Difference between revisions of "Nursing" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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*de Bary, William Theodore. ''The Buddhist Tradition: In India, China and Japan''. Vintage, 1972. ISBN 978-0394716961
 
*de Bary, William Theodore. ''The Buddhist Tradition: In India, China and Japan''. Vintage, 1972. ISBN 978-0394716961
 
*Ferngren, Gary B. ''Medicine and Health Care in Early Christianity''. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016. ISBN 978-1421420066
 
*Ferngren, Gary B. ''Medicine and Health Care in Early Christianity''. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016. ISBN 978-1421420066
 +
*Henderson, Virginia. ''The Nature of Nursing''. National League for Nursing Press, 1991. ISBN 978-0887374944
 
*Masters, Kathleen. ''Role Development in Professional Nursing Practice''. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2018. ISBN 978-1284152913  
 
*Masters, Kathleen. ''Role Development in Professional Nursing Practice''. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2018. ISBN 978-1284152913  
 
*O'Lynn, Chad E., and Russell E. Tranbarger (eds.). ''Men in Nursing: History, Challenges, and Opportunities''. Springer Publishing Company, 2006. ISBN 978-0826102218
 
*O'Lynn, Chad E., and Russell E. Tranbarger (eds.). ''Men in Nursing: History, Challenges, and Opportunities''. Springer Publishing Company, 2006. ISBN 978-0826102218

Revision as of 17:09, 1 April 2020

Working on —Jennifer Tanabe (talk) 20:38, 21 March 2020 (UTC)


Nurse
British woman tending to a baby.jpg

A British nurse caring for a baby

Occupation
NamesNurse
Activity sectorsNursing
Description
CompetenciesCaring for general well-being of patients
Education requiredQualifications in terms of statutory regulations according to national, state, or provincial legislation in each country
Fields of
employment

Related jobs
  • Medicine
  • Nursing is a profession within the health care sector focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life. Nurses may be differentiated from other health care providers by their approach to patient care, training, and scope of practice. Many nurses provide care within the ordering scope of physicians, and this traditional role has shaped the public image of nurses as care providers.

    Nurses develop a plan of care, working collaboratively with physicians, therapists, the patient, the patient's family, and other team members that focuses on treating illness to improve quality of life. In the United States and the United Kingdom, advanced practice nurses, such as clinical nurse specialists and nurse practitioners, diagnose health problems and prescribe medications and other therapies, depending on individual state regulations. Nurses may help coordinate the patient care performed by other members of a multidisciplinary health care team such as therapists, medical practitioners, and dietitians. Nurses provide care both interdependently, for example, with physicians, and independently as nursing professionals.

    Definition

    Although nursing practice varies both through its various specialties and countries, these nursing organizations offer the following definitions:

    Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well, and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles. (International Council of Nurses)[1]

    The use of clinical judgment in the provision of care to enable people to improve, maintain, or recover health, to cope with health problems, and to achieve the best possible quality of life, whatever their disease or disability, until death. (Royal College of Nursing)[2]

    Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities; prevention of illness and injury; alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human responses; and advocacy in health care for individuals, families, communities, and populations. (American Nurses Association)[3]

    The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. (Virginia Avenel Henderson)[4]

    History

    Nursing historians face the challenge of determining whether care provided to the sick or injured in antiquity was nursing care.[5] In the fifth century B.C.E., for example, Hippocrates describes the giving of skilled care and observation of patients by "attendants," who could be considered as early nurses.[6]

    Before the foundation of modern nursing, members of religious orders such as nuns and monks often provided nursing-like care. These are found, for example, in Christian,[7] Islamic[8] and Buddhist[9] traditions. These traditions were influential in the development of the ethos of modern nursing.

    During the Reformation of the sixteenth century, Protestant reformers shut down the monasteries and convents, allowing a few hundred municipal hospices to remain in operation in northern Europe. Nursing care went to the inexperienced as traditional caretakers, rooted in the Roman Catholic Church, were removed from their positions. As a result, the nursing profession suffered a major setback for approximately 200 years.[10]

    Nineteenth century

    Russian Sisters of Mercy in the Crimea, 1854-1855

    During the Crimean War the Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna issued the call for women to join the Order of Exaltation of the Cross (Krestodvizhenskaya obshchina) for the year of service in the military hospitals. The first section of twenty-eight "sisters", headed by Aleksandra Petrovna Stakhovich, the Directress of the Order, went off to the Crimea early in November 1854.[11]

    Florence Nightingale was an influential figure in the development of modern nursing. No uniform had been created when Nightingale was employed during the Crimean War. Both the role of nursing and education were first defined by Nightingale.

    Florence Nightingale laid the foundations of professional nursing after the Crimean War.[12] Her Notes on Nursing (1859) became popular. The Nightingale model of professional education, having set up the first school of nursing that is connected to a continuously operating hospital and medical school, spread widely in Europe and North America after 1870.[13] Often considered the first nurse theorist, Nightingale linked health with five environmental factors:(1) pure or fresh air, (2) pure water, (3) efficient drainage, (4) cleanliness, and (5) light, especially direct sun light. Deficiencies in these five factors resulted in lack of health or illness.[14] Nightingale was also a pioneer of the graphical presentation of statistical data.[15]

    Other important nurses in the development of the profession include:

    • Agnes Hunt from Shropshire was the first orthopedic nurse and was pivotal in the emergence of the orthopedic hospital The Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Hospital in Oswestry, Shropshire.
    • Agnes Jones, who established a nurse training regime at the Brownlow Hill infirmary, Liverpool, in 1865.
    • Linda Richards, who established quality nursing schools in the United States and Japan, and was officially the first professionally trained nurse in the US, graduating in 1873 from the New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston.
    • Clarissa Harlowe "Clara" Barton, a pioneer American teacher, patent clerk, nurse, and humanitarian, and the founder of the American Red Cross.
    • Saint Marianne Cope, a Sister of St. Francis who opened and operated some of the first general hospitals in the United States, instituting cleanliness standards which influenced the development of America's modern hospital system.[16]

    Catholic orders such as Little Sisters of the Poor, Sisters of Mercy, Sisters of St. Mary, St. Francis Health Services, Inc. and Sisters of Charity built hospitals and provided nursing services during this period.[citation needed] In turn, the modern deaconess movement began in Germany in 1836.[17] Within a half century, there were over 5,000 deaconesses in Europe.[18]

    Formal use of nurses in the modern military began in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Nurses saw active duty in the First Boer War, the Egyptian Campaign (1882), [19] and the Sudan Campaign (1883).[20]

    Twentieth century

    A recruiting poster for Australian nurses from World War I

    Hospital-based training came to the fore in the early 1900s, with an emphasis on practical experience. The Nightingale-style school began to disappear. Hospitals and physicians saw women in nursing as a source of free or inexpensive labor. Exploitation of nurses was not uncommon by employers, physicians, and educational providers.[21]

    Many nurses saw active duty in World War I, but the profession was transformed during the Second World War. British nurses of the Army Nursing Service were part of every overseas campaign.[22] More nurses volunteered for service in the US Army and Navy than any other occupation.[23][24] The Nazis had their own Brown Nurses, 40,000 strong.[25] Two dozen German Red Cross nurses were awarded the Iron Cross for heroism under fire.[26]

    Since the postwar period, nurse education has undergone a process of diversification towards advanced and specialized credentials, and many of the traditional regulations and provider roles are changing.[27][28]

    The modern era saw the development of undergraduate and post-graduate nursing degrees. Advancement of nursing research and a desire for association and organization led to the formation of a wide variety of professional organizations and academic journals. Growing recognition of nursing as a distinct academic discipline was accompanied by an awareness of the need to define the theoretical basis for practice.[29]

    A nurse at Runwell Hospital, Wickford, Essex, in 1943

    In the nineteenth and early twentieth century, nursing was considered a women's profession, just as doctoring was a men's profession. With increasing expectations of workplace equality during the late 20th century, nursing became an officially gender-neutral profession, though in practice the percentage of male nurses remains well below that of female physicians in the early 21st century.[30][31]


    As a profession

    File:Indonesian nurse examines patient.JPG
    A nurse in Indonesia examining a patient
    File:ASC Leiden - Coutinho Collection - 10 04 - Nurses in Ziguinchor hospital, Senegal - 1973.tif
    A nurse treating a patient with burns, Ziguinchor PAIGC hospital, 1973

    The authority for the practice of nursing is based upon a social contract that delineates professional rights and responsibilities as well as mechanisms for public accountability. In almost all countries, nursing practice is defined and governed by law, and entrance to the profession is regulated at the national or state level.

    The aim of the nursing community worldwide is for its professionals to ensure quality care for all, while maintaining their credentials, code of ethics, standards, and competencies, and continuing their education.[32] There are a number of educational paths to becoming a professional nurse, which vary greatly worldwide; all involve extensive study of nursing theory and practice as well as training in clinical skills.

    Nurses care for individuals of all ages and cultural backgrounds who are healthy and ill in a holistic manner based on the individual's physical, emotional, psychological, intellectual, social, and spiritual needs. The profession combines physical science, social science, nursing theory, and technology in caring for those individuals.

    To work in the nursing profession, all nurses hold one or more credentials depending on their scope of practice and education. In the United States, a Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) works independently or with a Registered Nurse (RN). The most significant difference between an LPN and RN is found in the requirements for entry to practice, which determines entitlement for their scope of practice. RNs provide scientific, psychological, and technological knowledge in the care of patients and families in many health care settings. RNs may earn additional credentials or degrees.

    In the United States, multiple educational paths will qualify a candidate to sit for the licensure examination as an RN. The Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN) is awarded to the nurse who has completed a two-year undergraduate academic degree awarded by community colleges, junior colleges, technical colleges, and bachelor's degree-granting colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study usually lasting two years. It is also referred to as Associate in Nursing (AN), Associate of Applied Science in Nursing (AAS), or Associate of Science in Nursing (ASN).[33] The Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) is awarded to the nurse who has earned an American four-year academic degree in the science and principles of nursing, granted by a tertiary education university or similarly accredited school. After completing either the LPN or either RN education programs in the United States, graduates are eligible to sit for a licensing examination to become a nurse, the passing of which is required for the nursing license. The National Licensure Examination (NCLEX) test is a standardized exam (including multiple choice, select all that apply, fill in the blank and "hot spot" questions) that nurses take to become licensed. It costs two-hundred dollars to take the NCLEX. It examines a nurses ability to properly care for a client. Study books and practice tests are available for purchase.[34]

    Some nurses follow the traditional role of working in a hospital setting. Other options include: pediatrics, neonatal, maternity, OBGYN, geriatrics, ambulatory, and nurse anesthetists and informatics (eHealth). There are many other options nurses can explore depending on the type of degree and education acquired. RNs may also pursue different roles as advanced practice nurses.

    Nurses are not doctors' assistants. This is possible in certain situations, but nurses more often are independently caring for their patients or assisting other nurses.[35] RNs treat patients, record their medical history, provide emotional support, and provide follow-up care. Nurses also help doctors perform diagnostic tests. Nurses are almost always working on their own or with other nurses. Nurses will assist doctors in the emergency room or in trauma care when help is needed.[36]


    Theory and process

    Nursing practice is the actual provision of nursing care. In providing care, nurses implement the nursing care plan using the nursing process. This is based around a specific nursing theory which is selected in consideration with the care setting and the population served. In providing nursing care, the nurse uses both nursing theory and best practice derived from nursing research.[37]

    In general terms, the nursing process is the method used to assess and diagnose needs, plan outcomes and interventions, implement interventions, and evaluate the outcomes of the care provided. Like other disciplines, the profession has developed different theories derived from sometimes diverse philosophical beliefs and paradigms or worldviews to help nurses direct their activities to accomplish specific goals.

    Scope of activities

    Activities of daily living assistance

    Assisting in activities of daily living (ADL) are skills required in nursing as well as other professions such as nursing assistants. This includes assisting in patient mobility, such as moving an activity intolerant patient within bed. For hygiene, this often involves bed baths and assisting with urinary and bowel elimination.

    Medication

    Nurses do not have the authority to prescribe medications, although there are some exceptions. All medications administered by nurses must be from a medication prescription from a licensed practitioner, such as a physician. Nurses are legally responsible for the drugs they administer. There may be legal implications when there is an error in a prescription, and the nurse could be expected to have noted and reported the error. In the United States, nurses have the right to refuse any medication administration that they deem to be potentially harmful to the patient.[38] In the United Kingdom there are some nurses who have taken additional specialist training that allows them to prescribe any medications from their scope of practice.[39]

    Patient education

    The patient's family is often involved in the education. Effective patient education leads to fewer complications and hospital visits.[40]

    Specialties and practice settings

    Nursing is the most diverse of all health care professions. Nurses practice in a wide range of settings but generally nursing is divided depending on the needs of the person being nursed.

    The major populations are:

    • communities/public
    • family/individual across the lifespan
    • adult-gerontology
    • pediatrics
    • neonatal
    • women's health/gender-related
    • mental health
    • informatics (eHealth)
    • acute care hospitals
    • ambulatory settings (physician offices, urgent care settings, camps, etc)
    • school/college infirmaries

    There are also specialist areas such as cardiac nursing, orthopedic nursing, palliative care, perioperative nursing, obstetrical nursing, oncology nursing, nursing informatics, telenursing, radiology, and emergency nursing.

    Nurses practice in a wide range of settings, including hospitals, private homes, schools, and pharmaceutical companies. Nurses work in occupational health settings[41] (also called industrial health settings), free-standing clinics and physician offices, nurse-led clinics, long-term care facilities and camps. They also work on cruise ships and in military service. Nurses act as advisers and consultants to the health care and insurance industries. Many nurses also work in the health advocacy and patient advocacy fields at companies such as Health Advocate, Inc. helping in a variety of clinical and administrative issues.[42] Some are attorneys and others work with attorneys as legal nurse consultants, reviewing patient records to assure that adequate care was provided and testifying in court. Nurses can work on a temporary basis, which involves doing shifts without a contract in a variety of settings, sometimes known as per diem nursing, agency nursing or travel nursing. Nurses work as researchers in laboratories, universities, and research institutions. Nurses have also been delving into the world of informatics, acting as consultants to the creation of computerized charting programs and other software. Nurse authors publish articles and books to provide essential reference materials.

    Occupational hazards

    File:Sleep Deprivation – Shift Work & Long Work Hours Put Nurses at Risk.webm
    A video describing occupational hazards that exist among nurses

    Internationally, there is a serious shortage of nurses.[43] One reason for this shortage is due to the work environment in which nurses practice. In a recent review of the empirical human factors and ergonomic literature specific to nursing performance, nurses were found to work in generally poor environmental conditions. Some countries and states have passed legislation regarding acceptable nurse-to-patient ratios.

    The fast-paced and unpredictable nature of health care places nurses at risk for injuries and illnesses, including high occupational stress. Nursing is a particularly stressful profession, and nurses consistently identify stress as a major work-related concern and have among the highest levels of occupational stress when compared to other professions. This stress is caused by the environment, psychosocial stressors, and the demands of nursing, including new technology that must be mastered, the emotional labor involved in nursing, physical labor, shift work, and high workload. This stress puts nurses at risk for short-term and long-term health problems, including sleep disorders, depression, mortality, psychiatric disorders, stress-related illnesses, and illness in general. Nurses are at risk of developing compassion fatigue and moral distress, which can worsen mental health. They also have very high rates of occupational burnout (40%) and emotional exhaustion (43.2%). Burnout and exhaustion increase the risk for illness, medical error, and suboptimal care provision.[44]

    Nurses are also at risk for violence and abuse in the workplace.[45] Violence is typically perpetrated by non-staff (e.g. patients or family), whereas abuse is typically perpetrated by other hospital personnel. Of American nurses, 57% reported in 2011 that they had been threatened at work; 17% were physically assaulted.[44]

    Prevention

    There are a number of interventions that can mitigate the occupational hazards of nursing. They can be individual-focused or organization-focused. Individual-focused interventions include stress management programs, which can be customized to individuals. Stress management programs can reduce anxiety, sleep disorders, and other symptoms of stress. Organizational interventions focus on reducing stressful aspects of the work environment by defining stressful characteristics and developing solutions to them. Using organizational and individual interventions together is most effective at reducing stress on nurses.[44] In some Japanese hospitals, powered exoskeletons are used.[46] Lumbar supports (ie back belts) have also been trialled.[47]

    Notes

    1. Definition of Nursing ICN, 2002. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
    2. Helen Scott, RCN's definition of nursing: what makes nursing unique? British Journal of Nursing 11(21) (September 27, 2013). Retrieved April 1, 2020.
    3. Scope of practice defined in nursing ANA. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
    4. Angelo Gonzalo, Virginia Henderson: Nursing Need Theory Nurseslabs. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
    5. Chad E. O'Lynn and Russell E. Tranbarger (eds.), Men in Nursing: History, Challenges, and Opportunities (Springer Publishing Company, 2006, ISBN 978-0826102218).
    6. Edwin B. Levine and Myra E. Levine, Hippocrates, father of nursing, too? The American Journal of Nursing 65(12) (December 1965):86-88. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
    7. Gary B. Ferngren, Medicine and Health Care in Early Christianity (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016, ISBN 978-1421420066).
    8. Abdulaziz Sachedina, Islamic Biomedical Ethics: Principles and Application (Oxford University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0195378504).
    9. William Theodore de Bary, The Buddhist Tradition: In India, China and Japan (Vintage, 1972, ISBN 978-0394716961).
    10. Kathleen Masters, Role Development in Professional Nursing Practice (Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2018, ISBN 978-1284152913).
    11. Russian Sisters of Mercy in the Crimea, 1854-1855
    12. (2009) Florence Nightingale. Epidemiology 20 (2): 311.
    13. Quinn, Shawna M. (2010). Agnes Warner and the Nursing Sisters of the Great War. Goose Lane editions and the New Brunswick Military Heritage Project. ISBN 978-0-86492-633-3. Retrieved 2014-11-29. 
    14. Professional Nursing Practice: Concepts and perspective, Koernig & Hayes, sixth edition, 2011, p.100, Template:ISBN
    15. "Florence Nightingale: the Lady with the Lamp", BBC, 26 October 2017.
    16. Mother Marianne becomes an American saint – CNN.com. Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
    17. (2008) In the footsteps of Phoebe: a Complete History of the Deaconess Movement in the Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod. St. Louis, MO: Concordia Pub. House. ISBN 9780758608314. 
    18. (2007) The Beginning of Women's Ministry: the Revival of the Deaconess in the Nineteenth-century Church of England. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-308-6. 
    19. Our History. British Army Website. Archived from the original on 2011-10-28. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
    20. History of the School of Nursing. University of Maryland School of Nursing.
    21. (2008) Integrated Theory and Knowledge Development in Nursing, 7th, St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier, 33–34. ISBN 9780323052702. 
    22. QA World War Two Nursing. qaranc.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
    23. D'Ann Campbell, Women at War with America: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era (1984) ch 2
    24. Philip A. Kalisch and Beatrice J. Kalisch, American Nursing: A History (4th ed. 2003)
    25. Bronny Rebekah McFarland-Icky, Nurses in Nazi Germany (Princeton University Press, 1999)
    26. Gordon Williamson, World War II German Women's Auxiliary Services (2003) pp 34–36
    27. Coulehan J. L., Block M. R. (2005): The Medical Interview: Mastering skills for clinical practice, 5th Ed. F. A. Davis. ISBN 0-8036-1246-X. OCLC 232304023.
    28. Dunphy L. M., Winland-Brown J. E. (2011): Primary care: The art and science of advanced practice nursing. F.A. Davis. ISBN 9780803626478.
    29. (2013) "Introduction to nursing theory", Nursing Theorists and their Work, 7th, Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby/Elsevier, 5–6. ISBN 9780323056410. 
    30. Total Number of Professionally Active Nurses, by Gender (in en-US).
    31. Distribution of Physicians by Gender (in en-US).
    32. International Council of Nurses Retrieved August 2007
    33. Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN/ASN). Retrieved 2015-10-29.
    34. NCLEX Exam | National Council Licensure Examination. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
    35. 5 Myths about Registered Nurses – Ameritech College of Healthcare. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
    36. Registered Nurse (RN) Career and Job Information. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
    37. Weber, Janet (2014). Nurses' handbook of health assessment. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health. ISBN 9781451142822. 
    38. Taylor, C. R., Lillis, C., LeMone, P., Lynn, P. (2011) Fundamentals of nursing: The art and science of nursing care. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, page 735-736.
    39. RCN factsheet on nurse prescribing in the UK. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
    40. Taylor, C. R., Lillis, C., LeMone, P., Lynn, P. (2011) Fundamentals of nursing: The art and science of nursing care. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, page 468.
    41. (2011). Occupational Health Nursing and the Quest for Professional Authority. New Solutions 21 (1): 57–88.
    42. Schneider, John. "Healthcare advocacy experts aid workers." Miami Herald 31 August 2010
    43. (2002). Global nursing shortages. BM 324 (7340): 751–2.
    44. 44.0 44.1 44.2 Roberts, Rashaun (25 June 2012). Alleviating Job Stress in Nurses. Medscape and NIOSH.
    45. Free On-line Violence Prevention Training for Nurses. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (12 August 2013). Retrieved 2015-01-15.
    46. "Exoskeletons await in work/care closet", The Japan Times Online, 17 June 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
    47. Interventions to prevent back pain and back injury in nurses: a systematic review

    References
    ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

    • de Bary, William Theodore. The Buddhist Tradition: In India, China and Japan. Vintage, 1972. ISBN 978-0394716961
    • Ferngren, Gary B. Medicine and Health Care in Early Christianity. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016. ISBN 978-1421420066
    • Henderson, Virginia. The Nature of Nursing. National League for Nursing Press, 1991. ISBN 978-0887374944
    • Masters, Kathleen. Role Development in Professional Nursing Practice. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2018. ISBN 978-1284152913
    • O'Lynn, Chad E., and Russell E. Tranbarger (eds.). Men in Nursing: History, Challenges, and Opportunities. Springer Publishing Company, 2006. ISBN 978-0826102218
    • Roux, Gayle. Issues and Trends in Nursing: Essential Knowledge for Today and Tomorrow. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2008. ISBN 978-0763752255
    • Sachedina, Abdulaziz. Islamic Biomedical Ethics: Principles and Application . Oxford University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0195378504


    • Advanced Practice and Leadership in Radiology Nursing. Springer Publishing. (2020). ISBN 978-3030326784
    • "Encyclopedia of Nursing Research". (3rd). (2011-08-24).
    • (2017). The Nurse's Uniform as Ethopoietic Fashion. Fashion Theory 21 (5): 523–552.
    • Longe, Jacqueline, ed. Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health (6 vol. 2013)
    • Bullough, Vern L. and Bonnie Bullough. The Emergence of Modern Nursing (2nd ed. 1972)
    • D'Antonio, Patricia. American Nursing: A History of Knowledge, Authority, and the Meaning of Work (2010), 272pp.
    • Dock, Lavinia Lloyd. A Short history of nursing from the earliest times to the present day (1920) full text online; abbreviated version of her four volume A History of Nursing vol 3 online
    • Donahue, M. Patricia. Nursing, The Finest Art: An Illustrated History (3rd ed. 2010), includes over 400 illustrations; 416pp; excerpt and text search
    • Fairman, Julie and Joan E. Lynaugh. Critical Care Nursing: A History (2000) excerpt and text search
    • Judd, Deborah. A History of American Nursing: Trends and Eras (2009) 272pp excerpt and text search
    • Kalisch, Philip A., and Beatrice J. Kalisch. Advance of American Nursing (3rd ed 1995) ; 4th ed 2003 is titled, American Nursing: A History
    • Snodgrass, Mary Ellen. Historical Encyclopedia of Nursing (2004), 354pp; from ancient times to the present

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