Difference between revisions of "Protactinium" - New World Encyclopedia
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==References== | ==References== | ||
− | * | + | * Emsley, John. 2001. ''Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements''. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0198503407 and ISBN 978-0198503408. |
− | * | + | * Greenwood, N.N., and A. Earnshaw. 1998. ''Chemistry of the Elements'' 2nd ed. Oxford, UK; Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0750633654. [http://www.knovel.com/knovel2/Toc.jsp?BookID=402&VerticalID=0 Online version]. |
− | * | + | * Hampel, Clifford A. 1968. ''The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements''. New York: Reinhold Book Corp. ISBN 0442155980 and ISBN 978-0442155988. |
− | * | + | * Morss, Lester R., Norman M. Edelstein, and Jean Fuger, eds. 2006. ''The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements''. 3rd ed. 5 vols. Joseph J. Katz, adapter. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 1402035551 and ISBN 978-1402035555. |
* Stwertka, Albert. 1998. ''Guide to the Elements''. Rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508083-1. | * Stwertka, Albert. 1998. ''Guide to the Elements''. Rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508083-1. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/91.html "Protactinium"] ''Los Alamos National Laboratory, Chemistry Division''. Retrieved March 10, 2007. | ||
== External links == | == External links == |
Revision as of 17:41, 14 March 2007
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General | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Name, Symbol, Number | protactinium, Pa, 91 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chemical series | actinides | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Group, Period, Block | n/a, 7, f | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Appearance | bright, silvery metallic luster | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Atomic mass | 231.03588(2) g/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Electron configuration | [Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 20, 9, 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Physical properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Phase | solid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Density (near r.t.) | 15.37 g/cm³ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Melting point | 1841 K (1568 °C, 2854 °F) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Boiling point | ? 4300 K (? 4027 °C, ? °F) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Heat of fusion | 12.34 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Heat of vaporization | 481 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Atomic properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Crystal structure | orthorhombic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Oxidation states | 2, 3, 4, 5 (weakly basic oxide) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Electronegativity | 1.5 (Pauling scale) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ionization energies | 1st: 568 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Atomic radius | 180 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Miscellaneous | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Magnetic ordering | no data | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical resistivity | (0 °C) 177 nΩ·m | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 47 W/(m·K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CAS registry number | 7440-13-3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Notable isotopes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Protactinium (chemical symbol Pa, atomic number 91) is a member of the actinide series of chemical elements. It is a toxic, highly radioactive material, which is of interest mainly for scientific research. Currently it has no practical applications, although some have suggested its use in making nuclear weapons.
Occurrence
The isotope protactinium-231 occurs in pitchblende to the extent of about 1 part per 10 million parts of ore. Some ores from the Democratic Republic of the Congo have been found to contain the element at a concentration of about 3 parts per million (ppm).
History
The existence of an element between thorium and uranium was predicted to exist by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1871. In 1900, William Crookes isolated protactinium as a radioactive material from uranium, but he could not identify the material[1].
Protactinium was first identified in 1913, when Kasimir Fajans and O. H. Göhring encountered short-lived isotope protactinium-234m, with a half-life of about 1.17 minutes, during their studies of the decay chain of uranium-238. They gave the new element the name brevium (Latin brevis, meaning brief or short). The name was changed to protoactinium in 1918, when two groups of scientists (Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner of Germany and Frederick Soddy and John Cranston of the UK) independently discovered Pa-231. The name was shortened to protactinium in 1949.
Aristid V. Grosse prepared 2 milligrams (mg) of Pa2O5 in 1927, and later on managed to isolate protactinium for the first time in 1934 from 0.1 mg of Pa2O5, first converting the oxide to an iodide and then cracking it in a high vacuum by an electrically heated filament by the reaction 2PaI5 → 2Pa + 5I2.
In 1961, the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority was able to produce 125 g of 99.9% pure protactinium, after processing 60 tons of waste material in a 12-stage process and spending 500,000 USD. This was the world's only supply of the element for many years to come, and it has been reported that the metal was sold to laboratories at a price of 2,800 USD per gram.
Notable Characteristics
Protactinium is an inner transition metal (or actinide) that lies in period 7 of the periodic table, between thorium and uranium. It retains a bright silvery luster for some time in the air. It is superconductive at temperatures below 1.4 K.
Isotopes
Many radioisotopes of protactinium have been characterized. The most stable of these are 231-Pa, with a half-life of 32,760 years; 233-Pa, with a half-life of 26.967 days; and 230-Pa, with a half-life of 17.4 days. All the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 1.6 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 1.8 seconds. This element also has 2 meta states, 217m-Pa (t½ 1.15 milliseconds) and 234m-Pa (t½ 1.17 minutes).
The primary decay mode before the most stable isotope, 231-Pa, is alpha decay and the primary mode after is beta minus decay. The primary decay products before 231-Pa are actinium isotopes, and the primary products after are uranium isotopes.
Compounds
Known compounds of protactinium include the following:
- Fluorides:
- protactinium(IV) fluoride (PaF4)
- protactinium(V) fluoride (PaF5)
- Chlorides:
- protactinium(IV) chloride (PaCl4)
- protactinium(V) chloride (PaCl5)
- Bromides:
- protactinium(IV) bromide (PaBr4)
- protactinium(V) bromide (PaBr5)
- Iodides:
- protactinium(III) iodide (PaI3)
- protactinium(IV) iodide (PaI4)
- protactinium(V) iodide (PaI5)
- Oxides:
- protactinium(II) oxide (PaO)
- protactinium(IV) oxide (PaO2)
- protactinium(V) oxide (Pa2O5)
Applications
Given its scarcity, high radioactivity, and toxicity, there are currently no uses for protactinium outside of basic scientific research.
Protactinium-231, which is formed by the alpha decay of uranium-235, could possibly sustain a nuclear chain reaction and might, in principle, be used to build a nuclear weapon. The critical mass, according to Walter Seifritz, is 750±180 kilograms (kg). Other authors conclude that no chain reactions are possible with protactinium-231.
Precautions
Protactinium is both toxic and highly radioactive. It requires precautions similar to those used when handling plutonium.
See also
Notes
- ↑ Emsley, John (2001). Nature's Building Blocks, (Hardcover, First Edition), Oxford University Press, page 347. ISBN 0198503407.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Emsley, John. 2001. Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0198503407 and ISBN 978-0198503408.
- Greenwood, N.N., and A. Earnshaw. 1998. Chemistry of the Elements 2nd ed. Oxford, UK; Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0750633654. Online version.
- Hampel, Clifford A. 1968. The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. New York: Reinhold Book Corp. ISBN 0442155980 and ISBN 978-0442155988.
- Morss, Lester R., Norman M. Edelstein, and Jean Fuger, eds. 2006. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements. 3rd ed. 5 vols. Joseph J. Katz, adapter. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 1402035551 and ISBN 978-1402035555.
- Stwertka, Albert. 1998. Guide to the Elements. Rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508083-1.
- "Protactinium" Los Alamos National Laboratory, Chemistry Division. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
External links
- Protactinium WebElements.com.
- Protactinium It's Elemental.
- [1] InfoHaunter
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