Waite, Morrison

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| name          = Morrison Remick Waite
 
| name          = Morrison Remick Waite
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| caption      =
 
| caption      =
 
| office        = 7th [[Chief Justice of the United States]]
 
| office        = 7th [[Chief Justice of the United States]]
| termstart    = March 4 1874
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| termstart    = March 4, 1874
| termend      = March 23 1888
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| termend      = March 23, 1888
 
| nominator    = [[Ulysses S. Grant]]
 
| nominator    = [[Ulysses S. Grant]]
 
| appointer    =
 
| appointer    =
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| predecessor2  =
 
| predecessor2  =
 
| successor2    =
 
| successor2    =
| birthdate    = {{birth date|1816|11|29|mf=y}}
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| birthdate    = {{birth date|1816|11|29,|mf=y}}
 
| birthplace    = [[Lyme, Connecticut|Lyme]], [[Connecticut]]
 
| birthplace    = [[Lyme, Connecticut|Lyme]], [[Connecticut]]
| deathdate    = {{death date and age|1888|03|23|1816|11|29}}
+
| deathdate    = {{death date|1888|03|23,|1816|11|29}}
 
| deathplace    = [[Washington, DC]]
 
| deathplace    = [[Washington, DC]]
 
| spouse        =
 
| spouse        =
 
| religion      = [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopalian]]
 
| religion      = [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopalian]]
 
}}
 
}}
'''Morrison Remick Waite''', nicknamed "Mott" (November 29 1816 – March 23 1888) was the [[Chief Justice of the United States]] from 1874 to 1888.
+
'''Morrison Remick Waite''' (November 29, 1816 – March 23, 1888), nicknamed "Mott," was the [[Chief Justice of the United States]] from 1874 to 1888. Born in Connecticut, Waite attended Yale. After graduation, he moved to Ohio, where he was admitted to the bar in 1839, and in 1850, became recognized as a leader of the state bar. In 1849–1850, he was a [[Republican]] member of the [[Ohio Senate]]. Waite was a firm opponent of [[slavery]]. However, as Chief Justice, he ruled that blacks did not have a federal right of suffrage, because, "the right to vote comes from the states."
  
He was born at [[Lyme, Connecticut]], the son of [[Henry Matson Waite]], who was a judge of the Superior Court and associate judge of the [[Connecticut Supreme Court|Supreme Court of Connecticut]] in 1834–1854 and chief justice of the latter in 1854–1857.
+
In the cases that grew out of the [[American Civil War]] and [[Reconstruction]], Waite was sympathetic to the tendency of the court to restore states' rights and, in effect, to weaken the power of the [[Fourteenth Amendment]] and [[Fifteenth Amendment]]s to the U.S. [[Constitution]].
 +
{{toc}}
 +
In 1876, when there was talk about a third term for President Grant, some Republicans turned to Waite who they preferred as a candidate over Grant. However, Waite turned down the offer, preferring to remain chief justice, a position he held until his death in 1888.  
  
He graduated from [[Yale University|Yale]] where he was classmate with the future Democratic presidential nominee in 1876 Samuel J. Tilden and there he became a member of the [[Skull and Bones]] Society in 1837, and soon afterwards moved to [[Maumee, Ohio]], where he studied law in the office of Samuel L. Young and was admitted to the bar in 1839. He served one term as mayor of Maumee. He married Amelia Warner in 1840. He had three sons with her—Henry Seldon, Christopher Champlin, Edward T, and one daughter Mary F. In 1850, he moved to [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]], and he soon came to be recognized as a leader of the state bar. In politics, he was first a [[United States Whig Party|Whig]] and later a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]], and, in 1849–1850, he was a member of the [[Ohio Senate]].
+
==Early life and career==
 +
Waite was born at [[Lyme, Connecticut]], the son of [[Henry Matson Waite]], a judge of the Superior Court, associate judge of the [[Connecticut Supreme Court|Supreme Court of Connecticut]], and its chief justice from 1854 to 1857.
  
Before the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], Waite opposed [[slavery]] and the southern slave states withdrawal from the Union. In 1871, with [[William M. Evarts]] and [[Caleb Cushing]], he represented the United States as counsel before the [[Alabama Claims|Alabama Tribunal]] at [[Geneva]], and, in 1874, he presided over the [[Ohio]] [[constitutional convention (political meeting)|constitutional convention]]. In the same year he was appointed by President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] to succeed Judge [[Salmon P. Chase]] as [[Chief Justice of the United States]], and he held this position until his death at March 23, 1888 in [[Washington, D.C.]] President Grant had offered the Chief Justiceship to among other Senator Roscoe Conkling and Democrat Caleb Cushing before he settled on Waite who learned of his nomination by a telegram.
+
Waite graduated from [[Yale University]], where he was a classmate with the future Democratic presidential nominee, [[Samuel J. Tilden]]. There he became a member of the [[Skull and Bones]] Society in 1837, and soon after graduating, moved to [[Maumee, Ohio]], where he studied law in the office of Samuel L. Young, and was admitted to the bar in 1839. He served one term as mayor of Maumee.
  
The nomination was not well-received. Former [[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]] [[Gideon Welles]] remarked of the nomination that "It is a wonder that Grant did not pick up some old acquaintance, who was a [[Stagecoach|stage driver]] or [[bartender]], for the place," and the political journal "[[The Nation]]" said "Mr Waite stands in the front-rank of second-rank lawyers."
+
Waite married Amelia Warner in 1840, and had three sons with her--Henry Seldon, Christopher Champlin, Edward T.and one daughter, Mary F.  
  
==The Waite Court, 1874–1888==
+
In 1850, he moved to [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]], and soon came to be recognized as a leader of the state bar. In politics, he was first a [[United States Whig Party|Whig]] and later a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]. From 1849 to 1850, he was a member of the [[Ohio Senate]].
  
In the cases that grew out of the [[American Civil War]] and [[Reconstruction]], and especially in those that involved the interpretation of the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Thirteenth]], [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth]] and [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifteenth amendment]]s, he sympathized with the general tendency of the court to restrict the further extension of the powers of the Federal government. In a particularly notable ruling in ''[[United States v. Cruikshank]]'', he struck down the [[Enforcement Act]], ruling that "The very highest duty of the States, when they entered into the Union under the Constitution, was to protect all persons within their boundaries in the enjoyment of these 'unalienable rights with which they were endowed by their Creator.' Sovereignty, for this purpose, rests alone with the States. It is no more the duty or within the power of the United States to punish for a conspiracy to [[False imprisonment|falsely imprison]] or [[murder]] within a State, than it would be to punish for false imprisonment or murder itself." He concluded that "We may suspect that race was the cause of the hostility but is it not so averred" . His belief was that white moderates should set the rules of racial relations in the South, which reflected the majority of the Court and the people of the United States, who were tired of the bitter racial strife involved with the affairs of Reconstruction. This decisions practically overturned the Fourteenth Amendment. This belief backfired when arch-segregationists in the South regained power and legislated the infamous [[Jim Crow laws]] that disenfranchised African-Americans in the South. These laws lasted long into the [[Twentieth Century]].
+
Before the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], Waite opposed both [[slavery]] and the southern slave states' withdrawal from the Union. In 1871, with [[William M. Evarts]] and [[Caleb Cushing]], Waite represented the United States as counsel before the [[Alabama Claims|Alabama Tribunal]] at [[Geneva]]. In 1874, he presided over the [[Ohio]] [[constitutional convention (political meeting)|constitutional convention]].
  
In his opinion of ''[[Munn v. Illinois]]'' (1877), which was one of a group of six Granger cases involving Populist-inspired state legislation to fix maximum rates chargeable by grain elevators and railroads, he said that when a business or private property was "affected with a public interest" it was subject to governmental regulation. Thus, he was ruling against charges that Granger laws constituted encroachment of private property without due process of law and conflicted with the Fourteenth Amendment. The ardent New Dealers in the Franklin Roosevelt administration looked to Munn v. Illinois to guide them in matters like due process, commerce and contract clauses .
+
In the same year, Waite was appointed by President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] to succeed Judge [[Salmon P. Chase]] as [[Chief Justice of the United States]], and he held this position until his death in 1888. President Grant had offered the Chief Justiceship to, among others, Senator [[Roscoe Conkling]] and Democrat [[Caleb Cushing]] before he settled on Waite, who learned of his nomination by a telegram.
  
He concurred with the majority in the [[Head Money Cases]] (1884), the [[Ku-Klux Case]] (''[[United States v. Harris]]'', 1883), the [[Civil Rights Cases]] (1883), ''[[Pace v. Alabama]]'' (1883), and the [[Legal Tender Cases]] (including ''[[Juillard v. Greenman]]'') (1883). Among his own most important decisions were those in the [[Enforcement Act Case]]s (1875), the [[Sinking Fund Cases]] (1878), the [[Railroad Commission Cases]] (1886) and the [[Telephone Cases]] (1887).
+
The nomination was not well-received. Former [[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]] [[Gideon Welles]] remarked of the nomination that, "It is a wonder that Grant did not pick up some old acquaintance, who was a [[Stagecoach|stage driver]] or [[bartender]], for the place," and the political journal ''[[The Nation]]'' said "Mr. Waite stands in the front-rank of second-rank lawyers."
  
In 1876 when there was talk about a third term for President Grant some Republicans turned to Waite as they believed he was a better presidential nominee for the Republican Party than the scandal-tainted Grant. Waite turned down the idea arguing "my duty was not to make it a stepping stone to someone else but to preserve its purity and make my own name as honorable as that of any of my predecessors" . In the aftermath of the presidential election of 1876 he refused to sit on the Electoral Commission that decided the electoral votes of [[Florida]] because of his close friendship of GOP presidential nominee [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] and his classmateship with the Democratic presidential nominee Samuel J. Tilden whom Waite hade studied together with at Yale College.
+
==The Waite Court, 1874–1888==
 +
In the cases that grew out of the [[American Civil War]] and [[Reconstruction]]--and especially in those that involved the interpretation of the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Thirteenth]], [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth]], and [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifteenth amendment]]s—Waite sympathized with the general tendency of the court to restrict the further extension of the powers of the Federal government.
  
As Chief Justice he swore in Presidents Rutherford Hayes, [[James Garfield]], [[Chester A. Arthur]] and [[Grover Cleveland]].
+
In a notable ruling in ''[[United States v. Cruikshank]],'' he struck down the [[Enforcement Act]], ruling that, "Sovereignty… rests alone with the States." He also stated that the Fifteenth Amendment could not confer the right to vote to blacks, because “the right to vote comes from the states."
  
There is reason to believe that Justice Waite was not highly regarded by every one. One quote, attributed to one of his brother Justices, call him "an experiment no President has a right to make with our Court."
+
His belief was that southern white moderates—not emancipated blacks or northern "[[carpetbagger]]s"—should set the rules of racial relations in the South, which reflected the majority of the Court and the people of the United States at the time, who were tired of the bitter racial strife involved with the affairs of [[Reconstruction]]. However, instead of strengthening the hands of moderates, his ruling enabled arch-segregationists to regain power and legislate the infamous [[Jim Crow laws]] that disenfranchised African-Americans in the South.  
  
Like his successor Melville Fuller he is credited with being an efficient
+
Waite's opinion of ''[[Munn v. Illinois]]'' (1877) was one of a group of six [[Granger laws|Granger cases]] involving Populist-inspired state legislation to fix maximum rates chargeable by [[grain elevator]]s and [[railroad]]s. Of it he wrote that when a business or [[private property]] was "affected with a public interest," it was subject to governmental regulation. Thus, he ruled against charges that Granger laws constituted encroachment of private property without due process of law. Later, ardent [[New Deal]]ers in the [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] administration looked to ''Munn v. Illinois'' to guide them in matters like due process, commerce, and contract clauses.
and capable administrator of the Court.
 
  
==Champion of education opportunities for blacks==
+
Among his other most important decisions were those in the [[Enforcement Act Case]]s (1875), the [[Sinking Fund Cases]] (1878), the [[Railroad Commission Cases]] (1886), and the [[Telephone Cases]] (1887).
  
He was one of the [[Peabody Education Fund|Peabody Trustees of Southern Education]] and was a vocal advocate to aiding schools for the education of blacks in the south.
+
Waite concurred with the majority in the [[Head Money Cases]] (1884), the [[Ku-Klux Case]] (''[[United States v. Harris]],'' 1883), the [[Civil Rights Cases]] (1883), ''[[Pace v. Alabama]]'' (1883), and the [[Legal Tender Cases]], including ''[[Juillard v. Greenman]]'' (1883). In ''Reynolds v. United States'' (1878), Waite wrote that religious duty was not a suitable defense against a criminal indictment. Reynolds was a member of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], charged with [[bigamy]] in the [[Utah Territory]].
  
==Frankfurter's view of Waite==
+
==Presidential run refused==
Supreme Court Justice [[Felix Frankfurter]] said of him:<blockquote>"He did not confine the constitution within the limits of his own experience...The disciplined and disinterested lawyer in him transcended the bounds of the environment within which he moved and the views of the client whom he served at the bar".</blockquote>
+
In 1876, when there was talk about a third term for President Grant, some Republicans turned to Waite as they believed he was a better presidential nominee for the Republican Party than the scandal-tainted Grant. Waite turned down the idea, arguing "my duty was not to make it a stepping stone to someone else, but to preserve its purity and make my own name as honorable as that of any of my predecessors." In the aftermath of the presidential election of 1876, he refused to sit on the Electoral Commission that decided the electoral votes of [[Florida]] because of his close friendship of GOP presidential nominee [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] and his being a classmate at Yale with the Democratic presidential nominee [[Samuel J. Tilden]]. Waite served as chief justice for 14 years and died in [[Washington, D.C.]] on March 23, 1888, at the age of 71.
  
==Quotes==
+
==Legacy==
{{Cquote|For protection against abusers by legislatures the People must resort to the polls, not the courts.}}
+
Waite's legacy to constitutional law falls into three domains. His opinions were the first interpreting the Civil War Amendments. Second, his opinions guided state governments as they sought to address economic changes resulting from the industrial revolution. Finally, Waite's view of the judicial function guided thinking about judicial review well into the twentieth century.  
  
==See also==
+
Despite spending his entire career serving the legal rights of his fellow man, including being a firm opponent of slavery and a champion of the education of blacks in the South, some of Waite's court opinions empowering states' rights had the adverse effect of denying rights to the formerly enslaved.
*[[List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Waite Court|United States Supreme Court cases during the Waite Court]]
 
* [http://www.ratical.org/many_worlds/seeingPCW.html]
 
  
==External links==
+
As chief justice, Waite swore in Presidents Rutherford Hayes, [[James Garfield]], [[Chester A. Arthur]], and [[Grover Cleveland]]. Like his successor Melville Fuller, he is credited with being an efficient and capable administrator of the Court.
*[http://www.oyez.org/oyez/resource/legal_entity/43/biography Oyez: Morrison R. Waite Biography]
 
*[http://www.supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_timeline/images_chiefs/007.html Supreme Court Historical Society: Waite]
 
  
<!-- Succession table —>
+
Supreme Court Justice [[Felix Frankfurter]] said of him:<blockquote>He did not confine the constitution within the limits of his own experience… The disciplined and disinterested lawyer in him transcended the bounds of the environment within which he moved and the views of the client whom he served at the bar.</blockquote>
{{start box}}
 
{{succession box | title=[[Chief Justice of the United States]] | before=[[Salmon P. Chase]] | after=[[Melville Fuller]] | years=March 4, 1874 &ndash; March 23, 1888}}
 
{{end box}}
 
  
<!-- Link farms —>
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Waite was one of the [[Peabody Education Fund|Peabody Trustees of Southern Education]], and was a vocal advocate to aiding schools for the education of blacks in the south.
{{USChiefJustices}} <br />
 
  
{{start U.S. Supreme Court composition| CJ=[[Morrison Waite|Waite]]| }}
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==References==
{{U.S. Supreme Court composition 1874–1877}}
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* Magrath, C. Peter. ''Morrison R. Waite: The Triumph of Character''. Macmillan, 1963.
{{U.S. Supreme Court composition 1877–1880}}
+
* Rehnquist, William H. ''The Supreme Court''. Vintage, 2002. ISBN 978-0375708619
{{U.S. Supreme Court composition 1881}}
+
* Stephenson, Donald and Peter Renstrom. ''The Waite Court: Justice, Rulings, and Legacy''. ABC-CLIO, 2003. ISBN 978-1576078297
{{U.S. Supreme Court composition 1882–1887}}
+
* Trimble, Bruce R. Chief. ''Justice Waite: Defender of the Public Interest''. Russell & Russell, 1970.  
{{U.S. Supreme Court composition 1888}}
 
{{end U.S. Supreme Court composition}}
 
  
----
 
*{{1911}}
 
  
{{DEFAULTSORT:Waite, Morrison}}
 
 
[[Category:biography]]
 
[[Category:biography]]
 
{{Credit|163776099}}
 
{{Credit|163776099}}

Latest revision as of 20:54, 26 September 2016

Morrison Remick Waite
Morrison Waite


7th Chief Justice of the United States
In office
March 4, 1874 – March 23, 1888
Nominated by Ulysses S. Grant
Preceded by Salmon P. Chase
Succeeded by Melville Fuller

Born November 29, 1816(1816-11-29,)
Lyme, Connecticut
Died March 23, 1888
Washington, DC
Religion Episcopalian

Morrison Remick Waite (November 29, 1816 – March 23, 1888), nicknamed "Mott," was the Chief Justice of the United States from 1874 to 1888. Born in Connecticut, Waite attended Yale. After graduation, he moved to Ohio, where he was admitted to the bar in 1839, and in 1850, became recognized as a leader of the state bar. In 1849–1850, he was a Republican member of the Ohio Senate. Waite was a firm opponent of slavery. However, as Chief Justice, he ruled that blacks did not have a federal right of suffrage, because, "the right to vote comes from the states."

In the cases that grew out of the American Civil War and Reconstruction, Waite was sympathetic to the tendency of the court to restore states' rights and, in effect, to weaken the power of the Fourteenth Amendment and Fifteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution.

In 1876, when there was talk about a third term for President Grant, some Republicans turned to Waite who they preferred as a candidate over Grant. However, Waite turned down the offer, preferring to remain chief justice, a position he held until his death in 1888.

Early life and career

Waite was born at Lyme, Connecticut, the son of Henry Matson Waite, a judge of the Superior Court, associate judge of the Supreme Court of Connecticut, and its chief justice from 1854 to 1857.

Waite graduated from Yale University, where he was a classmate with the future Democratic presidential nominee, Samuel J. Tilden. There he became a member of the Skull and Bones Society in 1837, and soon after graduating, moved to Maumee, Ohio, where he studied law in the office of Samuel L. Young, and was admitted to the bar in 1839. He served one term as mayor of Maumee.

Waite married Amelia Warner in 1840, and had three sons with her—Henry Seldon, Christopher Champlin, Edward T.—and one daughter, Mary F.

In 1850, he moved to Toledo, and soon came to be recognized as a leader of the state bar. In politics, he was first a Whig and later a Republican. From 1849 to 1850, he was a member of the Ohio Senate.

Before the Civil War, Waite opposed both slavery and the southern slave states' withdrawal from the Union. In 1871, with William M. Evarts and Caleb Cushing, Waite represented the United States as counsel before the Alabama Tribunal at Geneva. In 1874, he presided over the Ohio constitutional convention.

In the same year, Waite was appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant to succeed Judge Salmon P. Chase as Chief Justice of the United States, and he held this position until his death in 1888. President Grant had offered the Chief Justiceship to, among others, Senator Roscoe Conkling and Democrat Caleb Cushing before he settled on Waite, who learned of his nomination by a telegram.

The nomination was not well-received. Former Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles remarked of the nomination that, "It is a wonder that Grant did not pick up some old acquaintance, who was a stage driver or bartender, for the place," and the political journal The Nation said "Mr. Waite stands in the front-rank of second-rank lawyers."

The Waite Court, 1874–1888

In the cases that grew out of the American Civil War and Reconstruction—and especially in those that involved the interpretation of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments—Waite sympathized with the general tendency of the court to restrict the further extension of the powers of the Federal government.

In a notable ruling in United States v. Cruikshank, he struck down the Enforcement Act, ruling that, "Sovereignty… rests alone with the States." He also stated that the Fifteenth Amendment could not confer the right to vote to blacks, because “the right to vote comes from the states."

His belief was that southern white moderates—not emancipated blacks or northern "carpetbaggers"—should set the rules of racial relations in the South, which reflected the majority of the Court and the people of the United States at the time, who were tired of the bitter racial strife involved with the affairs of Reconstruction. However, instead of strengthening the hands of moderates, his ruling enabled arch-segregationists to regain power and legislate the infamous Jim Crow laws that disenfranchised African-Americans in the South.

Waite's opinion of Munn v. Illinois (1877) was one of a group of six Granger cases involving Populist-inspired state legislation to fix maximum rates chargeable by grain elevators and railroads. Of it he wrote that when a business or private property was "affected with a public interest," it was subject to governmental regulation. Thus, he ruled against charges that Granger laws constituted encroachment of private property without due process of law. Later, ardent New Dealers in the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration looked to Munn v. Illinois to guide them in matters like due process, commerce, and contract clauses.

Among his other most important decisions were those in the Enforcement Act Cases (1875), the Sinking Fund Cases (1878), the Railroad Commission Cases (1886), and the Telephone Cases (1887).

Waite concurred with the majority in the Head Money Cases (1884), the Ku-Klux Case (United States v. Harris, 1883), the Civil Rights Cases (1883), Pace v. Alabama (1883), and the Legal Tender Cases, including Juillard v. Greenman (1883). In Reynolds v. United States (1878), Waite wrote that religious duty was not a suitable defense against a criminal indictment. Reynolds was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, charged with bigamy in the Utah Territory.

Presidential run refused

In 1876, when there was talk about a third term for President Grant, some Republicans turned to Waite as they believed he was a better presidential nominee for the Republican Party than the scandal-tainted Grant. Waite turned down the idea, arguing "my duty was not to make it a stepping stone to someone else, but to preserve its purity and make my own name as honorable as that of any of my predecessors." In the aftermath of the presidential election of 1876, he refused to sit on the Electoral Commission that decided the electoral votes of Florida because of his close friendship of GOP presidential nominee Rutherford B. Hayes and his being a classmate at Yale with the Democratic presidential nominee Samuel J. Tilden. Waite served as chief justice for 14 years and died in Washington, D.C. on March 23, 1888, at the age of 71.

Legacy

Waite's legacy to constitutional law falls into three domains. His opinions were the first interpreting the Civil War Amendments. Second, his opinions guided state governments as they sought to address economic changes resulting from the industrial revolution. Finally, Waite's view of the judicial function guided thinking about judicial review well into the twentieth century.

Despite spending his entire career serving the legal rights of his fellow man, including being a firm opponent of slavery and a champion of the education of blacks in the South, some of Waite's court opinions empowering states' rights had the adverse effect of denying rights to the formerly enslaved.

As chief justice, Waite swore in Presidents Rutherford Hayes, James Garfield, Chester A. Arthur, and Grover Cleveland. Like his successor Melville Fuller, he is credited with being an efficient and capable administrator of the Court.

Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter said of him:

He did not confine the constitution within the limits of his own experience… The disciplined and disinterested lawyer in him transcended the bounds of the environment within which he moved and the views of the client whom he served at the bar.

Waite was one of the Peabody Trustees of Southern Education, and was a vocal advocate to aiding schools for the education of blacks in the south.

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  • Magrath, C. Peter. Morrison R. Waite: The Triumph of Character. Macmillan, 1963.
  • Rehnquist, William H. The Supreme Court. Vintage, 2002. ISBN 978-0375708619
  • Stephenson, Donald and Peter Renstrom. The Waite Court: Justice, Rulings, and Legacy. ABC-CLIO, 2003. ISBN 978-1576078297
  • Trimble, Bruce R. Chief. Justice Waite: Defender of the Public Interest. Russell & Russell, 1970.

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