Difference between revisions of "Platinum" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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'''Platinum''' (chemical symbol '''Pt''', [[atomic number]]* 78) is a silvery grey precious metal, with a monetary value that is higher than that of gold. Highly resistant to corrosion, it is used in  [[jewelry]], laboratory equipment, [[electric]]al contacts, dentistry, and [[automobile emissions control]] devices.
 
'''Platinum''' (chemical symbol '''Pt''', [[atomic number]]* 78) is a silvery grey precious metal, with a monetary value that is higher than that of gold. Highly resistant to corrosion, it is used in  [[jewelry]], laboratory equipment, [[electric]]al contacts, dentistry, and [[automobile emissions control]] devices.
 +
Platinum's rarity as a metal has led advertisers to associate it with exclusivity and wealth. For instance, "platinum" credit cards have greater privileges than "gold" ones, and "platinum awards" are the highest possible, ranking above gold, silver, and bronze.
  
  
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Six elements in the [[periodic table]] are collectively known as the "platinum group" or "platinum family." They are [[ruthenium]], [[rhodium]], [[palladium]], [[osmium]], [[iridium]], and platinum. They have similar physical and chemical properties, and tend to occur together in the same mineral deposits.
 
Six elements in the [[periodic table]] are collectively known as the "platinum group" or "platinum family." They are [[ruthenium]], [[rhodium]], [[palladium]], [[osmium]], [[iridium]], and platinum. They have similar physical and chemical properties, and tend to occur together in the same mineral deposits.
  
=== Platinum compounds ===
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Platinum compounds are rare in nature. An artificially synthesized compound of platinum is ''cisplatin'', which is used as a [[chemotherapy]] [[medication|drug]] to treat various types of cancers. It was the first member of its class, which now includes ''carboplatin'' and ''oxaliplatin''.
 
  
 
==Symbolism==
 
==Symbolism==
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Based on its corrosion resistance and durability, a platinum-[[iridium]] alloy has served well in preserving standards of measurement. For instance, the  definition of a [[meter]] was, for a long time, based on the distance between two marks on a bar of this alloy housed at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures in Sèvres, [[France]]. Also, a platinum-iridium cylinder continues to serve as the standard of the [[kilogram]] and is housed in the same facility as the meter bar.
 
Based on its corrosion resistance and durability, a platinum-[[iridium]] alloy has served well in preserving standards of measurement. For instance, the  definition of a [[meter]] was, for a long time, based on the distance between two marks on a bar of this alloy housed at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures in Sèvres, [[France]]. Also, a platinum-iridium cylinder continues to serve as the standard of the [[kilogram]] and is housed in the same facility as the meter bar.
 +
 +
As an excellent catalyst, platinum is often used to catalyze chemical reactions in the laboratory and industry. Platinum supported catalysts are used in the refining of crude oil, reforming, and other processes used in the production of high-octane gasoline and aromatic compounds for the [[petrochemical industry]]. Since 1979, the [[automotive industry]] has emerged as the principal consumer of platinum-group metals. Palladium, platinum, and rhodium have been used as oxidation catalyst in [[catalytic converter]]s to treat automobile exhaust emissions. A wide range of platinum-group metal alloy compositions are used in low-voltage and low-energy contacts, thick- and thin-film circuits, thermocouples and furnace components, and electrodes.
  
 
Platinum, platinum alloys, and iridium are used as crucible materials for the growth of single crystals, especially oxides. The chemical industry uses a significant amount of either platinum or a platinum-rhodium alloy catalyst in the form of gauze to catalyze the partial oxidation of ammonia to yield nitric oxide—the raw material for fertilizers, explosives, and nitric acid.
 
Platinum, platinum alloys, and iridium are used as crucible materials for the growth of single crystals, especially oxides. The chemical industry uses a significant amount of either platinum or a platinum-rhodium alloy catalyst in the form of gauze to catalyze the partial oxidation of ammonia to yield nitric oxide—the raw material for fertilizers, explosives, and nitric acid.
  
As an excellent catalyst, platinum is often used to catalyze chemical reactions. It is also used in [[catalytic converter]]s in [[automobile]] exhaust systems, as well as at the tips of [[spark plugs]].
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== Platinum compounds ==
 
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Platinum compounds are rare in nature, but several have been prepared artificially. For instance, one of the most readily available compounds of platinum is chloroplatinic acid or hexachlorplatinic acid ([H<sub>3</sub>O]<sub>2</sub>[PtCl<sub>6</sub>].2H<sub>2</sub>O). It is produced by the reaction of platinum with aqua regia, and it is often used to measure the amount (or concentration) of [[potassium]] in a solution.
Platinum possesses remarkable resistance to chemical attack, excellent high-temperature characteristics, and stable electrical properties. All these properties have been exploited for industrial applications.
 
 
 
 
 
The [[catalyst|catalytic]] properties of the six [[platinum family]] metals are outstanding (a mixture of [[hydrogen]] and [[oxygen]] explodes in the presence of platinum). For this catalytic property, platinum is  
 
 
 
* catalyst utilized in the [[catalytic converter]], an optional component of the gasoline-fueled automobile exhaust system (see "Notable characteristics" in this article),
 
 
 
* certain platinum-containing compounds are capable of [[Intercalation (chemistry)|intercalating]] into [[DNA]] and are [[chemotherapeutic agent]]s owing to this capability. For example, [[cisplatin]], [[carboplatin]] and [[oxaliplatin]] belong to this class of drugs, 
 
* [[platinum resistance thermometer]]s,
 
* [[electrode]]s for use in [[electrolysis]].
 
  
8888888888
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Another important compound of platinum is ''cisplatin'', which is used as a [[chemotherapy]] [[medication|drug]] to treat various types of cancers. It was the first member of its class, which now includes ''carboplatin'' and ''oxaliplatin''.
  
In recent years, a number of platinum-group metals have become important as catalysts in synthetic organic chemistry.  [[Ruthenium dioxide]] is used as coatings on dimensionally stable titanium anodes used in the production of chlorine and caustic.  
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"Adams' catalyst" is usually represented as platinum(IV) [[oxide]] hydrate (PtO<sub>2</sub>-H<sub>2</sub>O). It serves as a catalyst for [[Organic chemistry|organic]] reactions involving [[hydrogenation]]* (addition of hydrogen) and [[hydrogenolysis]]* (removal of hydrogen).
  
Platinum supported catalysts are used in the refining of crude oil, reforming, and other processes used in the production of high-octane gasoline and aromatic compounds for the [[petrochemical industry]]. Since 1979, the [[automotive industry]] has emerged as the principal consumer of platinum-group metals. Palladium, platinum, and rhodium have been used as oxidation catalyst in [[catalytic converter]]s to treat automobile exhaust emissions.  A wide range of platinum-group metal alloy compositions are used in low-voltage and low-energy contacts, thick- and thin-film circuits, thermocouples and furnace components, and electrodes.
+
Platinum hexafluoride (PtF<sub>6</sub>) is an extremely strong fluorinating agent. Its fame derives from its ability, when in gaseous form and mixed with an excess of [[xenon]], to form XePtF<sub>6</sub> (xenon hexafluoroplatinate). This reaction, discovered by Neil Bartlett in 1962, proved that the [[noble gas]]es are not totally unreactive. In addition, it is violently hydrolysed by water to give [[hydrogen fluoride]]* (HF).
  
 
== Precautions ==
 
== Precautions ==
Being an unreactive metal, platinum normally does not cause health problems. Certain platinum-based chemotherapeutic drugs (such as cisplatin), although useful for their anti-tumor activity, can also cause cumulative, irreversible kidney damage.
+
Being an unreactive metal, platinum by itself normally does not cause health problems. On the other hand, certain platinum-based anti-cancer agents (such as cisplatin) can have toxic side effects, including cumulative, irreversible kidney damage.
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
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==See also==
 
==See also==
* [[Platinum coin]]
 
 
* [[Precious metal]]
 
* [[Precious metal]]
* [[:Category:Platinum compounds|Platinum compounds]].''
 
  
 
== External links ==
 
== External links ==
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[[Category:Platinum| ]]
 
[[Category:Platinum| ]]
  
{{credit2|Platinum|48483256|Platinum_family|46115510}}
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{{credit5|Platinum|48483256|Platinum_family|46115510|Adam's_catalyst|48051524|Platinum_hexafluoride|40831948|Dihydrogen_hexachloroplatinate_(IV)_hexahydrate|48390021}}

Revision as of 21:57, 16 April 2006

78 iridiumplatinumgold
Pd

Pt

Ds
Pt-TableImage.png
periodic table
General
Name, Symbol, Number platinum, Pt, 78
Chemical series transition metals
Group, Period, Block 10, 6, d
Appearance grayish white
Pt,78.jpg
Atomic mass 195.084(9) g/mol
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 21.45 g/cm³
Liquid density at m.p. 19.77 g/cm³
Melting point 2041.4 K
(1768.3 °C, 3214.9 °F)
Boiling point 4098 K
(3825 °C, 6917 °F)
Heat of fusion 22.17 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization 469 kJ/mol
Heat capacity (25 °C) 25.86 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T/K 2330 (2550) 2815 3143 3556 4094
Atomic properties
Crystal structure cubic face centered
Oxidation states 2, 3, 4
(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.28 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies 1st: 870 kJ/mol
2nd: 1791 kJ/mol
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.) 177 pm
Covalent radius 128 pm
Van der Waals radius 175 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering paramagnetic
Electrical resistivity (20 °C) 105 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 71.6 W/(m·K)
Thermal expansion (25 °C) 8.8 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod) (r.t.) 2800 m/s
Speed of sound (thin rod) (r.t.) 168 m/s
Shear modulus 61 GPa
Bulk modulus 230 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.38
Mohs hardness 3.5
Vickers hardness 549 MPa
Brinell hardness 392 MPa
CAS registry number 7440-06-4
Notable isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of platinum
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
190Pt 0.01% 6.5×1011 y α 3.18 186Os
191Pt syn 2.96 d ε ? 191Ir
192Pt 0.79% Pt is stable with 114 neutrons
193mPt syn 4.33 d IT 0.1355e 193Pt
193Pt syn 50 y ε ? 193Ir
194Pt 32.9% Pt is stable with 116 neutrons
195mPt syn 4.02 d IT 0.1297e 195Pt
195Pt 33.8% Pt is stable with 117 neutrons
196Pt 25.3% Pt is stable with 118 neutrons
197mPt syn 1.59 h IT 0.3465 197Pt
197Pt syn 19.8913 h β- 0.719 197Au
198Pt 7.2% Pt is stable with 120 neutrons

Platinum (chemical symbol Pt, atomic number 78) is a silvery grey precious metal, with a monetary value that is higher than that of gold. Highly resistant to corrosion, it is used in jewelry, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts, dentistry, and automobile emissions control devices. Platinum's rarity as a metal has led advertisers to associate it with exclusivity and wealth. For instance, "platinum" credit cards have greater privileges than "gold" ones, and "platinum awards" are the highest possible, ranking above gold, silver, and bronze.


History

Naturally occurring platinum appears to have been used by the craftsmen of ancient Egypt. Native inhabitants of parts of South America also used it for jewelry long before the arrival of Europeans. The first European account of platinum can be found in the writings of the Italian humanist Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484-1558). In 1557, Scaliger described it as a mysterious metal occurring in Central American mines between Darién (Panama) and Mexico, noting that it could not be melted by any fire or any of the Spanish techniques.

Toward the end of the seventeenth century, when the Spanish conquistadors were looking for gold in the region that is now Colombia, they found silvery beads that they called "platina," or little silver. The metal also came to be called "platina del Pinto," meaning silvery beads from the Pinto River (in Colombia). Details about the metal were recorded by Spanish astronomer Antonio de Ulloa and Don Jorge Juan y Santacilia, both appointed by King Philip V to join a geographical expedition in Peru that lasted from 1735 to 1745. Among other things, de Ulloa observed platina del Pinto to be an "unworkable" metal found with gold in New Granada (Colombia).

On de Ulloa's return voyage, British privateers attacked his ship, which was then handed over to the British navy. De Ulloa was forced to remain in London and his papers were confiscated. Fortunately, the Royal Society received him well, making him a Fellow in 1746. Two years later, he and Juan published their experiences in South America, including a reference to platinum. By then, British scientist Charles Wood had independently obtained the element from Jamaica in 1741. The material was researched by William Brownrigg and William Watson, and Watson reported their findings to the Royal Society in 1750.

Alchemical symbol for platinum

The alchemical symbol for platinum (shown on the left) was made by joining the symbols of silver and gold.

Occurrence

Platinum ore

Platinum is an extremely rare metal, occurring as only 5 parts per billion in the Earth's crust. In certain regions of the Americas, platinum is often found free or alloyed with iridium as "platiniridium."

A major source of platinum is the ore sperrylite (platinum arsenide (PtAs2). It is also found in the mineral cooperite (platinum sulfide, PtS). This metal is often accompanied by small amounts of other platinum family metals (see below), which are found in alluvial deposits in Colombia, Ontario, the Ural Mountains, and certain western American states.

Platinum is also produced commercially as a by-product of nickel ore processing. The huge quantities of nickel ore processed compensates for the fact that platinum is present as only 0.5 parts per million in the ore. South Africa, with vast deposits in the Bushveld complex, is the world's largest producer of platinum, followed by Russia.

Notable characteristics

An assortment of native platinum nuggets

Platinum is a chemical element in the periodic table and is classified as a "transition metal." The pure metal has a silvery-white color and an extremely high melting point (3214.9 degrees F). It is heavy, malleable (can be reshaped by hammering or under pressure), and ductile (can be drawn out into wires). It is also an outstanding catalyst. A mixture of hydrogen and oxygen explodes in its presence.

Platinum is remarkably resistant to corrosion, including chemical attack by hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. It does not oxidize in air at any temperature. It does, however, dissolve in the mixture of acids known as aqua regia to form chloroplatinic acid. In addition, it can be corroded by cyanides, halogens, sulfur, and caustic alkalis.

Isotopes of platinum

Naturally occurring platinum is composed of five stable isotopes and many radioisotopes. Of these, the radioisotope Pt-190 has a half-life of over 6 billion years, while Pt-193 has a half-life of 50 years.

Platinum family

Six elements in the periodic table are collectively known as the "platinum group" or "platinum family." They are ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum. They have similar physical and chemical properties, and tend to occur together in the same mineral deposits.


Symbolism

Platinum's rarity as a metal has led advertisers to associate it with exclusivity and wealth. "Platinum" credit cards have greater privileges than "gold" ones. "Platinum awards" are the highest possible, ranking above gold, silver, and bronze. A musical album that has sold more than 1,000,000 copies is credited as "platinum." Some products, such as blenders and vehicles with a silvery-white color, are identified as "platinum" (although a higher certification of "diamond" does exist).

Applications

Platinum is considered a precious metal. Being resistant to tarnish and wear, it is well suited for making fine jewelry. Its price changes with availability, but it is usually rated higher than gold.

In the eighteenth century, King Louis XV of France declared platinum the only metal fit for a king. In addition, the frame of the Crown of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, manufactured for her Coronation as Consort of King George VI, is made of platinum. It was the first British Crown to be made of that metal.

Based on its corrosion resistance and durability, a platinum-iridium alloy has served well in preserving standards of measurement. For instance, the definition of a meter was, for a long time, based on the distance between two marks on a bar of this alloy housed at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures in Sèvres, France. Also, a platinum-iridium cylinder continues to serve as the standard of the kilogram and is housed in the same facility as the meter bar.

As an excellent catalyst, platinum is often used to catalyze chemical reactions in the laboratory and industry. Platinum supported catalysts are used in the refining of crude oil, reforming, and other processes used in the production of high-octane gasoline and aromatic compounds for the petrochemical industry. Since 1979, the automotive industry has emerged as the principal consumer of platinum-group metals. Palladium, platinum, and rhodium have been used as oxidation catalyst in catalytic converters to treat automobile exhaust emissions. A wide range of platinum-group metal alloy compositions are used in low-voltage and low-energy contacts, thick- and thin-film circuits, thermocouples and furnace components, and electrodes.

Platinum, platinum alloys, and iridium are used as crucible materials for the growth of single crystals, especially oxides. The chemical industry uses a significant amount of either platinum or a platinum-rhodium alloy catalyst in the form of gauze to catalyze the partial oxidation of ammonia to yield nitric oxide—the raw material for fertilizers, explosives, and nitric acid.

Platinum compounds

Platinum compounds are rare in nature, but several have been prepared artificially. For instance, one of the most readily available compounds of platinum is chloroplatinic acid or hexachlorplatinic acid ([H3O]2[PtCl6].2H2O). It is produced by the reaction of platinum with aqua regia, and it is often used to measure the amount (or concentration) of potassium in a solution.

Another important compound of platinum is cisplatin, which is used as a chemotherapy drug to treat various types of cancers. It was the first member of its class, which now includes carboplatin and oxaliplatin.

"Adams' catalyst" is usually represented as platinum(IV) oxide hydrate (PtO2-H2O). It serves as a catalyst for organic reactions involving hydrogenation (addition of hydrogen) and hydrogenolysis (removal of hydrogen).

Platinum hexafluoride (PtF6) is an extremely strong fluorinating agent. Its fame derives from its ability, when in gaseous form and mixed with an excess of xenon, to form XePtF6 (xenon hexafluoroplatinate). This reaction, discovered by Neil Bartlett in 1962, proved that the noble gases are not totally unreactive. In addition, it is violently hydrolysed by water to give hydrogen fluoride (HF).

Precautions

Being an unreactive metal, platinum by itself normally does not cause health problems. On the other hand, certain platinum-based anti-cancer agents (such as cisplatin) can have toxic side effects, including cumulative, irreversible kidney damage.

References
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See also

External links

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