Difference between revisions of "Maharaja Ranjit Singh" - New World Encyclopedia
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| − | '''''Maharaja'' Ranjit Singh''' ({{lang-pa|ਮਹਾਰਾਜਾ ਰਣਜੀਤ ਸਿੰਘ }}), also called "Sher-e-Punjab" ("The Lion of the Punjab") ( | + | |
| + | '''''Maharaja'' Ranjit Singh''' ({{lang-pa|ਮਹਾਰਾਜਾ ਰਣਜੀਤ ਸਿੰਘ }}), also called "Sher-e-Punjab" ("The Lion of the Punjab") (1780-1839) was a [[Sikh]] [[emperor]] of the [[Sovereignty|sovereign]] country of [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and the [[Sikh Empire]]. His [[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh|Samadhi]] is located in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]. | ||
==Early Life== | ==Early Life== | ||
| − | Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a Sikh born in | + | Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a Sikh born in 1780 in [[Gujranwala]] in modern day [[Pakistan]], into the [[Sansi-Sandhawalia]] family. At the time much of Punjab was ruled by the [[Sikhs]], who had divided the territory among factions known as [[misl]]s. Ranjit Singh's father [[Maha Singh]] was the commander of the [[Sukerchakia]] misl and controlled a territory in west Punjab based around his headquarters at Gujranwala. |
Ranjit Singh succeeded his father at the young age of 12. After several campaigns, his rivals accepted him as their leader, and he united the Sikh factions into one state. | Ranjit Singh succeeded his father at the young age of 12. After several campaigns, his rivals accepted him as their leader, and he united the Sikh factions into one state. | ||
==Maharaja== | ==Maharaja== | ||
| − | Ranjit Singh took the title of Maharaja on | + | Ranjit Singh took the title of Maharaja on April 12 1801 (to coincide with [[Baisakhi]] day). Lahore served as his capital from 1799. In 1802 he took the holy city of [[Amritsar]]. |
[[Image:Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh_July_1_2005.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh|Samadhi of Emperor Ranjit Singh]] in [[Lahore]], Pakistan]] | [[Image:Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh_July_1_2005.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh|Samadhi of Emperor Ranjit Singh]] in [[Lahore]], Pakistan]] | ||
| − | He then spent the following years fighting the Afghans, driving them out of western Punjab. He also captured [[Pashtun]] territory including [[Peshawar]]. This was the first time that Pashtuns were ruled by non-Muslims. In a historical perspective, this event was very important. For more than a thousand years invaders had come down from the [[Khyber pass]] and ruled eastern lands. Ranjit Singh reversed this trend. When the Sikh empire finally fell to the English, they were able to retain this province. He captured the province of Multan which encompassed the southern parts of Punjab, | + | He then spent the following years fighting the Afghans, driving them out of western Punjab. He also captured [[Pashtun]] territory including [[Peshawar]]. This was the first time that Pashtuns were ruled by non-Muslims. In a historical perspective, this event was very important. For more than a thousand years invaders had come down from the [[Khyber pass]] and ruled eastern lands. Ranjit Singh reversed this trend. When the Sikh empire finally fell to the English, they were able to retain this province. He captured the province of Multan which encompassed the southern parts of Punjab, Peshawar (1818), [[Jammu]] and [[Kashmir]] (1819) and the hill states north of [[Anandpur]], the largest of which was Kangra. |
Singh also hired European mercenaries to train his troops, creating the first modern Indian Army, a powerful military force whose presence delayed the eventual British colonization of Punjab. He created a powerful and heavily armed state; at this point, Punjab was the only state not controlled by the British. He brought law and order, yet was reluctant to use the death penalty. He stopped Indian non-secular style practises by treating Hindus and Muslims equally. He banned the discriminatory "[[jizya]]" tax on Hindus and Sikhs. | Singh also hired European mercenaries to train his troops, creating the first modern Indian Army, a powerful military force whose presence delayed the eventual British colonization of Punjab. He created a powerful and heavily armed state; at this point, Punjab was the only state not controlled by the British. He brought law and order, yet was reluctant to use the death penalty. He stopped Indian non-secular style practises by treating Hindus and Muslims equally. He banned the discriminatory "[[jizya]]" tax on Hindus and Sikhs. | ||
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The majority of Ranjit Singh's subjects were Muslim and had an intense loyalty towards him and his Sikh's. This was once highlighted when the foreign minister of the [[Sikh Empire]], a Muslim named [[Fakir Azizuddin]], had a meeting with the British Governor-General. When [[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland|Lord Auckland]] asked Fakir Azizuddin which of the Maharaja's eye was missing, he replied: ''"the Maharaja is like the sun and sun has only one eye. The splendour and luminosity of his single eye is so much that I have never dared to look at his other eye."'' The Governor General was so pleased with the reply that he gave his golden wrist-watch to the Maharaja's Minister at [[Simla]]. | The majority of Ranjit Singh's subjects were Muslim and had an intense loyalty towards him and his Sikh's. This was once highlighted when the foreign minister of the [[Sikh Empire]], a Muslim named [[Fakir Azizuddin]], had a meeting with the British Governor-General. When [[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland|Lord Auckland]] asked Fakir Azizuddin which of the Maharaja's eye was missing, he replied: ''"the Maharaja is like the sun and sun has only one eye. The splendour and luminosity of his single eye is so much that I have never dared to look at his other eye."'' The Governor General was so pleased with the reply that he gave his golden wrist-watch to the Maharaja's Minister at [[Simla]]. | ||
| − | His Empire was effectively secular as it did not discriminate against Sikhs, Muslims, Hindus or even atheists. It was relatively modern and had great respect for all religions and non-religious traditions of the Empire. The only main prominent religious symbols of the empire were the Maharaja and royal family being [[Sikh]] (but not [[Khalsa]]) and the Army being dominated by Sikh nobles and the | + | His Empire was effectively secular as it did not discriminate against Sikhs, Muslims, Hindus or even atheists. It was relatively modern and had great respect for all religions and non-religious traditions of the Empire. The only main prominent religious symbols of the empire were the Maharaja and royal family being [[Sikh]] (but not [[Khalsa]]) and the Army being dominated by Sikh nobles and the Khalsa. The Maharaja never forced [[Sikhism]] on his subjects. This was in sharp contrast with the ethnic & religious cleansing of past Moghul rulers. Ranjit Singh had created a state based upon Sikh noble traditions, where everyone worked together, regardless of background, and where citizens were made to look at the things that they shared in common, e.g. being Punjabi, rather than any religious differences. |
| − | Ranjit Singh died in | + | Ranjit Singh died in 1839. |
==Legacy== | ==Legacy== | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
| − | *Maharaja Ranjit Singh | + | *Lafont, Jean Marie. ''Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers''. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002 ISBN 9780195661118 |
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| + | * Madra, Amandeep Singh and Singh, Parmjit (eds) ''Sicques, Tigers and Thieves: Eyewitness Accounts of the Sikhs (1606-1809)'',NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004 ISBN 1403962022 | ||
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| + | * Rawlinson, H. G. ''Makers of India''. Essay index reprint series. Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1971 ISBN 9780836922516 | ||
| − | + | * Surindara Pāla Siṅgha, and Jasabīra Siṅgha Sābara. ''The Rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Nature and Relevance''. Amritsar: Guru Nanak Dev University, 2001 ISBN 9788177700343 | |
| − | * | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| − | *[http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/sikh.htm Official government of Pakistan cultural history article on Maharaja Ranjit Singh] | + | *[http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/sikh.htm Official government of Pakistan cultural history article on Maharaja Ranjit Singh] Retrieved August 15, 2007. |
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| − | *[http://www. | + | *[http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/ranjit1.html Ranjit Singh profile from sikh-history.com] Retrieved August 15, 2007. |
| − | *[http://www. | + | *[http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/ranjit/ Ranjit Singh military career profile] Retrieved August 15, 2007. |
| − | *[http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/ | + | *[http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/ranjit10.html Extra profile from sikh-history.com] Retrieved August 15, 2007. |
| − | * [http://www. | + | *[http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/archivedf/feature-jan2002.html Foreign officers in Ranjit Singh's Court] Retrieved August 15, 2007. |
| − | * [http://www. | + | * [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010408/spectrum/main6.htm Detailed article on Ranjit Singh's Army] Retrieved August 15, 2007. |
| − | [ | + | * [http://www.zeenews.com/nri/inner1.asp?aid=198333&sid=ART&ssid=2 Article on Maharaja Ranjit Singh Museum] Retrieved August 15, 2007. |
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| − | [[ | + | [[Category:History and biography]] |
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{{credit|100010061}} | {{credit|100010061}} | ||
Revision as of 19:35, 15 August 2007
Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjabi: ਮਹਾਰਾਜਾ ਰਣਜੀਤ ਸਿੰਘ ), also called "Sher-e-Punjab" ("The Lion of the Punjab") (1780-1839) was a Sikh emperor of the sovereign country of Punjab and the Sikh Empire. His Samadhi is located in Lahore, Pakistan.
Early Life
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a Sikh born in 1780 in Gujranwala in modern day Pakistan, into the Sansi-Sandhawalia family. At the time much of Punjab was ruled by the Sikhs, who had divided the territory among factions known as misls. Ranjit Singh's father Maha Singh was the commander of the Sukerchakia misl and controlled a territory in west Punjab based around his headquarters at Gujranwala.
Ranjit Singh succeeded his father at the young age of 12. After several campaigns, his rivals accepted him as their leader, and he united the Sikh factions into one state.
Maharaja
Ranjit Singh took the title of Maharaja on April 12 1801 (to coincide with Baisakhi day). Lahore served as his capital from 1799. In 1802 he took the holy city of Amritsar.
He then spent the following years fighting the Afghans, driving them out of western Punjab. He also captured Pashtun territory including Peshawar. This was the first time that Pashtuns were ruled by non-Muslims. In a historical perspective, this event was very important. For more than a thousand years invaders had come down from the Khyber pass and ruled eastern lands. Ranjit Singh reversed this trend. When the Sikh empire finally fell to the English, they were able to retain this province. He captured the province of Multan which encompassed the southern parts of Punjab, Peshawar (1818), Jammu and Kashmir (1819) and the hill states north of Anandpur, the largest of which was Kangra.
Singh also hired European mercenaries to train his troops, creating the first modern Indian Army, a powerful military force whose presence delayed the eventual British colonization of Punjab. He created a powerful and heavily armed state; at this point, Punjab was the only state not controlled by the British. He brought law and order, yet was reluctant to use the death penalty. He stopped Indian non-secular style practises by treating Hindus and Muslims equally. He banned the discriminatory "jizya" tax on Hindus and Sikhs.
The majority of Ranjit Singh's subjects were Muslim and had an intense loyalty towards him and his Sikh's. This was once highlighted when the foreign minister of the Sikh Empire, a Muslim named Fakir Azizuddin, had a meeting with the British Governor-General. When Lord Auckland asked Fakir Azizuddin which of the Maharaja's eye was missing, he replied: "the Maharaja is like the sun and sun has only one eye. The splendour and luminosity of his single eye is so much that I have never dared to look at his other eye." The Governor General was so pleased with the reply that he gave his golden wrist-watch to the Maharaja's Minister at Simla.
His Empire was effectively secular as it did not discriminate against Sikhs, Muslims, Hindus or even atheists. It was relatively modern and had great respect for all religions and non-religious traditions of the Empire. The only main prominent religious symbols of the empire were the Maharaja and royal family being Sikh (but not Khalsa) and the Army being dominated by Sikh nobles and the Khalsa. The Maharaja never forced Sikhism on his subjects. This was in sharp contrast with the ethnic & religious cleansing of past Moghul rulers. Ranjit Singh had created a state based upon Sikh noble traditions, where everyone worked together, regardless of background, and where citizens were made to look at the things that they shared in common, e.g. being Punjabi, rather than any religious differences.
Ranjit Singh died in 1839.
Legacy
Rulership of the state went to his eldest son Kharak Singh. Most historians believe competent political heirs would have forged a highly durable, independent and powerful state, as Ranjit Singh had done during his rule. However, the Kingdom began to crumble due to poor governance and political mismanagement by his heirs. His successors died through accidents and murder, while the nobility and army struggled for power.
After the First Anglo Sikh War, Punjab effectively ceased to be an independent state and all major decisions where made by the British Empire. The Punjabi Army was reduced under the peace treaty with the British Empire, to a tiny skeleton force. Massive punishing war compensation had destroyed any meaningful, independent fiscal policy. At the end of the Second Anglo Sikh War, it was annexed by the British from Ramjit Singh's youngest son Duleep Singh.
Ranjit is remembered for uniting the Punjab as a strong state and his possession of the Koh-i-noor diamond. His most lasting legacy was the beautification of the Harmandir Sahib, holiest site of the Sikhs, with marble and gold from which the popular name of the "Golden Temple" is derived.
He was also known as Sher-e-Punjab, the Lion of Punjab and is considered one of the 3 Lions of India, the most famous and revered heroes in North Indian history (Emperor Rajaraja Chola and Asoka were the 2 most powerful Indian kings of history yet are not named part of the 3 Lions) - the other 2 Lions are Rana Pratap Singh of Mewar and Chhatrapati Shivaji, the legendary Maratha ruler. The title of Sher-e-Punjab is still widely used as a term of respect for a powerful man.
After his death, the British took his heir, the young prince Maharaja Duleep Singh, to England where he was put under the protection of the Crown. He converted to Christianity, before re-converting to Sikhism later in his life.
| Preceded by: Sikh Confederacy |
Sikh Empire 1801 –1849 |
Succeeded by: British Empire |
| Preceded by: None |
Maharaja of the Sikh Empire 1801 –1839 |
Succeeded by: Kharak Singh |
Other Interesting Notes
Once during a visit to Badrinath by King Ranjitsinh he was awed by the prescense of one young youth about the same age as him. The youth was Neelkanth Varni who goes to established the Swaminarayan Sampraday and is worshiped as God by millions today.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Lafont, Jean Marie. Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002 ISBN 9780195661118
- Madra, Amandeep Singh and Singh, Parmjit (eds) Sicques, Tigers and Thieves: Eyewitness Accounts of the Sikhs (1606-1809),NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004 ISBN 1403962022
- Rawlinson, H. G. Makers of India. Essay index reprint series. Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1971 ISBN 9780836922516
- Surindara Pāla Siṅgha, and Jasabīra Siṅgha Sābara. The Rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Nature and Relevance. Amritsar: Guru Nanak Dev University, 2001 ISBN 9788177700343
External links
- Official government of Pakistan cultural history article on Maharaja Ranjit Singh Retrieved August 15, 2007.
- Ranjit Singh profile from sikh-history.com Retrieved August 15, 2007.
- Ranjit Singh military career profile Retrieved August 15, 2007.
- Extra profile from sikh-history.com Retrieved August 15, 2007.
- Foreign officers in Ranjit Singh's Court Retrieved August 15, 2007.
- Detailed article on Ranjit Singh's Army Retrieved August 15, 2007.
- Article on Maharaja Ranjit Singh Museum Retrieved August 15, 2007.
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