Presbyter
Presbyter is a Greek term meaning "elder," which has become the basis both for the Catholic "priest," to which is etymologically related, and the idea of a governing board of elders in other churches, especially the Presbyterian Church. In the New Testament the term sometimes refers to a leader in local Christian congregations. In this case it is a synonym of episkopos (literally "overseer," and later bishop). In modern usage, it can be synonymous with priest, pastor, elder, or minister in various Christian denominations.
In the early Pauline Christian churches, the basic form of church governance seems to have been based on three spiritually-inspired offices: apostles, prophets, and teachers. The Jerusalem church, on the other hand, had a more definite administrative structure, consisting of what later came to be called a bishop and deacons. The New Testament, especially in the later letters attributed to Paul, also refers to presbyters as elder members who had authority, either singly or collectively, over the local church and its members.
In the second and third centuries, the office of presbyter became a more defined ministry, second to the bishop in authority, with the deacons serving in a more strictly administrative capacity. Although forms of church leadership varied from location to location, the presbyters seem to have served as a board of advisers to the bishop, as well as in various other capacities. By the beginning of the third century, sources indicate that they had the right to act as sacramental ministers if so authorized by the bishop, administering baptism and celebrating communion.
Later, they developed more complete sacerdotal functions similar to the concept of the Catholic or Orthodox priest today, although they still lacked pastoral authority over their own churches. Once the Christian movement grew to the point where several churches might exist in one city or diocese, the presbyter came to have charge of his own church under the bishop's oversight.
In modern times, some Protestant churches rejected the episcopal (bishop-centered) form of church governance and returned to what they consider to be the more ancient presbyterian model, in which a board of elders governs the church rather than a single bishop.
History
The earliest organization of the Christian Churches in Judea was similar to that of Jewish synagogues, who were governed by a council of elders (presbyteroi). In Acts 11:30 and 15:22, we see this collegiate system of government in Jerusalem, and in Acts 14:23, the Apostle Paul ordains elders in the churches he founded. Some modern commentators believe that these presbyters may have been identical to the overseers (episkopoi, i.e., bishops) and cite such passages as Acts 20:17, Titus 1:5,7 and 1 Peter 5:1 to support this claim.
The earliest post-apostolic writings, the Didache and Clement for example, show the church recognized two local church offices—elders (interchangeable term with overseer) and deacon. The beginnings of a single ruling bishop can perhaps be traced to the offices occupied by Timothy and Titus in the New Testament. We are told that Paul had left Timothy in Ephesus and Titus in Crete to oversee the local church (1 Tim. 1:3 and Titus 1:5). Paul commands them to ordain presbyters/bishops and to exercise general oversight, telling Titus to "rebuke with all authority" (Titus 2:15). It is certain that the office of bishop and presbyter were clearly distinguished by the second century, as the church was facing the dual pressures of persecution and internal schism, resulting in three distinct local offices: bishop, elder (presbyter) and deacon. This is best seen in the 2nd century writings of St. Ignatius of Antioch.
The bishop was understood mainly as the president of the council of presbyters, and so the bishop came to be distinguished both in honor and in prerogative from the presbyters, who were seen as deriving their authority by means of delegation from the bishop. Each church had its own bishop and his presence was necessary to consecrate any gathering of the church.
Eventually, as the Church grew, individual congregations no longer were served directly by a bishop. The bishop in a large city would appoint a presbyter to pastor the flock in each congregation, acting as his delegate.
In Presbyterian churches, the office of bishop was abolished in the 16th-17th centuries, the heads of local congregations using the name minister. In this arrangement, the ministers' leadership is shared with presbyters (also called elders, usually elected by the local congregations), who help them shepherd the church while keeping their secular professions. In these traditions, the term presbyter is generally restricted to the Presbyterian churches, while other Reformed churches tend to use the term elder.
Modern usage
- See also Priesthood, Presbyterianism, Methodism, Holy Orders
The Roman Catholic Church, the Orthodox Church, the Anglican/Episcopal Communion and other groups often refer to presbyters in English as priests (priest is etymologically derived from the Greek presbyteros via the Latin presbyter). Collectively, however, their "college" is referred to as the "presbyterium", "presbytery", or "presbyterate."
This usage is seen by some Protestant Christians as stripping the laity of its rightful priestly status, while those who use the term defend its usage by saying that, while they do believe in the priesthood of all believers, they do not believe in the eldership of all believers. This is generally true of United Methodists, who ordain elders as clergy (pastors) while affirming the priesthood of all believers. The Anglican Diocese of Sydney has abolished the use of the word "priest" for those ordained as such. They are now referred to as "presbyters".
The term father for presbyters is generally restricted to Catholic and Orthodox usage, though many Anglicans and even some Lutherans will use the term, as well. It is not generally thought of as a title, however, but simply as an affectionate term of address for the presbyter.
See also
- John the Presbyter
- Prester John
- presbyterium
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Cross, F L; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd ed.). New York : Oxford University Press, 1997. p. 1322 ISBN 019211655X ISBN 9780192116550
- Liddell & Scott. An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1975. pp. 301, 668
- The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, p. 2297
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