic species to survive outside its host in order to get a new host. This is important because parasitic protozoa sometimes have to go through the excretory system of one host in order to get a new host. The cysts form in members of the phylum Apicomplexa is called an oocyst. It is a reproductive structure in which new cells are produced sexually.

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