Difference between revisions of "Pope Linus" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
m
 
(35 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
 +
{{Images OK}}{{submitted}}{{approved}}{{copyedited}}
 
{{Infobox Pope|English name=St. Linus
 
{{Infobox Pope|English name=St. Linus
|image=[[Image:Linus2.jpg|200px]]|
+
|image=[[Image:Linus2.jpg|170px|]]|
 
|birth_name=Linus|
 
|birth_name=Linus|
 
|term_start=circa 67|
 
|term_start=circa 67|
Line 12: Line 13:
 
|venerated_in=[[Anglicanism]]<br/>[[Eastern Orthodoxy]]<br/>[[Lutheranism]]<br/>[[Oriental Orthodoxy]]<br/>[[Roman Catholicism]]}}
 
|venerated_in=[[Anglicanism]]<br/>[[Eastern Orthodoxy]]<br/>[[Lutheranism]]<br/>[[Oriental Orthodoxy]]<br/>[[Roman Catholicism]]}}
  
According to Catholic tradition, '''Saint Linus''' (d. ca. 79) was the second [[bishop of Rome]], following the first "pope," Saint Peter, after Peter's martyrdom. Modern scholarship, however, holds that Rome did not yet have a tradition of a single ruling bishop at this time, seeing Linus as one of several elders who probably governed the young church.
+
According to Catholic tradition, '''Saint Linus''' (d. c. 67 - 80) was the second [[bishop of Rome]], succeeding the first "[[pope]]," [[Saint Peter]], after Peter's martyrdom. Modern scholarship, however, holds that [[Rome]] did not yet have a single ruling [[bishop]] at this time, and the Roman church had not yet emerged as Western [[Christianity]]'s administrative center. Nevertheless, Linus and his colleagues at Rome were probably instrumental in guiding the Roman Christians to cope with the reality of [[persecution]] and the possibility of [[martyr]]dom. The spiritual vision of Christian suffering later spread to Christians throughout the [[Roman Empire]] and was enshrined in [[Christian literature]] from the [[Gospel]]s to the stories of the later martyrs.
  
The earliest sources do not agree with one another concerning Linus' place among the Roman bishops. Some place him immediately after Peter, while others place Clement of Rome before him, and yet others hold that Linus was the first bishop of Rome, being appointed by Paul to that office before Peter came to Rome.
+
The earliest sources do not agree with one another concerning Linus' dates and his position in the order of the early Roman bishops. Some place him immediately after Peter, while others place [[Clement of Rome]] before him, and still others hold that Linus was actually the first bishop of Rome, being appointed by [[Saint Paul]] to that office before Peter came to Rome.
 
+
{{toc}}
The ''Liber Pontificalis'' attributes to Linus a decree that women must wear a veil in church, and one manuscript states that he was he who first instituted the mass as a commemoration of Jesus' passion. It also designates him as a martyr, although other sources do not, and he is not listed as such in Roman Catholic tradition. His feast day is
+
The ''Liber Pontificalis'' attributes to Linus a decree that women must wear a [[veil]] in church, and one manuscript states that he was the first to institute the [[mass]] as a commemoration of [[Jesus]]' passion. The same source also designates him as a [[martyr]], although other earlier sources do not, and he is not listed as such today in [[Roman Catholic]] tradition. His feast day as a [[saint]] is September 23. His death is indicated as early as 67 and as late as 80 C.E. Some sources indicate that he was succeeded by [[Clement of Rome]], while others say [[Anacletus]].
  
 
==Biography==
 
==Biography==
Little is known of Linus' early life  
+
Little is known of Linus' early life. However, the ''[[Liber Pontificalis]]'' relates that his original home was in Tuscany in western Italy north of Rome and that his father's name was Herculanus. It is not known how he came to become a Christian or who taught him the Christian faith.
  
Most lists of the early bishops of Rome, provided by several [[Church Father]]s, agree in placing the name of Linus directly after that Saint Peter. These records are traced back to a list of the Roman bishops which existed in the time of [[Pope Eleutherus]] (about 174-189) and were included by [[Irenaeus of Lyons]] in his book "Adversus haereses" (Against Heresies). Tertullian, however, asserts (''De praescriptione'', xxii) that [[Clement of Rome]] was bishop immediately after Peter, as do several later Latin scholars, including [[Saint Jerome]].<ref>[http://www.tertullian.org/articles/bindley_test/bindley_test_07prae.htm On the Prescription of Heretics, Chapter XXXII] Retrieved November 25, 2008.</ref>The list provided by Irenaeus, however, is generally accepted as more authoritative. Irenaeus also relates that "Pope" Linus is the same Linus mentioned by [[Saint Paul]] in his 2 Timothy 4:21 as joining Paul in his greetings to Timothy:
+
Linus would probably have lived through the [[Great Fire of Rome]] which erupted in July, 64 and which Emperor [[Nero]] blamed on the [[Christians]]. The fire completely destroyed four of 14 Roman districts and severely damaged seven. The Roman historian [[Tacitus]] describes Nero as extensively torturing and executing Christians after the fire, and [[Suetonius]] praises Nero for punishing Christians, though not in connection with the fire. Tradition holds that both [[Saint Peter]] and [[Saint Paul]] were among those who were martyred during the Neroan persecutions.
  
<blockquote>After the Holy Apostles had founded and set the Church in order (in Rome) they gave over the exercise of the episcopal office to Linus. The same Linus is mentioned by St. Paul in his Epistle to Timothy. His successor was Anacletus.</blockquote>
+
===Linus as pope===
 +
When and how Linus became a leader or [[bishop]] at Rome is uncertain, as the sources are not in agreement concerning this. Some lists of the early bishops of Rome, provided by several [[Church Father]]s, agree in placing the name of Linus tenure directly after that of [[Saint Peter]]. These records are traced back to a list of the Roman bishops which existed in the time of [[Pope Eleutherus]] (about 174-189) which was included by [[Irenaeus of Lyons]] in his book ''Adversus haereses'' ("Against Heresies"). [[Tertullian]], however, asserts that [[Clement of Rome]] was bishop immediately after Peter, as do several later Latin scholars, including [[Saint Jerome]].<ref>Tertullian, [http://www.tertullian.org/articles/bindley_test/bindley_test_07prae.htm On the Prescription of Heretics, Chapter XXXII.] Retrieved November 25, 2008.</ref> The list provided by Irenaeus is generally accepted as more authoritative in church tradition. Irenaeus, on the other hand, makes [[Anacletus]], rather than Clement, Linus' successor. According to Irenaeus:
  
Critical scholars point out, however, that Irenaeus is anything but objective in his account, the primary purpose of which is to uplift the idea of a single bishop ruling over each church as the repository of [[apostolic succession|apostolic authority]].
+
<blockquote>After the Holy [[Apostle]]s had founded and set the Church in order (in Rome) they gave over the exercise of the episcopal office to Linus. His successor was [[Anacletus]].</blockquote>
  
Linus's term of office, according to the papal lists that follow Irenaeus' lead, lasted 12 years. The ''[[Liberian Catalogue]]'' specifies 12 years, four months, and 12 days, giving the dates as 56-67 C.E. The ''Liber Pontificalis'' corrobates this, speaking of his reign as lasting from the consulship of Saturninus and Scipio through that of Capito and Rufus. This, however, presents a problem for Catholic tradition, since Peter himself was thought to reign at Rome until his death c. 64 and was certainly still alive before 60. Some Christian writers of the fourth century also held the opinion that Linus headed the Roman church during the life of the [[Apostle]]. The ''[[Apostolic Constitutions]]'', for example, says that Linus was the first bishop of Rome and that he was ordained by [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]]. It states that he was succeeded by Clement, who was ordained by Peter.<ref>[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf07.ix.viii.iv.html Apostolic Constitutions 7.4] Retrieved November 25, 2008.</ref>Catholic tradition, however, holds that Linus' pontificate dates from the year of the death of the apostles Peter and Paul, which are not known for certain. Jerome dates Linus' reign to 67–78, and Eusebius dates the end of his episcopate to the second year of the reign of [[Titus]] (80).
+
Irenaeus also relates that Pope Linus is the same Linus mentioned by [[Saint Paul]] (2 Timothy 4:21) as joining Paul in his greetings to Timothy: "Eubulus greets you, and so do Pudens, Linus, Claudia and all the brothers."
  
The ''Liber Pontificalis'' asserts that Linus' original home was in Tuscany and that his father's name was Herculanus. This source also relates that Linus issued a decree "in conformity with the ordinance of St. Peter," that women should have their heads covered in church.  Paul's [[First Epistle to the Corinthians]] (11:5) may be the actual source of this rule, which was later attributed Peter and Linus. ''Liber Pontificalis'' also reports that Linus himself ordained 15 bishops and 18 priests, although once again these offices may be anachronistic. One manuscript of the ''Liber'' even claims that Linus "first ordained the celebration of the mass to commemorate the Lord's passion."
+
Critical scholars point out, however, that Irenaeus is anything but objective in his account, the primary purpose of which is to uplift the idea of a single [[bishop]] ruling over each church, as the repository of [[apostolic succession|apostolic authority]]. Other ancient sources indicate a collective leadership at Rome during this time, involving a group of elders, referred to either as bishops or [[presbyter]]s.  
  
The statement made in the same source that Linus suffered martyrdom is not corroborated in the early sources, and between [[Nero]]--under whose reign Peter and Paul are thought to have perished—and [[Domitian]], there is no mention of any persecution of the Roman church. Irenaeus mentions only [[Telesphorus]] as a martyr among the early Roman bishops of whom he was aware (1. c., III, iv, 3).
+
Linus's term of office, according to the papal lists that follow Irenaeus' lead, lasted 12 years. The ''[[Liberian Catalogue]]'' specifies 12 years, four months, and 12 days, giving the dates as 56-67 C.E. The ''Liber Pontificalis'' corroborates this, speaking of his reign as lasting from the consulship of Saturninus and Scipio through that of Capito and Rufus. This, however, presents a problem for Catholic tradition, since Peter himself was thought to have reigned as [[pope]] at Rome until his death c. 64.
  
Finally ''Liber Pontificalis'' asserts that after his death, Linus was buried in the Vatican beside Saint Peter. It is considered possible that the earliest leaders of the Roman church also indeed buried there, but there is nothing in the liturgical tradition of the church to corroborate this, and a late second-century feast of martyrs does not mention Linus among the Roman saints so honored. However, in the early seventeenth century, when the workmen were digging near the present tomb of Saint Peter several sarcophagi were uncovered, among which was one thought to bear word Linus. However, it was later determined that "Linus" was probably part of a longer name such as  Aquilinus or Anullinus. In the late nineteenth century, the Italian archaeologist [[Giovanni Battista de Rossiplace]] determined that the site of the tomb proves that it could not be the tomb of Linus.
+
[[Image:Cruc pet.jpg|thumb|The crucifixion of [[Saint Peter]].]]
 
 
==Legacy==
 
In the [[Roman Martyrology]], Linus is listed as an early saint and pope, but is not designated as a martyr. The entry about him is as follows: "At Rome, commemoration of Saint Linus, Pope, who, according to [[Irenaeus]], was the person to whom the blessed [[Twelve Apostles|Apostles]] entrusted the episcopal care of the Church founded in the City and whom blessed [[Paul the Apostle]] mentions as associated with him." ('Martyrologium Romanum''  23 September)
 
  
The feast of Saint Linus is celebrated on September 23, which is also the date of his death given in the ''Liber Pontificalis''. An epistle on the martyrdom of the apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul was once attributed to Linus and supposedly was sent by him to the Eastern Churches. It is now thought to be apocryphal and of later date.
+
Some Christian writers of the fourth century thus held the opinion that Linus headed the Roman church during the life of the Peter. The ''[[Apostolic Constitutions]]'', for example, says that Linus was the first bishop of Rome and that he was ordained by [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]]. It also states that he was succeeded by Clement, who was ordained by Peter.<ref>CCEL, [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf07.ix.viii.iv.html Apostolic Constitutions 7.4] Retrieved November 25, 2008.</ref> Catholic tradition, however, holds that Linus' pontificate dates from the year of the death of Peter and Paul, which are not known for certain. Jerome dates Linus' reign to 67–78, and [[Eusebius]] of Caesaria dates it to the second year of the reign of [[Titus]] (80).
  
In what appears to be a relatively recent [[British Israelism|British Israelite]] legend, Claudia, identified as the historical [[Claudia Rufina]], is given as Linus's sister, and both are said to have been children of the [[Iron Age]] [[Brython]]ic chieftain, [[Caratacus]].<ref>George Jowett, ''The Drama of the Lost Disciples'', 1961</ref>
+
===Accomplishments and death===
 +
The ''Liber Pontificalis'' relates that Linus issued a decree "in conformity with the ordinance of St. Peter," that women should have their heads covered in church. Paul's [[First Epistle to the Corinthians]] (11:5) may be the actual source of this rule, which was apparently later attributed to Peter and Linus. ''Liber Pontificalis'' also reports that Linus himself ordained 15 bishops and 18 [[priest]]s, although, once again, these offices may be anachronistic. One manuscript of the ''Liber'' even claims that it was Linus who "first ordained the celebration of the [[mass]] to commemorate the Lord's passion."
  
==References==
+
Beyond the uncertainty regarding the dates of Linus' "reign" and death, a question also exists as to the manner in which he died. The statement made in the ''Liber Pontificalis'' that Linus suffered [[martyr]]dom is not corroborated in the earlier sources. He seems to have survived the persecution of [[Nero]]; and between Nero and [[Domitian]] there is no mention in the sources of any persecution of the Roman church. Irenaeus mentions only [[Telesphorus]] as a martyr among the early Roman bishops of whom he was aware (1. c., III, iv, 3). A late second century feast of martyrs does not mention Linus among the Roman saints so honored.
  
*''Martyrologium Romanum'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001 ISBN 88-209-7210-7), 23 September</ref>
+
Finally ''Liber Pontificalis'' asserts that after his death, Linus was buried in the Vatican beside Saint Peter. It is considered possible that the earliest leaders of the Roman church were indeed buried there, but there is nothing in the liturgical or other traditions of the church to corroborate this.
  
 +
In the early seventeenth century, when church workmen were digging near the present tomb of Saint Peter, several [[sarcophagi]] were uncovered, among which was one thought to bear the word LINUS. However, it was later determined that this was probably part of a longer name such as Aquilinus or Anullinus. In the late nineteenth century, the Italian archaeologist [[Giovanni Battista de Rossi]] determined that the site of the tomb makes it impossible for it to be the tomb of Linus.
  
 +
==Legacy==
 +
Although Linus' specific role in guiding the persecuted church at Rome is not certain, the spiritual vision of Christian suffering that evolved during this period would become a crucial feature of the emerging Christian religion. It would soon spread to Christians throughout the [[Roman Empire]] through Christian literature from the [[Gospels]] to the [[Book of Revelation]] and the stories of the later [[martyrs]].
  
 +
In Catholic tradition, Linus is listed as an early [[saint]] and [[pope]], but is not designated as a martyr. The feast of Saint Linus is celebrated on September 23, which is also the date of his death given in the ''Liber Pontificalis''.
  
 +
An epistle on the martyrdom of the apostles [[Saint Peter]] and [[Saint Paul]] was once attributed to Linus and was supposed to have been sent by him to the Eastern Churches. It is now thought to be apocryphal and of a later date. A tradition also holds that the "Claudia" mentioned by Saint Paul along with Linus was actually Linus' sister. A [[British Israelism|British Israelite]] legend identifies this Claudia with the historical [[Claudia Rufina]], a woman of British descent who lived in Rome in the 90s and was noted for her beauty, education, and fertility. Both Linus and Claudia are said to have been children of the [[Iron Age]] [[Brython]]ic chieftain, [[Caratacus]].
  
 
{{start box}}
 
{{start box}}
Line 59: Line 64:
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
+
<references/>
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
* Loomis, Louise Ropes. ''The Book of Popes'' '''(Liber Pontificalis)''', Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. ISBN 1-889758-86-8 (Reprint of the 1916 edition. Stops with Pope Pelagius, 579-590. English translation with scholarly footnotes, and illustrations).
+
* Benedict XVI. ''The Roman Martyrology.'' Gardners Books, 2007. ISBN 9780548133743.
 +
* Chapman, John. ''Studies on the Early Papacy''. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1971. ISBN 9780804611398.
 +
* Fortescue, Adrian, and Scott M. P. Reid. ''The Early Papacy: To the Synod of Chalcedon in 451''. Southampton: Saint Austin Press, 1997. ISBN 9781901157604.
 +
* Jowett, George F. ''The Drama of the Lost Disciples''. London: Covenant Pub. Co, 1968. {{OCLC|7181392}}
 +
* Loomis, Louise Ropes. ''The Book of Popes'' ''(Liber Pontificalis)''. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. ISBN 1889758868.
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
 +
All links retrieved November 25, 2022.
 
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09272b.htm Pope St. Linus at Catholic Encyclopedia]
 
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09272b.htm Pope St. Linus at Catholic Encyclopedia]
 +
 
{{Popes}}
 
{{Popes}}
  
Line 74: Line 85:
 
[[Category:Christianity]]
 
[[Category:Christianity]]
 
[[Category:biography]]
 
[[Category:biography]]
 +
[[Category:popes]]
 
{{credit|253914572}}
 
{{credit|253914572}}

Latest revision as of 04:02, 26 November 2022

St. Linus
Linus2.jpg
Birth name Linus
Papacy began circa 67
Papacy ended circa 79
Predecessor Peter
Successor Anacletus
Born Unknown
Unknown
Died circa 79
Rome, Italy

According to Catholic tradition, Saint Linus (d. c. 67 - 80) was the second bishop of Rome, succeeding the first "pope," Saint Peter, after Peter's martyrdom. Modern scholarship, however, holds that Rome did not yet have a single ruling bishop at this time, and the Roman church had not yet emerged as Western Christianity's administrative center. Nevertheless, Linus and his colleagues at Rome were probably instrumental in guiding the Roman Christians to cope with the reality of persecution and the possibility of martyrdom. The spiritual vision of Christian suffering later spread to Christians throughout the Roman Empire and was enshrined in Christian literature from the Gospels to the stories of the later martyrs.

The earliest sources do not agree with one another concerning Linus' dates and his position in the order of the early Roman bishops. Some place him immediately after Peter, while others place Clement of Rome before him, and still others hold that Linus was actually the first bishop of Rome, being appointed by Saint Paul to that office before Peter came to Rome.

The Liber Pontificalis attributes to Linus a decree that women must wear a veil in church, and one manuscript states that he was the first to institute the mass as a commemoration of Jesus' passion. The same source also designates him as a martyr, although other earlier sources do not, and he is not listed as such today in Roman Catholic tradition. His feast day as a saint is September 23. His death is indicated as early as 67 and as late as 80 C.E. Some sources indicate that he was succeeded by Clement of Rome, while others say Anacletus.

Biography

Little is known of Linus' early life. However, the Liber Pontificalis relates that his original home was in Tuscany in western Italy north of Rome and that his father's name was Herculanus. It is not known how he came to become a Christian or who taught him the Christian faith.

Linus would probably have lived through the Great Fire of Rome which erupted in July, 64 and which Emperor Nero blamed on the Christians. The fire completely destroyed four of 14 Roman districts and severely damaged seven. The Roman historian Tacitus describes Nero as extensively torturing and executing Christians after the fire, and Suetonius praises Nero for punishing Christians, though not in connection with the fire. Tradition holds that both Saint Peter and Saint Paul were among those who were martyred during the Neroan persecutions.

Linus as pope

When and how Linus became a leader or bishop at Rome is uncertain, as the sources are not in agreement concerning this. Some lists of the early bishops of Rome, provided by several Church Fathers, agree in placing the name of Linus tenure directly after that of Saint Peter. These records are traced back to a list of the Roman bishops which existed in the time of Pope Eleutherus (about 174-189) which was included by Irenaeus of Lyons in his book Adversus haereses ("Against Heresies"). Tertullian, however, asserts that Clement of Rome was bishop immediately after Peter, as do several later Latin scholars, including Saint Jerome.[1] The list provided by Irenaeus is generally accepted as more authoritative in church tradition. Irenaeus, on the other hand, makes Anacletus, rather than Clement, Linus' successor. According to Irenaeus:

After the Holy Apostles had founded and set the Church in order (in Rome) they gave over the exercise of the episcopal office to Linus. His successor was Anacletus.

Irenaeus also relates that Pope Linus is the same Linus mentioned by Saint Paul (2 Timothy 4:21) as joining Paul in his greetings to Timothy: "Eubulus greets you, and so do Pudens, Linus, Claudia and all the brothers."

Critical scholars point out, however, that Irenaeus is anything but objective in his account, the primary purpose of which is to uplift the idea of a single bishop ruling over each church, as the repository of apostolic authority. Other ancient sources indicate a collective leadership at Rome during this time, involving a group of elders, referred to either as bishops or presbyters.

Linus's term of office, according to the papal lists that follow Irenaeus' lead, lasted 12 years. The Liberian Catalogue specifies 12 years, four months, and 12 days, giving the dates as 56-67 C.E. The Liber Pontificalis corroborates this, speaking of his reign as lasting from the consulship of Saturninus and Scipio through that of Capito and Rufus. This, however, presents a problem for Catholic tradition, since Peter himself was thought to have reigned as pope at Rome until his death c. 64.

The crucifixion of Saint Peter.

Some Christian writers of the fourth century thus held the opinion that Linus headed the Roman church during the life of the Peter. The Apostolic Constitutions, for example, says that Linus was the first bishop of Rome and that he was ordained by Paul. It also states that he was succeeded by Clement, who was ordained by Peter.[2] Catholic tradition, however, holds that Linus' pontificate dates from the year of the death of Peter and Paul, which are not known for certain. Jerome dates Linus' reign to 67–78, and Eusebius of Caesaria dates it to the second year of the reign of Titus (80).

Accomplishments and death

The Liber Pontificalis relates that Linus issued a decree "in conformity with the ordinance of St. Peter," that women should have their heads covered in church. Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians (11:5) may be the actual source of this rule, which was apparently later attributed to Peter and Linus. Liber Pontificalis also reports that Linus himself ordained 15 bishops and 18 priests, although, once again, these offices may be anachronistic. One manuscript of the Liber even claims that it was Linus who "first ordained the celebration of the mass to commemorate the Lord's passion."

Beyond the uncertainty regarding the dates of Linus' "reign" and death, a question also exists as to the manner in which he died. The statement made in the Liber Pontificalis that Linus suffered martyrdom is not corroborated in the earlier sources. He seems to have survived the persecution of Nero; and between Nero and Domitian there is no mention in the sources of any persecution of the Roman church. Irenaeus mentions only Telesphorus as a martyr among the early Roman bishops of whom he was aware (1. c., III, iv, 3). A late second century feast of martyrs does not mention Linus among the Roman saints so honored.

Finally Liber Pontificalis asserts that after his death, Linus was buried in the Vatican beside Saint Peter. It is considered possible that the earliest leaders of the Roman church were indeed buried there, but there is nothing in the liturgical or other traditions of the church to corroborate this.

In the early seventeenth century, when church workmen were digging near the present tomb of Saint Peter, several sarcophagi were uncovered, among which was one thought to bear the word LINUS. However, it was later determined that this was probably part of a longer name such as Aquilinus or Anullinus. In the late nineteenth century, the Italian archaeologist Giovanni Battista de Rossi determined that the site of the tomb makes it impossible for it to be the tomb of Linus.

Legacy

Although Linus' specific role in guiding the persecuted church at Rome is not certain, the spiritual vision of Christian suffering that evolved during this period would become a crucial feature of the emerging Christian religion. It would soon spread to Christians throughout the Roman Empire through Christian literature from the Gospels to the Book of Revelation and the stories of the later martyrs.

In Catholic tradition, Linus is listed as an early saint and pope, but is not designated as a martyr. The feast of Saint Linus is celebrated on September 23, which is also the date of his death given in the Liber Pontificalis.

An epistle on the martyrdom of the apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul was once attributed to Linus and was supposed to have been sent by him to the Eastern Churches. It is now thought to be apocryphal and of a later date. A tradition also holds that the "Claudia" mentioned by Saint Paul along with Linus was actually Linus' sister. A British Israelite legend identifies this Claudia with the historical Claudia Rufina, a woman of British descent who lived in Rome in the 90s and was noted for her beauty, education, and fertility. Both Linus and Claudia are said to have been children of the Iron Age Brythonic chieftain, Caratacus.

Papal succession
Born: Unknown ; 
Roman Catholic Popes
Preceded by:
St. Peter
Bishop of Rome
67–79
Succeeded by: Saint Anacletus

Notes

  1. Tertullian, On the Prescription of Heretics, Chapter XXXII. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
  2. CCEL, Apostolic Constitutions 7.4 Retrieved November 25, 2008.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Benedict XVI. The Roman Martyrology. Gardners Books, 2007. ISBN 9780548133743.
  • Chapman, John. Studies on the Early Papacy. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1971. ISBN 9780804611398.
  • Fortescue, Adrian, and Scott M. P. Reid. The Early Papacy: To the Synod of Chalcedon in 451. Southampton: Saint Austin Press, 1997. ISBN 9781901157604.
  • Jowett, George F. The Drama of the Lost Disciples. London: Covenant Pub. Co, 1968. OCLC 7181392
  • Loomis, Louise Ropes. The Book of Popes (Liber Pontificalis). Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. ISBN 1889758868.

External links

All links retrieved November 25, 2022.

Credits

New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.