Difference between revisions of "Pope Marcellus I" - New World Encyclopedia

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==Legacy==
 
==Legacy==
 
[[Image:San Marcello al Corso.jpg|thumb|Rome's Church of San Marcello al Corso is traditionally believed to have been originally consecrated by Marcellus I]]
 
[[Image:San Marcello al Corso.jpg|thumb|Rome's Church of San Marcello al Corso is traditionally believed to have been originally consecrated by Marcellus I]]
The feast of Pope Saint Marcellus is celebrated on January 16. This is ccording to the ''Depositio episcoporum'' of the [[Chronography of 354]] and other Roman authorities. Nevertheless, it is not known whether this is the date of his death or that of the burial of his remains, after these had been brought back from the unknown place to which he had been exiled. He was buried in the Catacomb of Saint Priscilla, where his grave is mentioned by the itineraries to the graves of the Roman martyrs.
+
The feast of Pope Saint Marcellus is celebrated on January 16. This is the date of his death according to the ''Depositio episcoporum'' of the [[Chronography of 354]] and other Roman authorities. However, it is not known whether this is the true date of his death or that of the burial of his remains, after these had been brought back from the unknown place to which he had been exiled. He was buried in the Catacomb of [[Saint Priscilla]], where his grave is mentioned by the itineraries to the graves of the Roman [[martyr]]s.
  
Marcellus' name is to this day borne by the church at Rome mentioned in the above legend. In art, he is also pictured with symbols related to the story of his work as a slave, sometimes with a donkey or horse nearby, or standing in a stable.
+
Marcellus' name is to this day borne by the church at Rome mentioned in the above legend. It is known today as the Church of San Marcello al Corso. In art, he is pictured with symbols related to the story of his work as a slave, sometimes with a donkey or horse nearby, or standing in a stable.
  
The issue which plagued Marcellus—the question of readmitting the lapsed to communion—would continue to plague the Christian church for a long time. Both the Novatianist and Donatist movements adopted the attitude that sins as serious as apostasy or turning over the church's sacred books to the state for destruction were intolerable sins. Ironically, Marcellus' strict insistence that the lapsed much do public penance before readmission would place him in the position of a moderate in the "holy vs. catholic" controversies of later years. The policy he adopted—that apostasy could indeed be forgiven, but only after serious public acts of penance—established a precedent for the standard Catholic position on this important issue in the centuries to come.
+
The issue which plagued Marcellus' papacy—the question of readmitting the lapsed to [[communion]]—would continue to challenge the Christian church for a long time. Both the [[Novatianist]] and [[Donatist]] movements adopted the attitude that sins as serious as [[apostasy]] or turning over the church's sacred books to the state for destruction were intolerable sins. Ironically, Marcellus' strict insistence that the lapsed must do public penance would place him in the position of a moderate in the "holy vs. catholic" controversies of later years. The policy he adopted—that apostasy could indeed be forgiven, but only after serious public acts of penance—established a precedent for the standard Catholic position on this important issue in the centuries to come.
 +
 
 +
Marcellus was succeeded by [[Pope Eusebius I]], who followed Marcellus' policy on the question of the readmission of the lapsed. Eusebius faced a similar fate to his predecessor, being exiled after a short reign due to continued strife between internal church factions on this issue.
  
 
==References==
 
==References==

Revision as of 03:55, 5 July 2008

Saint Marcellus I
Papa Marcelo I.jpg
Birth name Marcellus
Papacy began May 308
Papacy ended 309
Predecessor Marcellinus
Successor Eusebius
Born ???
???
Died 309
???
Other popes named Marcellus

Pope Saint Marcellus I, pope from May 308 to 309, succeeded Marcellinus, after a considerable interval, most probably in May or June 308. He is credited with having reorganized and re-invigorated the the Roman church after a period of harsh persecution under Emperor Diocletian. However, he faced a serious challenge due to internal strife within the church over the question of re-admitting to communion those who faith had lapsed and had offered sacrifice to pagan gods. Marcellinus took a hard line in demanding strict penances for those who had lapsed before they could be readmitted. Outbreaks of serious violence soon disrupted his flock.

Emperor Maxentius banished Marcellus from Rome in 309 on account of the tumult caused by the severity of the penances he had imposed. He died the same year, being succeeded by Eusebius. His relics are under the altar of the church of San Marcello al Corso, in Rome. His feast day is commemorated on January 16. It is no longer on the Universal Roman Calendar but is still celebrated in the Tridentine rite.

Reign as Pope

For some time after the death of Pope Marcellinus in 304, the Diocletian persecution continued with unabated severity. This last wave of persecution before Constantine I made Christianity the state's favored religion left thousands of Christians dead. Many others had chose to compromise their faith and show loyalty to the state by offered incense sacrifice to the Roman gods. One of these may have been Marcellinus himself, or so it was later reported.

After the abdication of Diocletian in 305 and the accession of Maxentius to the throne of the Caesars in Rome in October of the following year, the Christians of the capital again enjoyed comparative peace. Nevertheless, the threat of renewed persecution made the episcopacy of Rome dangerous for its occupant. A crises was also brewing over the question of how to deal with those Christians who had lapsed in their faith and now sought to be readmitted to communion. Nearly two years passed before a new bishop of Rome was elected. Then, in 308, according to the Catalogus Liberianus, Pope Marcellus was elected to his office.[1]

Maxentius, who exiled Pope Marcellus after internal strife within the church led to riots in Rome.

Marcellus thus took charge of the Church at Rome in a time of great confusion. The meeting places and some of the burial places of the faithful had been confiscated by the state due to Diocletian's earlier edicts. Thus, the ordinary life and activity of the Roman church had been interrupted. Added to this were the dissensions within the church itself, caused by the large number of members who had fallen away during the long period of active persecution. Some members who had kept the faith held that these lapsed Christians should not be readmitted to communion, while others believed they should be shown compassion after a period of penance. Meanwhile some of the lapsed themselves loudly demanded that they should be readmitted to communion even without doing penance, especially in public.

Meanwhile Marcellus showed himself an capable leader in reorganizing the external administration of the church. According to the Liber Pontificalis, Marcellus divided the territorial administration of the Church into 25 districts (tituli), appointing over each a presbyter (priest-elder), who saw to the preparation of the catechumens (prospective new members) for baptism and directed the performance of public penances. This presbyter was also made responsible for the burial of the dead and for the celebrations commemorating the deaths of the martyrs. The pope also had a new burial place, the Cœmeterium Novellœ on the Via Salaria (opposite the Catacomb of Saint Priscilla), laid out.[2]

The work of the pope was, however, quickly interrupted by controversies over the question of the re-admittance of the lapsi (lapsed Christians) into the church. A poetic tribute composed by Pope Damasus I (d. 384) relates that Marcellus was looked upon as a wicked enemy by the lapsed, because he insisted that they should perform a prescribed public penance for their guilt. The exact form of the penance is not indicated, but it was apparently harsh enough that the requirement of its public performance provoked a severe reaction from many of the lapsed.

As a result, serious conflicts arose, some of which ended in bloodshed. The peace of the Roman church was thus utterly broken, and riots broke out throughout the city, where the newly reorganized churches administered Marcellus' strict policy. Church sources relate that at the head of the dissenters was a lapsed Christian who had reportedly denied the faith even before the outbreak of severe persecution.

The disruption of civic peace resulting from these internal disputes within the church provoked Emperor Maxentius have the pope seized and sent into exile. This took place at the end of 308 or the beginning of 309 according to the Catalogus Liberianus, which gives the length of Marcellus' pontificate around a year and a half. Marcellus apparently died shortly after leaving Rome. After his death, he was venerated as a saint and confessor.

Alternate account

A fifth-century account of Marcellus' death was included in the legendary story of the martyrdom of Saint Cyriacus. This tradition, which was adopted by the Liber Pontificalis, gives a different account of the end of Marcellus' life. According to this version, the pope was required by Maxentius, who was enraged at his effective reorganization of the church, to lay aside his episcopal dignity and make an offering to the gods. When Marcellus refused, he was condemned to work as a slave at a station on the public highway. At the end of nine months he was set free by the clergy. However, when he proceeded to consecrate the house of a matron named Lucina as a church ("titulus Marcelli") he was again condemned to work as a slave, this time attending to the horses brought into the above-mentioned station. It was while working in this menial occupation that he died for the faith.

The tradition related in the verses of Damasus cannot be completely reconciled with the legendary account above, although it is possible that more than one factor—both the civil strife among Roman Christians and Maxentius' anger at Marcellus' re-invigoration of the Roman church—may have provided reasons for Marcellus' exile. Indeed, it does seem that Marcellus' effectiveness as an administrator may have been related to the rioting of the lapsi, who could no longer find priests who would treat them as Christians.

Legacy

Rome's Church of San Marcello al Corso is traditionally believed to have been originally consecrated by Marcellus I

The feast of Pope Saint Marcellus is celebrated on January 16. This is the date of his death according to the Depositio episcoporum of the Chronography of 354 and other Roman authorities. However, it is not known whether this is the true date of his death or that of the burial of his remains, after these had been brought back from the unknown place to which he had been exiled. He was buried in the Catacomb of Saint Priscilla, where his grave is mentioned by the itineraries to the graves of the Roman martyrs.

Marcellus' name is to this day borne by the church at Rome mentioned in the above legend. It is known today as the Church of San Marcello al Corso. In art, he is pictured with symbols related to the story of his work as a slave, sometimes with a donkey or horse nearby, or standing in a stable.

The issue which plagued Marcellus' papacy—the question of readmitting the lapsed to communion—would continue to challenge the Christian church for a long time. Both the Novatianist and Donatist movements adopted the attitude that sins as serious as apostasy or turning over the church's sacred books to the state for destruction were intolerable sins. Ironically, Marcellus' strict insistence that the lapsed must do public penance would place him in the position of a moderate in the "holy vs. catholic" controversies of later years. The policy he adopted—that apostasy could indeed be forgiven, but only after serious public acts of penance—established a precedent for the standard Catholic position on this important issue in the centuries to come.

Marcellus was succeeded by Pope Eusebius I, who followed Marcellus' policy on the question of the readmission of the lapsed. Eusebius faced a similar fate to his predecessor, being exiled after a short reign due to continued strife between internal church factions on this issue.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Curtis, A. Kenneth, and Carsten Peter Thiede. From Christ to Constantine: The Trial and Testimony of the Early Church. Worcester, Pa: Christian History Institute, 1991. ISBN 9781563642005
  • Eno, Robert B. The Rise of the Papacy. Theology and life series, v. 32. Wilmington, Del: M. Glazier, 1990. ISBN 9780814658024
  • Farley, Lawrence R. A Daily Calendar of Saints. Minneapolis, Minn: Light & Life Pub, 1997. ISBN 9781880971246
  • Loomis, Louise Ropes. The Book of the Popes: To the Pontificate of Gregory I. Merchantville N.J.: Evolution Pub, 2006. ISBN 9781889758862
  • Fortescue, Adrian. Early Papacy: To the Synod of Calcedon in 451. San Francisco: Ignatius, 2008.
  • Maxwell-Stuart, P.G. Chronicle of the Popes: The reign-by-reign record of the papacy from St. Peter to the present. Thames and Hudson, 1997. ISBN 0500017980


Notes

  1. The tradition that Marcellus was already serving as pope when his predecessor Marcellinus was buried under miraculous circumstances in 304 is dismissed by most scholars as legendary.
  2. As late as the beginning of the seventh century there were still 25 titular churches in Rome. Thus, there is a clear historical tradition in support of the idea that the ecclesiastical administration in Rome was reorganized by this pope after the great persecution.

External links

This article incorporates text from the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913.


Roman Catholic Popes
Preceded by:
Marcellinus
Bishop of Rome Pope
308–309
Succeeded by: Eusebius


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