Difference between revisions of "Miriam" - New World Encyclopedia

From New World Encyclopedia
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==Bibiclical Narrative==
 
==Bibiclical Narrative==
 
===Childhood===
 
===Childhood===
 +
[[Image:Miriam-baby-moses.jpg|thumb|Miriam assists her mother in saving the baby Moses from Pharaoh.]]
 
It was Miriam who, at Jochebed's request, followed as Moses (then a baby) floated down the Nile in a reed basket to evade the [[Pharaoh]]'s order that newborn [[Hebrews|Hebrew]] boys be killed. She watched as the Pharaoh's daughter discovered the infant. "Shall I go and get one of the Hebrew women to nurse the baby for you?" Miriam asked the princess. (Ex. 2:7) Miriam returned with Jochebed. Pharaoh's daughter sent the child home with the "nurse," who raised him until he was weaned and "grew older." As a result of Miriam's act, Moses could be raised to identify with his background as a Hebrew, as well as his new role as an Egtyptian prince. (Exodus 2:1-10)
 
It was Miriam who, at Jochebed's request, followed as Moses (then a baby) floated down the Nile in a reed basket to evade the [[Pharaoh]]'s order that newborn [[Hebrews|Hebrew]] boys be killed. She watched as the Pharaoh's daughter discovered the infant. "Shall I go and get one of the Hebrew women to nurse the baby for you?" Miriam asked the princess. (Ex. 2:7) Miriam returned with Jochebed. Pharaoh's daughter sent the child home with the "nurse," who raised him until he was weaned and "grew older." As a result of Miriam's act, Moses could be raised to identify with his background as a Hebrew, as well as his new role as an Egtyptian prince. (Exodus 2:1-10)
  
 
===Prophetess and leader===
 
===Prophetess and leader===
  
Miriam does not appear again in the text until the time of the Exodus. She is called a [[prophet]]ess, and composed a victory song after [[Pharaoh]]'s army was drowned persuited of the Israelites. She clearly plays an important role in leading the Israelite women:
+
Miriam does not appear again in the text until the time of the [[Exodus]]. She is called a [[prophet]]ess, and composes a victory song after [[Pharaoh]]'s army is drowned in persuit of the [[Israelites]]. She plays a central role in leading the Israelite women:
  
:When Pharaoh's horses, chariots and horsemen [d] went into the sea, the Lord brought the waters of the sea back over them, but the Israelites walked through the sea on dry ground. 20 Then Miriam the prophetess, Aaron's sister, took a tambourine in her hand, and all the women followed her, with tambourines and dancing. 21 Miriam sang to them:  
+
:When Pharaoh's horses, chariots and horsemen went into the sea, the [[Yahweh|Lord]] brought the waters of the sea back over them, but the Israelites walked through the sea on dry ground. Then Miriam the [[prophet]]ess, [[Aaron]]'s sister, took a tambourine in her hand, and all the women followed her, with tambourines and dancing. Miriam sang to them:  
 
::"Sing to the Lord,  
 
::"Sing to the Lord,  
 
::for he is highly exalted.  
 
::for he is highly exalted.  
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::he has hurled into the sea." (Exodus 15:20-21)
 
::he has hurled into the sea." (Exodus 15:20-21)
  
The short verse is considered by scholars to be one of the oldest in the Bible and is also celebrated in Jewish liturgy and folk music.
+
This short verse is considered by scholars to be one of the oldest in the Bible and is also celebrated in Jewish liturgy and folk music to this day.
  
 
===Miriam and Aaron's sin===
 
===Miriam and Aaron's sin===
 +
[[Image:Tent-of-meeting.jpg|thumb|250px|The sacred tent where Miriam spoke with Aaron and Moses.]]
 +
Later, Miriam objects to the marriage of [[Moses]] to a [[Cush]]ite woman. She and [[Aaron]] discuss the matter with Moses in the [[Tent of Meeting]], the sacred structure in which was housed the holy [[Ark of the Covenant]]. No other woman is recorded as having the privilege of entering this sacred space. Indeed, both the larger [[Tabernacle]] and the inner courts of the later [[Temple of Jerusalem]] were strictly out of bounds for women.
  
Later, Miriam objected to the marriage of Moses to a [[Cush]]ite (probably black) woman. She and Aaron discuss the matter with Moses in the [[Tent of Meetining]], the sacred struction in which was housed the holy [[Ark of the Covenant]]. No other woman is recorded as having such a privilege. Indeed, both the larger Tabernacle and the inner courts of the later Temple of Jerusalem were strictly out of bounds for women.
+
However, Miriam and Aaron have presumed too much. Standing at the entrace of the tent in a pillar of cloud, God speaks to tell them that while they may indeed be prophets, Moses' authority is higher than theirs. To Moses alone does God speak "face to face." To punish her, God stikes Miriam with a disease making her skin white and putrid, possibly in retaliation for her objections to the Cushite woman, who was likely dark-skinned. After [[Aaron]] asks Moses to intercede for Miriam, Moses utters a five-word prayer: ''El nah refa nah-la''—"O [[El]] make her well."
  
However, Mirian and Aaron have presumed too much. Standing at the entrace of the tent in a pillar of cloud, God speaks to both Miriam and Aaron to tell them that while they may indeed be prophets, Moses' authority is higher than theirs. To Moses alone does God speak "face to face." To punish her, God stikes Miriam with a disease making her skin white. The disease is often mistranslated as [[leprosy]]. After [[Aaron]] asks Moses to intercede for her, Moses utters a five-word prayer: ''El nah refa nah-la''—"O Lord, make her well." He requires her to be confined outside the camp for seven days, after which she recovers. ([[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] 12). Aaron, however, is not punished, perhaps because a skin disease of this nature would disqualify him from the priesthood.
+
He requires her to be confined outside the camp for seven days, after which she recovers. ([[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] 12). Aaron, however, is not punished, perhaps because a skin disease of this nature would disqualify him from the priesthood. The text implies the importance of Miriam to the community in noting: "the people did not move on till she was brought back." (Num. 12:15)
  
The text implies the importance of Miriam to the community in noting: "the people did not move on till she was brought back." (Num. 12:15)
+
===Death===
  
===Death===
+
Miriam dies and is buried at Kadesh and a great old age of more than 120 years. Her death apparently affects the Israelites deeply. Their internal longing for Miriam as a mother-figure is parallelled by the external thirst they experience for lack of water and this encampment. [[Moses]], too, may have been affected by the loss of his sister. Commanded by God to "speak" to a rock and bring forth water for the people, Moses instead loses his temper, denounces the people and stikes the rock twice. Water is indeed produced, but God punishes both Moses and [[Aaron]] for Moses' striking the rock instead of speaking to it, telling them that they will not be allowed to enter the Promised Land of [[Canaan]] as a result.
  
Miriam died a Kadesh and a great old age of more than 120 years. Her death was mourned by the Israelites. Their internal loss of Miriam as a mother-figure seemed to parallel the external dryness they experienced for lack of water and this encampment. Moses, too, may have been affected by the loss of his sister. Commanded by God to "speak" to a rock and bring forth water for the people, Moses instead lost his tempted, denounced the people and struck the rock twice. Water was indeed produced, but God punished Moses and Aaron for striking the rock instead of speaking to it, telling them that they would not be allowed to enter the Promised Land of Canaan as a result.
+
==Legacy==
  
 
A passage in [[Micah]] suggests Miriam had a legacy with significant regard among later [[prophet]]s:
 
A passage in [[Micah]] suggests Miriam had a legacy with significant regard among later [[prophet]]s:
  
And I brought you forth out of the land of Egypt, and redeemed you from the house of bondage, and I set before you Moses, and Aaron, and Miriam." [[Book of Micah|Micah]] 6:4)
+
:And I brought you forth out of the land of Egypt, and redeemed you from the house of bondage, and I set before you Moses, and Aaron, and Miriam." [[Book of Micah|Micah]] 6:4)
 
 
Miriam is a popular figure among some [[Jewish feminism|Jewish feminists]]. Some place a "Cup of Miriam," filled with water, beside the customary "Cup of Elijah" (filled with wine) during the [[Passover Seder]]. The cup contains water in memory of [[Miriam's well]], which according to a [[Midrash]] accompanied the Israelites on their journey through the desert. Some [[Modern Orthodox]] Jews have revived a millennium-old custom of adding a piece of fish to the seder plate, with the lamb, egg and fish jointly symbolizing the three prophets referred to in Micah 6:4, and also alluding to the mythical beasts (the bird [[Ziz]], the animal [[Behemoth]], and the sea-creature [[Leviathan]]) which, according to Midrash, are to be served at the [[Seudat Chiyat HaMatim]], the feast for the righteous following the [[resurrection]] of the dead, which the Passover Seder (and the Cup of Elijah) allude to. The fish represents Leviathan as well as Miriam and is also a water symbol. [http://www.ynetnews.com/Ext/Comp/ArticleLayout/CdaArticlePrintPreview/1,2506,L-3238942,00.html]
 
 
 
==Snow-White Miriam==
 
 
 
At [[Hazeroth]], Miriam and [[Aaron]] speak against [[Moses]] because:
 
:''of the [[Cushite]] woman whom he had married: for he had married a Cushite woman''
 
 
 
Miriam and Aaron question Moses' exclusive religious authority, since they consider themselves to also have been [[prophet]]s.
 
  
:'''They said, 'Was it only to Moses that God spoke? Did he not speak to us as well?''
+
In New Testament times, Miriam was perhaps the most popular name for Jewish woman. The Greek rendering of Miriam is "Mary." At least three important people in Jesus' life were named Miriam: his mother [[Virgin Mary|Mary]], his best known female disciple [[Mary Magdalene]], and [[Mary of Bethany]], the sister of Martha and Lazarus who washed and anointed Jesus shortly before his death.
  
[[God]] hears and calls all three to the door of the [[tabernacle]]. When they arrive, God states to them that Moses has a much greater authority than Miriam and Aaron; indeed, He chooses to speak to Moses face to face, rather than merely through dreams.
+
Today, Miriam is a popular figure among some [[Jewish feminism|Jewish feminists]]. Some place a "Cup of Miriam," filled with water, beside the customary "Cup of Elijah" (filled with wine) during the [[Passover Seder]]. The cup contains water in memory of [[Miriam's well]], which according to a [[Midrash]] accompanied the Israelites on their journey through the desert. At [[Passover]], some [[Modern Orthodox]] Jews have revived a millennium-old custom of adding a piece of fish to the [[seder]] plate, with the lamb, egg and fish jointly symbolizing the three prophets—Moses, Aaron, and Mary—referred to in Micah 6:4. This food also alludes to the mythical beasts: (the bird [[Ziz]], the animal [[Behemoth]], and the sea-creature [[Leviathan]]) which, according to Jewish legend, are to be served at the feast for the righteous following the [[resurrection]] of the dead.[http://www.ynetnews.com/Ext/Comp/ArticleLayout/CdaArticlePrintPreview/1,2506,L-3238942,00.html]
  
In anger, God subsequently visits a punishment on Miriam, giving her ''[[Tzaraath]]'', usually translated as [[leprosy]], turning her "white as snow." According to the rules concerning ''Tzaraath'', Miriam must then live outside of the camp, in isolation, only being allowed back when Moses intercedes with God on her behalf. Nevertheless, God insists that she still be punished for seven days.  (Numbers 12:10-14)
 
  
 
=== Rabbinic Interpretation ===
 
=== Rabbinic Interpretation ===
 
According to the [[Hebrew Bible]] anyone with ''Tzaraath'' was not allowed to become high priest, ([[Leviticus]] 13). The Rabbis of the [[Talmud]] note that if Aaron had been punished as well as his sister, he would no longer have been able to perform his duties, and hence the two had to receive different punishments.  
 
According to the [[Hebrew Bible]] anyone with ''Tzaraath'' was not allowed to become high priest, ([[Leviticus]] 13). The Rabbis of the [[Talmud]] note that if Aaron had been punished as well as his sister, he would no longer have been able to perform his duties, and hence the two had to receive different punishments.  
  
===Interpretation of Richard E. Friedman===
 
 
[[Zipporah]], a Midianite, is identified as the wife of Moses, so the traditional Jewish and Christian view is that Zipporah is the wife in question. However, Zipporah is described as being a [[Midianite]]. According to Richard E. Friedman, because Cush refers to Ethiopia or other lands well outside, the "Cushite woman" of the story is not Zipporah. Friedman, building on interpretations from the [[documentary hypothesis]], notes that Zipporah is only mentioned in the [[Jahwist]] text, while the story of Snow-white Miriam is assigned to the [[Elohist]], and so, in each, Moses only ever has one wife. Friedman argues that at least one of the accounts (either that of Zipporah or of Snow-white Miriam) is historically inaccurate. <ref>{{cite book |  
 
[[Zipporah]], a Midianite, is identified as the wife of Moses, so the traditional Jewish and Christian view is that Zipporah is the wife in question. However, Zipporah is described as being a [[Midianite]]. According to Richard E. Friedman, because Cush refers to Ethiopia or other lands well outside, the "Cushite woman" of the story is not Zipporah. Friedman, building on interpretations from the [[documentary hypothesis]], notes that Zipporah is only mentioned in the [[Jahwist]] text, while the story of Snow-white Miriam is assigned to the [[Elohist]], and so, in each, Moses only ever has one wife. Friedman argues that at least one of the accounts (either that of Zipporah or of Snow-white Miriam) is historically inaccurate. <ref>{{cite book |  
 
title=Who Wrote the Bible? |
 
title=Who Wrote the Bible? |
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</ref>
 
</ref>
  
[http://www.behindthename.com/php/view.php?name=mary])  
+
[http://www.behindthename.com/php/view.php?name=mary])
  
 
==References==
 
==References==

Revision as of 21:33, 12 April 2007


"Then Miriam the prophetess, Aaron's sister, took a tambourine in her hand, and all the women followed her, with tambourines and dancing." (Ex. 15:20)

Miriam (מִרְיָם, Miryam—"wished for child," "bitter" or "rebellious") was the sister of Moses and Aaron, and the daughter of Amram and Jochebed. She appears first in the book of Exodus in the Hebrew Bible. Her name could also be derived from the Egyptian words myr "beloved" or mr "love."

Miriam helped the infant Moses to be nursed by his own mother after being adopted by the daughter of Pharoah and later went on to become a prophetess in her own right. She led the Israelite women in celebrating the Israelite's successful march through the sea, in which Pharoah's horsemen were trapped, in a verse still sung by countless Jews. However, she and Aaron criticized Moses for marrying a Cushite woman, on grounds that they too were prophets. For this she was punished by God with a dreaded skin disease. Upon her death many years later, the Israelites mourned deeply and soon lost faith in Moses and Aaron, cause Moses himself to sin by striking the Rock at Kadesh.

Miriam is the only woman in history known to have been allowed to enter the sacred tent in which the Ark of the Covenant was housed. She was honored in verse by the prophet Micah, who placed her on a par with Moses and Aaron, and her name was particularly popular in New Testament times, where it is rendered as "Mary."

Bibiclical Narrative

Childhood

Miriam assists her mother in saving the baby Moses from Pharaoh.

It was Miriam who, at Jochebed's request, followed as Moses (then a baby) floated down the Nile in a reed basket to evade the Pharaoh's order that newborn Hebrew boys be killed. She watched as the Pharaoh's daughter discovered the infant. "Shall I go and get one of the Hebrew women to nurse the baby for you?" Miriam asked the princess. (Ex. 2:7) Miriam returned with Jochebed. Pharaoh's daughter sent the child home with the "nurse," who raised him until he was weaned and "grew older." As a result of Miriam's act, Moses could be raised to identify with his background as a Hebrew, as well as his new role as an Egtyptian prince. (Exodus 2:1-10)

Prophetess and leader

Miriam does not appear again in the text until the time of the Exodus. She is called a prophetess, and composes a victory song after Pharaoh's army is drowned in persuit of the Israelites. She plays a central role in leading the Israelite women:

When Pharaoh's horses, chariots and horsemen went into the sea, the Lord brought the waters of the sea back over them, but the Israelites walked through the sea on dry ground. Then Miriam the prophetess, Aaron's sister, took a tambourine in her hand, and all the women followed her, with tambourines and dancing. Miriam sang to them:
"Sing to the Lord,
for he is highly exalted.
The horse and its rider
he has hurled into the sea." (Exodus 15:20-21)

This short verse is considered by scholars to be one of the oldest in the Bible and is also celebrated in Jewish liturgy and folk music to this day.

Miriam and Aaron's sin

The sacred tent where Miriam spoke with Aaron and Moses.

Later, Miriam objects to the marriage of Moses to a Cushite woman. She and Aaron discuss the matter with Moses in the Tent of Meeting, the sacred structure in which was housed the holy Ark of the Covenant. No other woman is recorded as having the privilege of entering this sacred space. Indeed, both the larger Tabernacle and the inner courts of the later Temple of Jerusalem were strictly out of bounds for women.

However, Miriam and Aaron have presumed too much. Standing at the entrace of the tent in a pillar of cloud, God speaks to tell them that while they may indeed be prophets, Moses' authority is higher than theirs. To Moses alone does God speak "face to face." To punish her, God stikes Miriam with a disease making her skin white and putrid, possibly in retaliation for her objections to the Cushite woman, who was likely dark-skinned. After Aaron asks Moses to intercede for Miriam, Moses utters a five-word prayer: El nah refa nah-la—"O El make her well."

He requires her to be confined outside the camp for seven days, after which she recovers. (Numbers 12). Aaron, however, is not punished, perhaps because a skin disease of this nature would disqualify him from the priesthood. The text implies the importance of Miriam to the community in noting: "the people did not move on till she was brought back." (Num. 12:15)

Death

Miriam dies and is buried at Kadesh and a great old age of more than 120 years. Her death apparently affects the Israelites deeply. Their internal longing for Miriam as a mother-figure is parallelled by the external thirst they experience for lack of water and this encampment. Moses, too, may have been affected by the loss of his sister. Commanded by God to "speak" to a rock and bring forth water for the people, Moses instead loses his temper, denounces the people and stikes the rock twice. Water is indeed produced, but God punishes both Moses and Aaron for Moses' striking the rock instead of speaking to it, telling them that they will not be allowed to enter the Promised Land of Canaan as a result.

Legacy

A passage in Micah suggests Miriam had a legacy with significant regard among later prophets:

And I brought you forth out of the land of Egypt, and redeemed you from the house of bondage, and I set before you Moses, and Aaron, and Miriam." Micah 6:4)

In New Testament times, Miriam was perhaps the most popular name for Jewish woman. The Greek rendering of Miriam is "Mary." At least three important people in Jesus' life were named Miriam: his mother Mary, his best known female disciple Mary Magdalene, and Mary of Bethany, the sister of Martha and Lazarus who washed and anointed Jesus shortly before his death.

Today, Miriam is a popular figure among some Jewish feminists. Some place a "Cup of Miriam," filled with water, beside the customary "Cup of Elijah" (filled with wine) during the Passover Seder. The cup contains water in memory of Miriam's well, which according to a Midrash accompanied the Israelites on their journey through the desert. At Passover, some Modern Orthodox Jews have revived a millennium-old custom of adding a piece of fish to the seder plate, with the lamb, egg and fish jointly symbolizing the three prophets—Moses, Aaron, and Mary—referred to in Micah 6:4. This food also alludes to the mythical beasts: (the bird Ziz, the animal Behemoth, and the sea-creature Leviathan) which, according to Jewish legend, are to be served at the feast for the righteous following the resurrection of the dead.[1]


Rabbinic Interpretation

According to the Hebrew Bible anyone with Tzaraath was not allowed to become high priest, (Leviticus 13). The Rabbis of the Talmud note that if Aaron had been punished as well as his sister, he would no longer have been able to perform his duties, and hence the two had to receive different punishments.

Zipporah, a Midianite, is identified as the wife of Moses, so the traditional Jewish and Christian view is that Zipporah is the wife in question. However, Zipporah is described as being a Midianite. According to Richard E. Friedman, because Cush refers to Ethiopia or other lands well outside, the "Cushite woman" of the story is not Zipporah. Friedman, building on interpretations from the documentary hypothesis, notes that Zipporah is only mentioned in the Jahwist text, while the story of Snow-white Miriam is assigned to the Elohist, and so, in each, Moses only ever has one wife. Friedman argues that at least one of the accounts (either that of Zipporah or of Snow-white Miriam) is historically inaccurate. [1]

According to Friedman's interpretation, these two accounts reflected the stories of two different, rival priesthoods, the Aaronid priesthood in the Kingdom of Judah, which claimed descent from Aaron and which controlled the Temple in Jerusalem, and a priesthood based at Shiloh, in the Kingdom of Israel. Friedman, following the tradition of the Documentary hypothesis, asserts that various Biblical tales were created or publicized by these factions in order to add an aura of legitimacy to their various claims to privilege and power. According to Friedman, the Elohist was from, or supported, the Shiloh priesthood, and thus had a strong motivation to repeat or create this tale.[2]

[2])

References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

  1. Richard E. Friedman (May 1997). Who Wrote the Bible?. San Francisco: Harper, 78,92. ISBN 0-06-063035-3. 
  2. Richard E. Friedman (May 1997). Who Wrote the Bible?. San Francisco: Harper, 76-77. ISBN 0-06-063035-3. 

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